Phytopharmaceutical Formulations and Other Uses of Moringa oleifera: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Jessie Wu and Version 1 by Ashutosh Pareek.

Moringa oleifera, also known as the “tree of life” or “miracle tree,” is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. The plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. 

  • Moringa oleifera
  • plant
  • uses
  • Phytopharmaceutical formulations
  • nanoparticles

1. Taxonomical Classification

The plant M. oleifera belongs to the Kingdom: Plantae; Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta; Super division: Spermatophyta; Division: Magnoliophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Sub class: Dilleniidae; Order: Capparales; Family: Moringaceae; Genus: Moringa; Species: oleifera [3,13,14][1][2][3].

2. Morphology

The tree grows rapidly in loamy and well-drained sandy soils, preferring a height of 500 m above sea level [1][4]. Normally, the tree is small to medium in size, the leaves are naturally trifoliate, the flowers are born on an inflorescence 10–25 cm long [14][3], and the fruits are usually trifoliate and commonly referred to as “pods” [3][1]. The trunk usually grows straight but is occasionally poorly formed, the branches are usually disorganized, the canopy is umbrella-shaped; the brown seeds have a semi-permeable hull, and each tree has a capacity of about 15,000–25,000 seeds per year [10][5].

3. Phytopharmaceutical Formulations

Plant extracts have always attracted researchers’ attention for producing various pharmaceutical products. This process usually involves the production of medicinal products characterized by two things: first, the production of a stable product, and second, patient compliance. The advantage of Moringa plant extracts is that it appears to be exceedingly safe at the doses and in the amounts commonly utilized for therapeutic efficacy [20][6]. M. oleifera has been widely accepted in the research area, and scientists have used an array of approaches to develop various formulations. The various phytoformulations prepared using M. oleifera are tabulated below (Table 1).
Table 1.
Phytopharmaceutical formulations prepared using
M. oleifera
extract.
Plant Part Used Nature of Extract Formulation Method of Preparation and Polymers/Excipients Used Application Inference References
Leaves Ethyl acetate Polyherbal formulation Suspending method

(carboxy methyl cellulose)		 Anti-ulcer
  • The potent anti-ulcer activity was observed in polyherbal formulations.
 [121][7]
Leaves Aqueous/methanolic Polyherbal ointments Water in oil mixing

(wool fat, hard paraffin, cetostearyl alcohol, PEG4000, PEG400, sorbitol mono-oleate, liquid paraffin, white beeswax, span 60, tween 60)		 Edema
  • The methanolic extract had a more anti-inflammatory effect than the aqueous extract.
  • Apart from potent anti-inflammatory activity, the -miscible base ointment showed good drug diffusion.
 [122][8]
Seed Oil Micro-dispersion Vortexing

(Span 80, tween 80)		 Anti-inflammatory
  • Showed higher permeation rather than pure oil.
  • Tween 80 enhances the permeation.
 [123][9]
Leaves Ethanolic Lozenges Wet granulation

(Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, magnesium stearate, menthol, vanillin)		 Anti-microbial activity
  • Flavoring agents gave better acceptance for the consumer than formulation with no addition of flavoring agent.
  • Due to limited solubility of quercetin in aq. phase, only 40–50% of quercetin is released.
 [124][10]
Seed Oil Nano-micelle Microemulsion method

(Tween 80, Ethanol)		 Mitochondrial cancer cell apoptosis
  • Targetability increases when seed oil is formulated in nano-micelle.
  • Nanomicelles kill 50% colon cancerous Caco-2 cells compared to seed oil which kills only 40% of cancer cells.
 [125][11]
Leaves + fruits (Embelia ribes) Hydro-alcoholic Thermo-reversible

in-situ nasal gel		 Cold method

(poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG400), Pluronic F127, xanthum gum, carbopol 934), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M).		 Allergic rhinitis
  • On increasing PF127 concentration, the viscosity of in-situ gel increases.
  • PF127 exhibited less mucoadhesion as compared to HPMC/carbopol/xanthan gum.
  • Plant in situ gel was formulated to overcome low bioavailability and first-pass metabolism.
 [126][12]
Leaves Aqueous, ethanolic Film dressing Solvent casting method

(Alginate, pectin)		 Wound healing
  • Aq. leaf extracts showed effective results in cell proliferation and migration properties.
  • Optimal physicochemical properties were exhibited by the extract.
 [127][13]
Leaves Ethanolic Effervescent tablets Wet granulation

(70% ethanol, lactose, citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, aspartame, PEG600)		 Anti-anemia
  • The effervescent times of all formulations were less than 2 min, and thus all lie within the range mentioned in the pharmacopoeia standard.
 [128][14]
Seed Oil Anti-inflammatory cream Triturating process

(Oleic acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, liquid ammonia, sodium benzoate).		 Anti-inflammatory
  • Optimized formulation showed 60% inhibition, whereas the standard inhibited 65% protein denaturation.
  • Oil reduced paw edema by 64%, whereas formulation reduced it by 70%.
 [129][15]
Leaves   Silver NPs (AgNPs) Shaking method

(Silver nitrate)		 Anti-fungal activity
  • ZOI increases with an increase in the concentration of AgNPs against Candida albicans.
  • The agar plate distributed with the highest concentration of AgNPs exhibited lowest cultural population.
 [130][16]
Leaves Aqueous Hydrocolloid film dressing Solvent casting method

(sodium alginate, pectin)		 Wound healing in diabetic condition
  • Hydrocolloid dressing is free of any irritants or toxic substances.
  • 0.5% and 0.1 % film dressing converts to gel after being exposed to wounds compared to 1% due to rapid gelation.
 [131][17]
Leaves Hydro-alcoholic In-situ gel Cold technique

(Pluronic F127, gellan gum, glycerine, Carbopol 934)		 Allergic rhinitis
  • Dose-dependent results of the prepared formulation were seen in mice induced with ova albumin along with a significant decrease in Ig E levels.
 [132][18]
Leaves Aqueous Nanofibers impregnated onto Hydrocolloid film Electrospinning

(poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO), sodium alginate, pectin, glycerol)		 Chronic Wound dressing
  • PEO concentrations and nanofiber diameter were directly proportional.
  • Polymers in low concentration lead to poor entanglement of chain and produce beads or lumps of nanofibers and also form discontinuous fibers.
  • At very high concentrations, the electrospinning stainless needle gets blocked, and polymer ejection gets obstructed.
  • Electrospinning time increases, and the release of bioactive from film increases.
 [133][19]
Leaves Aqueous/Ethanolic Silver nanoparticle loaded Composites Sodium hypophosphite, silver nitrate, citric acid, Kaolin (clay), Chitosan (LMW), sodium carbonate. Anti-oxidant
  • Ethanolic extract proved to be a better composite as compared to aqueous extract.
  • ZOI is higher with alcoholic extract than the aqueous extract.
  • Fabrics with AgNPs composites showed excellent UV protection than clay composites.
 [134][20]
Leaves Hydro-alcoholic Polymeric microparticles (MPs) Spray dried method

(Chitosan)		 Exuding wound treatment
  • Decreasing the extract amount increases the entrapment efficiency.
  • Unloaded MPs have wrinkled surfaces, whereas extract-loaded MPs have spherical and smooth surface.
  • The gel produces a covering layer that protects the wound because of chitosan.
 [135][21]
Leaves Aqueous Iron oxide nanorods Mixing method

(Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate)		 Anti-bacterial property
  • Nanoparticles formed showed concentration-dependent inhibition.
  • Iron nanorods showed strong inhibition towards bacterial strain compared to conventional anti-bacterial drugs.
 [136][22]
Seed Oil Suppositories Pour molding method

(Macrogol, dika fat, liquid paraffin, Polyethylene glycol 1000 & 4000, petroleum ether)		 Hemorrhoids
  • Suppositories containing Moringa seed oil showed effective results against hemorrhoids.
  • The incorporation of seed oil in suppositories reduced their melting point.
 [137][23]
Leaves Ethanolic Oral suspension Stirring method

(Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, propylene glycol, benzoate, sorbitol)		 Hepato-protection against Isoniazid
  • Viscosity increases as the concentration of suspending material increases.
 [138][24]
Leaves Ethanolic Granules Wet granulation method

(Gum Arabic, HPMC, Methocel K100M CR, magnesium stearate, Avicel PH200, tween 20, 40, 80, span 20, 40, Poloxamer 407, sodium lauryl sulphate)		 Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic
  • Tween 20 improved dissolution as compared to extract.
  • Granule formation increases the solubility of M. oleifera extract, thereby effectively reducing paw thickness.
  • Body weight reduced at first six days and later increased significantly due to gum arabica.
 [139][25]
Leaves Powder Chewable gummy tablets (CGT) Heating and Congealing

(Gelatin, high methoxyl pectin, mannitol, sucrose, propylene glycol, citric acid, corn oil, sodium benzoate)		 Evaluation of Chewable gummy tablets
  • Pectin produced CGT with a higher swelling ratio compared to gelatin.
  • Higher pectin and gelatin concentrations strengthened the gel structure, and the dissolution time increased CGT.
  • Pectin-based CGT’s did not show syneresis, whereas CGT’s with 5% gelatin experienced syneresis.
  • Higher hardness values are due to increased gelatin concentration.
  • Pectin-based CGT had higher gumminess.
 [140][26]
Seeds n-hexane Herbal hydrogel Mixing method

(Carbopol, propylparaben sodium, methylparaben sodium, propylene glycol, triethanolamine)		 Wound healing
  • M. oleifera hydrogel showed significant wound-healing activity.
  • Hydrogel positively affects the proliferation of cells, granular tissue formation, and epithelization.
 [141][27]
Leaves Aqueous Phytosome Thin-layer hydration method

(soy phosphatidylcholine, TrizolTM)		 Breast cancer
  • A dose less than 2000 mg/kg showed better in vivo assessment.
  • Inhibition of 4T1 cells is dose-dependent.
 [142][28]
Leaves Ethanolic Emulgel Dissolving method

(Carbopol 940, triethanolamine Tween 80)		 Anti-oxidant activity
  • After eight weeks of storage, decreased in the pH of preparation as Moringa leaves experience decomposition of fatty acid.

4. Miscellaneous Uses

A study was performed on M. oleifera using the HPLC-based cyclo condensation method. Astragalin and isothiocyanates were used as markers for standardization of the plant. The conclusive result of the study suggests that the standardized method might be useful for assessing the quality of the development of cosmetic and natural health products [144][29]. The extract of M. oleifera leaves was helpful in eliminating the adverse effects of neem oil, which is used in aquaculture as an insecticide to control predators and parasites of fish fry. The researchers concluded that the extract of M. oleifera leaves eliminated the oxidative stress and toxicity caused by neem oil [145][30]. The lower yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was studied. The low production of these crops was due to infestation by pests and insects and poor soil nutrient content. In order to improve production conditions, different chemical pesticides were used, which brought further environmental risks. The use of M. oleifera aqueous leaf extract at different concentrations (1:30 and 1:40) proved beneficial for okra [146][31]. The efficacy of M. oleifera leaf and root extract was evaluated as a plant growth regulator and biopesticide in the wheat harvest. The researcher used different concentrations (5, 10, 12.5, 25% w/w, w/v, v/v) of Moringa leaf and root extract at different stages of the wheat plant. Significant plant growth was observed, resulting in increased yield and a decrease in aphid invasion [147][32]. M. oleifera is rich in macronutrients and micronutrients, vitamins, phytohormones, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which make this plant a multipurpose plant. Recent research has shown that Moringa extract is also helpful in tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress under stressful environmental conditions [148][33]. The therapeutic effect of bioactive constituents (flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, isothyocyanin and beta-sitosterol) present in M. oleifera has been reported in chronic diseases such as hyperlipidemia [149][34], hypertension [150][35], hepatoprotective [151][36], anti-cancer [152][37], Alzheimer’s disease [153][38], Parkinson’s disease [154][39]. The combined effect of M. oleifera and praziquantel in rats was studied by a group of researchers. The seeds and leaves of M. oleifera were considered to evaluate their bioavailability with praziquantel and also the in vivo effects of the same were observed on Taenia crassiceps. The study showed that the combined action of both had a significant amount of cytocidal activity compared to the rats, which were only administered with praziquantel [155][40]. A variety of bioactive nutrients, such as flavonoids and vitamins, is available in the M. oleifera plant. The in vitro study conducted by a group of researchers focused on bioactive compounds that make up the nutritional potential of plants [156][41]. The conclusive statement of the researcher revealed that the high content of proteins, lipids, and sulfur-containing amino acids and the relative lack of toxic components make moringa a great nutritional alternative for humans [157][42]. The bioactive isolate palmitic acid from the leaf extract of Moringa has been attributed to broad therapeutic benefits. A team of researchers studied this isolate against a wide range of microbial and fungal strains. The results showed that it had the highest zone of inhibition for both fungal and microbial strains [4][43]. The polyphenols and flavonoids present in M. oleifera to scavenge free radicals could be useful in developing an anticancer drug delivery system. Nanoparticle technology was used to incorporate Moringa extract as a drug carrier. Treatment of HeLa cell lines with a single dose of the plant showed that the composite film of the plant extract was efficient in killing malignant cells compared to other isolated and purified phytocomponents on the market [158][44]. The bioactive components of M. oleifera inhibit the inflammatory markers in lipopolysaccharide-induced human macrophages. The induced macrophages were treated with M. oleifera extract. Thereafter the treated cells were tested for their anti-inflammatory and cellular mechanism. The results revealed that the extract suppressed mRNA expression of IL -6, IL -1, NF-κB (P50), PTGS2, and TNF-α. At the same time, the inhibition of phosphorylation of IκB-α and nuclear factor (NF)-κB was also observed in the study. The researchers’ final statement suggests that the blocking of NF-κB and IκB-α may be the reason for the inhibition of inflammation [159][45]. Apart from its wide use in preventing and curing various human diseases, Moringa is known for a number of non-medicinal uses, chief among which is its use for poultry, especially in curing viral infections (Newcastle Disease Virus) and other parasitic and bacterial diseases that cause mortality in animals [160][46]. The plant also serves as an important growth promoter for farmers in the production of tomatoes, peanuts, corn, and wheat in their early vegetative stages [161][47]. Environmentally friendly biopesticides are produced from this plant, which is cheap and easily available and helps in curing various plant diseases [162][48]. Studies have shown that the total crop production increased by 20–35% by using M. oleifera leaf extract, which is a good sign for increasing agricultural growth at a minimal cost [163][49]. The aqueous extract of M. oleifera is a source of various minerals and growth promoters (indole acetic acid, gibberellins, cytokines). It thus can be used as an effective plant biostimulant that could be a simple alternative to the artificial fertilizers and pesticides available in the market [161][47]. The methanolic extract of the plant is found to be rich in potassium, calcium, carotenoid, phenols, and zeatin, and when three sprays of this extract are applied on the oilseed rape plant, it is observed that the pods, twigs, height, and number of seeds increase significantly compared to the untreated control group [164][50]. The ability of the plant to resist drought is due to the plant hormone “zeatin”, which is present in large quantities in the methanolic extract, so the plants exposed to such climatic conditions when sprayed with the methanolic extract of Moringa showed improved growth characteristics compared with well-watered plants [165][51]. The tree is efficient in removing water hardness and is used by African tribes as a cheap source compared to chemical softeners [166][52]. A study conducted by several groups found that treating river water in African countries with Moringa seeds reduced color and microorganisms by 90% and microorganism (Escherichia coli) levels by up to 95%. Previous reports indicated that a water sample treated with M. oleifera seeds reduced the hardness content of the water by 50–70%, which used to be 80.3 g L−1 CaCO3 [167][53]. It has also been shown to be an effective solution for treating turbidity, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon. It is suggested that Moringa could be, to some extent, an alternative to chemical alum used to remove water turbidity [168][54]. Moringa is a good source for curing plant diseases and can be a good option for biopesticides [162][48]. Since various plant pathogens affect the plants, Pythium debaryanum-a pathogen responsible for damping-off disease-can be cured by adding leaves to the soil [169][55]. Nearly all plant part (fruits, flowers, leaves, seeds, roots) is believed to have different properties that can heal the body spiritually and psychologically [34][56].

References

  1. Chaudhary, K.; Chourasia, S. Nutraceutical properties of Moringa oleifera: A review. EJPMR 2017, 4, 646–655.
  2. Paikra, B.K.; Dhongade, H.K.J.; Gidwani, B. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Lam. J Pharmacopunct. 2017, 20, 194–200.
  3. Mallenakuppe, R.; Homabalegowda, H.; Gouri, M.D.; Basavaraju, P.S.; Chandrashekharaiah, U.B. History, Taxonomy and Propagation of Moringa oleifera-A Review. Int. J. Life Sci. 2019, 5, 2322–2327.
  4. Fuglie, L.J. Producing Food without Pesticides: Local Solutions to Crop Pest Control in West Africa, 1st ed.; Church World Service: Dakar, Senegal, 1998; pp. 1–158.
  5. Aekthammarat, D.; Pannangpetch, P.; Tangsucharit, P. Moringa oleifera leaf extract lowers high blood pressure by alleviating vascular dysfunction and decreasing oxidative stress in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Phytomedicine 2019, 54, 9–16.
  6. Stohs, S.J.; Hartman, M.J. Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Moringa oleifera. Phytother. Res. 2015, 29, 796–804.
  7. Devaraj, V.C.; Krishna, B. Antiulcer activity of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) from indian medicinal plants. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2013, 11, 145–148.
  8. Yadav, J.S.; Shah, B.N.; Gupta, A.; Shah, D.P. Development and evaluation of polyherbal ointments for anti-inflammatory therapy. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 2014, 6, 114–119.
  9. Vibhute, S.; Kasture, V.; Kasture, S.; Kendre, P.; Rupnar, S.; Pande, V. Design and characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil impregnated anti-inflammatory topical micro-dispersion. Der Pharmacia Lett. 2015, 7, 7–16.
  10. Panya, T.; Chansri, N.; Daodee, S. Development and evaluation of lozenge from Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2016, 9, 805–809.
  11. Abd-Rabou, A.A.; Zoheir, K.M.A.; Kishta, M.S.; Shalby, A.B.; Ezzo, M.I. Nano-micelle of Moringa oleifera seed oil triggers mitochondrial cancer cell apoptosis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2016, 17, 4929–4933.
  12. Srivastava, R.; Srivastava, S.; Singh, S.P. Thermoreversible in-situ nasal gel formulations and their pharmaceutical evaluation for the treatment of allergic rhinitis containing extracts of moringa olifera and embelia ribes. Int. J. Pharm. 2017, 9, 16–20.
  13. Chin, C.; Jalil, J.; Ng, P.Y.; Ng, S. Development and formulation of Moringa oleifera standardised leaf extract film dressing for wound healing application. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 212, 188–199.
  14. Murdiana, H.E.; Revika, E.; Rahmawati, D.; Puspitasari, T.R.; Putri, A.D.; Murti, B.T. Moringa oleifera lam. based effervescent tablets: Design, formulation and physicochemical evaluation. Int. J. Drug Deliv. Technol. 2018, 8, 222–228.
  15. Suryadevara, V.; Doppalapudi, S.; Sasidhar Reddivallam, L.; Anne, R.; Mudda, M. Formulation and evaluation of anti-inflammatory cream by using Moringa oleifera seed oil. Pharmacogn. Res. 2018, 10, 195–204.
  16. Komal Labh, A.; Rajeshkumar, S.; Roy, A.; Santhoshkumar, J.; Lakshmi, T. Herbal formulation mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antifungal activity against candida albicans. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev. 2019, 10, 3454–3458.
  17. Chin, C.; Ng, P.; Ng, S. Moringa oleifera standardised aqueous leaf extract-loaded hydrocolloid film dressing: In vivo dermal safety and wound healing evaluation in STZ/HFD diabetic rat model. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2019, 9, 453–468.
  18. Srivastava, R.; Srivastava, S.; Singh, S.P. Comparative study of anti-allergic activity of two poly-herbal formulations in ova-challenged allergic rhinitis mice model. Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med. 2019, 19, 37–47.
  19. Chin, C.; Ng, S. Development of Moringa oleifera standardized leaf extract nanofibers impregnated onto hydrocolloid film as A potential chronic wound dressing. Fibers Polym. 2020, 21, 2462–2472.
  20. Hassabo, A.G.; Shaarawy, S.; Mohamed, A.L.; Hebiesh, A. Multifarious cellulosic through innovation of highly sustainable composites based on moringa and other natural precursors. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 165, 141–155.
  21. Pagano, C.; Perioli, L.; Baiocchi, C.; Bartoccini, A.; Beccari, T.; Blasi, F.; Ricci, M. Preparation and characterization of polymeric microparticles loaded with Moringa oleifera leaf extract for exuding wound treatment. Int. J. Pharm. 2020, 587, 119700.
  22. Aisida, S.O.; Madubuonu, N.; Alnasir, M.H.; Ahmad, I.; Botha, S.; Maaza, M.; Ezema, F.I. Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanorods using Moringa oleifera leaf extract for antibacterial applications. Appl. Nanosci. 2020, 10, 305–315.
  23. Isimi, C.Y.; John-Africa, L.B.; Ekere, K.E.; Olayemi, O.J.; Aremu, O.I.; Emeje, M.O. Formulation, evaluation and anti-hemorroidal activity of suppositories containing Moringa oleifera lam. seed oil. Acta Pharm. Sci. 2021, 59, 647–665.
  24. Aristianti, A.; Nurkhaeri, N.; Tandiarrang, V.Y.; Awaluddin, A.; Muslimin, L. Formulation and pharmacological studies of leaves of moringa (Moringa oleifera), a novel hepatoprotection in oral drug formulations. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2021, 9, 151–156.
  25. Alsammarraie, H.J.M.; Khan, N.A.K.; Mahmud, R. Formulation, evaluation, and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of moringa granules. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 2021, 13, 112–120.
  26. Rani, K.C.; Hasanah, T.U.; Ilmiah, B.; Jayani, N.I.E. Formulation of moringa extract chewable gummy tablet with na-alginate and pectin as carriers. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2022, 15, 2513–2520.
  27. Ali, A.; Garg, P.; Goyal, R.; Kaur, G.; Li, X.; Negi, P.; Valis, M.; Kuca, K.; Kulshrestha, S. A Novel Herbal Hydrogel Formulation of Moringa oleifera for Wound Healing. Plants 2020, 10, 25.
  28. Wanjiru, J.; Gathirwa, J.; Sauli, E.; Swai, H.S. Formulation, optimization, and evaluation of Moringa oleifera leaf polyphenol-loaded phytosome delivery system against breast cancer cell lines. Molecules 2022, 27, 4430.
  29. Engsuwana, J.; Waranuch, N.; Limpeanchob, N.; Ingkaninan, K. HPLC methods for quality control of Moringa oleifera extract using isothiocyanates and astragalin as bioactive markers. Scienceasia 2017, 43, 169–174.
  30. Yadav, V.; Ahmad, S.; Zahra, K. Assessment of the protective effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Neem- Oil induced toxicity in zebra fish, Danio rerio. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2019, 8, 4263–4270.
  31. Kanchani, A.; Harris, K.D. Effect of Foliar Application of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Extract with Recommended Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus). J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 13, 38–54.
  32. Manzoor, M.; Ali, H.; Muhammad, A.; Alam, I.; Khalid, S.H.; Idrees, A.; Arif, M. Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera: Moringaceae) as plant growth regulator and bio-Pesticide against wheat aphids on wheat crop (Triticum aestivum; Poaceae). J. Biopestic. 2015, 8, 120–127.
  33. Arif, Y.; Bajguz, A.; Hayat, S. Moringa oleifera Extract as a Natural Plant Biostimulant. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2022.
  34. Hassarajani, S.; Souza, T.D.; Mengi, S.A. Efficacy study of the bioactive fraction (F-3) of Acorus calamus in hyperlipidemia. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2007, 39, 196–200.
  35. Randriamboavonjy, J.I.; Rio, M.; Pacaud, P.; Loirand, G.; Tesse, A. Moringa oleifera seeds attenuate vascular oxidative and nitrosative stresses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 4129459.
  36. Halaby, M.S.; Metwally, E.M.; Omar, A.A. Effect of Moringa oleifera on serum lipids and kidney function of hyperlipidaemic rats. Res. J. Appl. Sci. 2013, 9, 5189–5198.
  37. Karim, N.A.; Ibrahim, M.D.; Kntayya, S.B.; Rukayadi, Y.; Hamid, H.A.; Razis, A.F. Moringa oleifera Lam: Targeting Chemoprevention. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2016, 17, 3675–3686.
  38. Ganguly, R.; Hazra, R.; Ray, K.; Guha, D. Effect of Moringa oleifera in experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease: Role of antioxidants. Ann. Neurosci. 2005, 12, 36–39.
  39. Giacoipo, S.; Rajan, T.S.; De Nicola, G.R.; Iori, R.; Rollin, P.; Bramanti, P.; Mazzon, E. The Isothiocyanate Isolated from Moringa oleifera Shows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity in the Treatment of Murine Subacute Parkinson’s Disease. Rejuvenation Res. 2017, 20, 50–63.
  40. Palomares-Alonso, F.; Jung, H.; Vidal-Cantú, G.C.; Tomé, R.; Susana, I.; Esquivel, G.; Dinora, F.; Cruz, D.L.; Pérez, V.; González, I.; et al. Moringa oleifera Extracts and Praziquantel Combination: Bioavailability in Rats and Cysticidal Activity in a Murine Model. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2020, 30, 251–256.
  41. Kawada, N.; Seki, S.; Inoue, M.; Kuroki, T. Effect of antioxidants, resveratrol, quercetin, and N-acetylcysteine, on the functions of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells and Kupfer cells. Hepatology 1998, 27, 1265–1274.
  42. Ferreira, P.M.P.; Farias, D.F.; de Abreu Oliveira, J.T.; de Fátima Carvalho, A. Moringa oleifera: Bioactive compounds and nutritional potential. Rev. Nutr. 2008, 21, 1–10.
  43. Gopinath, L.R.; Jeevitha, S.; Gokiladevi, T.; Archaya, S. Isolation and Identification of therapeutic compounds from Moringa oleifera and its antimicrobial activity. IOSR-JPBS 2017, 12, 1–10.
  44. Paul, S.; Basak, P.; Majumder, R.; Mukherjee, A.; Ghosh, J.; Patra, S.; Jana, N.K. Biochemical estimation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract for synthesis of silver nanoparticle mediated drug delivery system. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 2019, 29, 86–93.
  45. Luetragoon, T.; Pankla Sranujit, R.; Noysang, C.; Thongsri, Y.; Potup, P.; Suphrom, N.; Nuengchamnong, N.; Usuwanthim, K. Bioactive Compounds in Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Inhibit the Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Molecules 2020, 25, 191.
  46. Tolba, H.; Elmaaty, A.; Farag, G.; Mansour, D.; El-akkad, H. Immunological effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on vaccinated and non-vaccinated Hubbard chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle virus. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2021, 29, 420–426.
  47. Khan, S.; Basra, S.; Afzal, I.; Nawaz, M.; Rehman, H.U. Growth promoting potential of fresh and stored Moringa oleifera leaf extracts in improving seedling vigor, growth and productivity of wheat crop. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 1999, 24, 27601–27612.
  48. Damilola, A.M.; Temitope, M.F.O. Assessment of Moringa oleifera as Bio-Pesticide against Podagricaspp on the growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). J. Horttic. 2020, 7, 1–10.
  49. Abd El-Hack, M.E.; Alagawany, M.; Elrys, A.S.; Desoky, E.S.M.; Tolba, H.M.N.; Elnahal, A.S.M.; Elnesr, S.S.; Swelum, A.A. Effect of Forage Moringa oleifera L. (moringa) on Animal Health and Nutrition and Its Beneficial Applications in Soil, Plants and Water Purification. Agriculture 2018, 8, 145.
  50. Iqbal, M.A. Response of Canola (Brassica napus L.) to Foliar Application of Moringa (Moringa olifera L.) and Brassica (Bras-sica napus L.) Water Extracts. Master’s Thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 2014.
  51. Nagar, P.K.; Iyer, R.I.; Sircar, P.K. Cytokinins in developing fruits of Moringa pterigosperma Gaertn. Physiol. Plant 1982, 55, 45–50.
  52. Clasen, C.; Mclaughlin, N.; Nayaar, S.; Boisson, R.; Gupta, D.; Shah, N. Microbiological effectiveness and cost of disinfecting water by boiling in semi-urban India Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 2008, 407–413.
  53. Clasen, T.; Cairncross, S.; Haller, L.; Bartram, J.; Walker, D. Cost-effectiveness of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. J. Water Health 2007, 5, 599–608.
  54. Pruss-Ustun, A.; Bartram, J.; Clasen, O.; Cumming, V. Curtis Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: A retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 2014, 19, 894–905.
  55. Akinyeye, J.; Solanke, E.O.; Adebiyi, I.O. Phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of leaf and seed of moringa olifera extracts. IJRMHS 2014, 4, 2083–2307.
  56. Meireles, D.; Gomes, J.; Lopes, L. A review of properties, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Moringa oleifera: Integrative approach on conventional and traditional Asian medicine. Adv. Tradit. Med. 2020, 20, 495–515.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback