Advanced Drug Delivery for Treating Sjögren’s Dry Eye: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Kevin Yang Wu and Version 1 by Kevin Yang Wu.

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic and insidious autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. Patients typically present with dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), and other systemic manifestations. The current management for Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) has been ineffective as it only targets ocular surface inflammation and dryness without addressing the specific disease process. Ophthalmologists often adopt a trial-and-error approach, which allows the cycle of dry eye disease (DED) to progress and potentially cause permanent damage to the lacrimal functional unit. Topical treatments also depend on patients' ability to administer eye drops and their compliance. These limitations emphasize the need for personalized, targeted treatments that address the underlying pathophysiology of SSDE. This article aims to present new advances in ocular drug delivery for more effective treatment.

 

 

  • sjögren syndrome
  • dry eye
  • ocular drug delivery
  • topical administration
  • nanocarriers
  • subconjunctival
  • episcleral and intravitreal implant
  • controlled release systems
  • basic research
  • pathophysiology
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Bombardieri, M.; Argyropoulou, O.D.; Ferro, F.; Coleby, R.; Pontarini, E.; Governato, G.; Lucchesi, D.; Fulvio, G.; Tzioufas, A.G.; Baldini, C. One Year in Review 2020: Pathogenesis of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020, 38 Suppl 126, 3–9.
  2. Stefanski, A.-L.; Tomiak, C.; Pleyer, U.; Dietrich, T.; Rüdiger Burmester, G.; Dörner, T. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Dtsch. Ärztebl. Int. 2017, 114, 354–361, doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0354.
  3. Akpek, E.K.; Mathews, P.; Hahn, S.; Hessen, M.; Kim, J.; Grader-Beck, T.; Birnbaum, J.; Baer, A.N. Ocular and Systemic Morbidity in a Longitudinal Cohort of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Ophthalmology 2015, 122, 56–61, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.026.
  4. Caban, M.; Omulecki, W.; Latecka-Krajewska, B. Dry Eye in Sjögren’s Syndrome – Characteristics and Therapy. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 2022, 32, 3174–3184, doi:10.1177/11206721221091375.
  5. van der Reijden, W.A.; Vissink, A.; Veerman, E.C.I.; Amerongen, A.V.N. Treatment of Oral Dryness Related Complaints (Xerostomia) in Sjogren’s Syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1999, 58, 465–474, doi:10.1136/ard.58.8.465.
  6. Parkin, B.; Chew, J.B.; White, V.A.; Garcia-Briones, G.; Chhanabhai, M.; Rootman, J. Lymphocytic Infiltration and Enlargement of the Lacrimal Glands: A New Subtype of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome? Ophthalmology 2005, 112, 2040–2047, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.06.014.
  7. Chung, A.; Wilgus, M.L.; Fishbein, G.; Lynch, J.P. Pulmonary and Bronchiolar Involvement in Sjogren’s Syndrome. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019, 40, 235–254, doi:10.1055/s-0039-1688448.
  8. François, H.; Mariette, X. Renal Involvement in Primary Sjögren Syndrome. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2016, 12, 82–93, doi:10.1038/nrneph.2015.174.
  9. Weng, M.-Y.; Huang, Y.-T.; Liu, M.-F.; Lu, T.-H. Incidence of Cancer in a Nationwide Population Cohort of 7852 Patients with Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome in Taiwan. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2012, 71, 524–527, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200402.
  10. Lazarus, M.N.; Robinson, D.; Mak, V.; Møller, H.; Isenberg, D.A. Incidence of Cancer in a Cohort of Patients with Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome. Rheumatol. Oxf. Engl. 2006, 45, 1012–1015, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kei281.
  11. Brito-Zerón, P.; Kostov, B.; Fraile, G.; Caravia-Durán, D.; Maure, B.; Rascón, F.-J.; Zamora, M.; Casanovas, A.; Lopez-Dupla, M.; Ripoll, M.; et al. Characterization and Risk Estimate of Cancer in Patients with Primary Sjögren Syndrome. J. Hematol. Oncol.J Hematol Oncol 2017, 10, 90, doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0464-5.
  12. Gottenberg, J.-E.; Busson, M.; Loiseau, P.; Dourche, M.; Cohen-Solal, J.; Lepage, V.; Charron, D.; Miceli, C.; Sibilia, J.; Mariette, X. Association of Transforming Growth Factor ?1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor ? Polymorphisms with Anti-SSB/La Antibody Secretion in Patients with Primary Sj�gren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50, 570–580, doi:10.1002/art.20060.
  13. Cruz-Tapias, P.; Rojas-Villarraga, A.; Maier-Moore, S.; Anaya, J.-M. HLA and Sjögren’s Syndrome Susceptibility. A Meta-Analysis of Worldwide Studies. Autoimmun. Rev. 2012, 11, 281–287, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.10.002.
  14. Song, I.-W.; Chen, H.-C.; Lin, Y.-F.; Yang, J.-H.; Chang, C.-C.; Chou, C.-T.; Lee, M.-T.M.; Chou, Y.-C.; Chen, C.-H.; Chen, Y.-T.; et al. Identification of Susceptibility Gene Associated with Female Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome in Han Chinese by Genome-Wide Association Study. Hum. Genet. 2016, 135, 1287–1294, doi:10.1007/s00439-016-1716-0.
  15. Imgenberg-Kreuz, J.; Rasmussen, A.; Sivils, K.; Nordmark, G. Genetics and Epigenetics in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Rheumatology 2021, 60, 2085–2098, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key330.
  16. Maślińska, M. The Role of Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2019, 31, 475–483, doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000622.
  17. Rojas, M.; Restrepo-Jiménez, P.; Monsalve, D.M.; Pacheco, Y.; Acosta-Ampudia, Y.; Ramírez-Santana, C.; Leung, P.S.C.; Ansari, A.A.; Gershwin, M.E.; Anaya, J.-M. Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 2018, 95, 100–123, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012.
  18. Nakamura, H.; Kawakami, A. What Is the Evidence for Sjögren’s Syndrome Being Triggered by Viral Infection? Subplot: Infections That Cause Clinical Features of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2016, 28, 390–397, doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000287.
  19. Ghrenassia, E.; Martis, N.; Boyer, J.; Burel-Vandenbos, F.; Mekinian, A.; Coppo, P. The Diffuse Infiltrative Lymphocytosis Syndrome (DILS). A Comprehensive Review. J. Autoimmun. 2015, 59, 19–25, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.010.
  20. Yamaguchi, T. Inflammatory Response in Dry Eye. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 2018, 59, DES192, doi:10.1167/iovs.17-23651.
  21. Pflugfelder, S.C.; de Paiva, C.S. The Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease. Ophthalmology 2017, 124, S4–S13, doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.07.010.
  22. Deshmukh, U.S.; Nandula, S.R.; Thimmalapura, P.-R.; Scindia, Y.M.; Bagavant, H. Activation of Innate Immune Responses through Toll-like Receptor 3 Causes a Rapid Loss of Salivary Gland Function: TLR3 Engagement and Salivary Gland Function. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2008, 38, 42–47, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00700.x.
  23. Nandula, S.-R.; Scindia, Y.; Dey, P.; Bagavant, H.; Deshmukh, U. Activation of Innate Immunity Accelerates Sialoadenitis in a Mouse Model for Sjögren’s Syndrome-like Disease: Innate Immunity and Sjögren’s Syndrome. Oral Dis. 2011, 17, 801–807, doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01839.x.
  24. Zhou, J.; Jin, J.-O.; Du, J.; Yu, Q. Innate Immune Signaling Induces IL-7 Production, Early Inflammatory Responses, and Sjögren’s-Like Dacryoadenitis in C57BL/6 Mice. Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci. 2015, 56, 7831, doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17368.
  25. Hu, P.; Ming, B.; Wu, X.; Cai, S.; Tang, J.; Dong, Y.; Zhou, T.; Tan, Z.; Zhong, J.; Zheng, F.; et al. Intratracheal Poly(I:C) Exposure Accelerates the Immunological Disorder of Salivary Glands in Sjogren’s-Like NOD/ShiLtJ Mice. Front. Med. 2021, 8, 645816, doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.645816.
  26. Ohyama, Y.; Carroll, V.A.; Deshmukh, U.; Gaskin, F.; Brown, M.G.; Fu, S.M. Severe Focal Sialadenitis and Dacryoadenitis in NZM2328 Mice Induced by MCMV: A Novel Model for Human Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Immunol. 2006, 177, 7391–7397, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7391.
  27. Weller, M.L.; Gardener, M.R.; Bogus, Z.C.; Smith, M.A.; Astorri, E.; Michael, D.G.; Michael, D.A.; Zheng, C.; Burbelo, P.D.; Lai, Z.; et al. Hepatitis Delta Virus Detected in Salivary Glands of Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients and Recapitulates a Sjögren’s Syndrome-Like Phenotype in Vivo. Pathog. Immun. 2016, 1, 12, doi:10.20411/pai.v1i1.72.
  28. Sjögren’s Syndrome | Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e | AccessPharmacy | McGraw Hill Medical Available online: https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3095§ionid=263362529 (accessed on 8 January 2023).
  29. Chivasso, C.; Sarrand, J.; Perret, J.; Delporte, C.; Soyfoo, M.S. The Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in the Initiation and Perpetuation of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 658, doi:10.3390/ijms22020658.
  30. Nair, J.; Singh, T. Sjogren’s Syndrome: Review of the Aetiology, Pathophysiology a Potential Therapeutic Interventions. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2017, 0–0, doi:10.4317/jced.53605.
  31. Fasano, S.; Mauro, D.; Macaluso, F.; Xiao, F.; Zhao, Y.; Lu, L.; Guggino, G.; Ciccia, F. Pathogenesis of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome beyond B Lymphocytes. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020, 38 Suppl 126, 315–323.
  32. Shimizu, S.; Kurashige, Y.; Nishimura, M.; Yamazaki, M.; Sato, J.; Saitoh, M.; Selimovic, D.; Abiko, Y. Involvement of Toll-like Receptors in Autoimmune Sialoadenitis of the Non-Obese Diabetic Mouse: Toll-like Receptors in Autoimmune Sialoadenitis. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 2012, no-no, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01136.x.
  33. Nocturne, G.; Mariette, X. Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2013, 9, 544–556, doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2013.110.
  34. Muskardin, T.L.W.; Niewold, T.B. Type I Interferon in Rheumatic Diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2018, 14, 214–228, doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2018.31.
  35. Gottenberg, J.-E.; Cagnard, N.; Lucchesi, C.; Letourneur, F.; Mistou, S.; Lazure, T.; Jacques, S.; Ba, N.; Ittah, M.; Lepajolec, C.; et al. Activation of IFN Pathways and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Recruitment in Target Organs of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006, 103, 2770–2775, doi:10.1073/pnas.0510837103.
  36. Brkic, Z.; Maria, N.I.; van Helden-Meeuwsen, C.G.; van de Merwe, J.P.; van Daele, P.L.; Dalm, V.A.; Wildenberg, M.E.; Beumer, W.; Drexhage, H.A.; Versnel, M.A. Prevalence of Interferon Type I Signature in CD14 Monocytes of Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome and Association with Disease Activity and BAFF Gene Expression. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2013, 72, 728–735, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201381.
  37. Gandolfo, S.; Ciccia, F. JAK/STAT Pathway Targeting in Primary Sjögren Syndrome. Rheumatol. Immunol. Res. 2022, 3, 95–102, doi:10.2478/rir-2022-0017.
  38. Ogawa, N.; Ping, L.; Zhenjun, L.; Takada, Y.; Sugai, S. Involvement of the Interferon-?-Induced T Cell-Attracting Chemokines, Interferon-?-Inducible 10-Kd Protein (CXCL10) and Monokine Induced by Interferon-? (CXCL9), in the Salivary Gland Lesions of Patients with Sj�gren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2002, 46, 2730–2741, doi:10.1002/art.10577.
  39. Oishi, A.; Miyamoto, K.; Kashii, S.; Yoshimura, N. Abducens Palsy and Sjogren’s Syndrome Induced by Pegylated Interferon Therapy. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 2007, 91, 843–844, doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.110494.
  40. Onishi, S.; Nagashima, T.; Kimura, H.; Matsuyama, Y.; Yoshio, T.; Minota, S. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren’s Syndrome Induced in a Case by Interferon-α Used for the Treatment of Hepatitis C. Lupus 2010, 19, 753–755, doi:10.1177/0961203309353172.
  41. Ittah, M.; Miceli-Richard, C.; Eric Gottenberg, J.-; Lavie, F.; Lazure, T.; Ba, N.; Sellam, J.; Lepajolec, C.; Mariette, X. B Cell-Activating Factor of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family (BAFF) Is Expressed under Stimulation by Interferon in Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2006, 8, R51, doi:10.1186/ar1912.
  42. Gong, Y.-Z.; Nititham, J.; Taylor, K.; Miceli-Richard, C.; Sordet, C.; Wachsmann, D.; Bahram, S.; Georgel, P.; Criswell, L.A.; Sibilia, J.; et al. Differentiation of Follicular Helper T Cells by Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Autoimmun. 2014, 51, 57–66, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2013.11.003.
  43. Hillen, M.R.; Pandit, A.; Blokland, S.L.M.; Hartgring, S.A.Y.; Bekker, C.P.J.; van der Heijden, E.H.M.; Servaas, N.H.; Rossato, M.; Kruize, A.A.; van Roon, J.A.G.; et al. Plasmacytoid DCs From Patients With Sjögren’s Syndrome Are Transcriptionally Primed for Enhanced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 2096, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02096.
  44. Zhao, J.; Kubo, S.; Nakayamada, S.; Shimajiri, S.; Zhang, X.; Yamaoka, K.; Tanaka, Y. Association of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells with B Cell Infiltration in Minor Salivary Glands in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome. Mod. Rheumatol. 2016, 26, 716–724, doi:10.3109/14397595.2015.1129694.
  45. Mariette, X. The Level of BLyS (BAFF) Correlates with the Titre of Autoantibodies in Human Sjogren’s Syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2003, 62, 168–171, doi:10.1136/ard.62.2.168.
  46. Jonsson, M.V.; Szodoray, P.; Jellestad, S.; Jonsson, R.; Skarstein, K. Association Between Circulating Levels of the Novel TNF Family Members APRIL and BAFF and Lymphoid Organization in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Clin. Immunol. 2005, 25, 189–201, doi:10.1007/s10875-005-4091-5.
  47. Lavie, F.; Miceli-Richard, C.; Quillard, J.; Roux, S.; Leclerc, P.; Mariette, X. Expression of BAFF(BLyS) in T Cells Infiltrating Labial Salivary Glands from Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Pathol. 2004, 202, 496–502, doi:10.1002/path.1533.
  48. Dong, L.; Chen, Y.; Masaki, Y.; Okazaki, T.; Umehara, H. Possible Mechanisms of Lymphoma Development in Sjogren’s Syndrome. Curr. Immunol. Rev. 2013, 9, 13–22, doi:10.2174/1573395511309010003.
  49. Groom, J.; Kalled, S.L.; Cutler, A.H.; Olson, C.; Woodcock, S.A.; Schneider, P.; Tschopp, J.; Cachero, T.G.; Batten, M.; Wheway, J.; et al. Association of BAFF/BLyS Overexpression and Altered B Cell Differentiation with Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, 109, 59–68, doi:10.1172/JCI0214121.
  50. Szabó, K.; Papp, G.; Szántó, A.; Tarr, T.; Zeher, M. A Comprehensive Investigation on the Distribution of Circulating Follicular T Helper Cells and B Cell Subsets in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2015, 183, 76–89, doi:10.1111/cei.12703.
  51. Ibrahem, H.M. B Cell Dysregulation in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Review. Jpn. Dent. Sci. Rev. 2019, 55, 139–144, doi:10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.09.006.
  52. Salomonsson, S.; Jonsson, M.V.; Skarstein, K.; Brokstad, K.A.; Hjelmström, P.; Wahren-Herlenius, M.; Jonsson, R. Cellular Basis of Ectopic Germinal Center Formation and Autoantibody Production in the Target Organ of Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome: Ectopic Germinal Center Formation in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2003, 48, 3187–3201, doi:10.1002/art.11311.
  53. Vosters, J.L.; Roescher, N.; Polling, E.J.; Illei, G.G.; Tak, P.P. The Expression of APRIL in Sjögren’s Syndrome: Aberrant Expression of APRIL in the Salivary Gland. Rheumatology 2012, 51, 1557–1562, doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes080.
  54. Cha, S.; Brayer, J.; Gao, J.; Brown, V.; Killedar, S.; Yasunari, U.; Peck, A.B. A Dual Role for Interferon-Gamma in the Pathogenesis of Sjogren’s Syndrome-Like Autoimmune Exocrinopathy in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse. Scand. J. Immunol. 2004, 60, 552–565, doi:10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01508.x.
  55. Hall, J.C.; Casciola-Rosen, L.; Berger, A.E.; Kapsogeorgou, E.K.; Cheadle, C.; Tzioufas, A.G.; Baer, A.N.; Rosen, A. Precise Probes of Type II Interferon Activity Define the Origin of Interferon Signatures in Target Tissues in Rheumatic Diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2012, 109, 17609–17614, doi:10.1073/pnas.1209724109.
  56. Huang, Y.; Cheng, Q.; Jiang, C.; An, S.; Xiao, L.; Gou, Y.; Yu, W.; Lei, L.; Chen, Q.; Wang, Y.; et al. The Immune Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Sjogren’s Syndrome. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2013, 2013, 1–6, doi:10.1155/2013/160491.
  57. Verstappen, G.M.; Corneth, O.B.J.; Bootsma, H.; Kroese, F.G.M. Th17 Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Pathogenicity and Plasticity. J. Autoimmun. 2018, 87, 16–25, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.11.003.
  58. Manoussakis, M.N.; Spachidou, M.P.; Maratheftis, C.I. Salivary Epithelial Cells from Sjogren’s Syndrome Patients Are Highly Sensitive to Anoikis Induced by TLR-3 Ligation. J. Autoimmun. 2010, 35, 212–218, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2010.06.010.
  59. Kiripolsky, J.; Kramer, J.M. Current and Emerging Evidence for Toll-Like Receptor Activation in Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Immunol. Res. 2018, 2018, 1–12, doi:10.1155/2018/1246818.
  60. Kyriakidis, N.C.; Kapsogeorgou, E.K.; Gourzi, V.C.; Konsta, O.D.; Baltatzis, G.E.; Tzioufas, A.G. Toll-like Receptor 3 Stimulation Promotes Ro52/TRIM21 Synthesis and Nuclear Redistribution in Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells, Partially via Type I Interferon Pathway. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2014, 178, 548–560, doi:10.1111/cei.12432.
  61. Fayyaz, A.; Kurien, B.T.; Scofield, R.H. Autoantibodies in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2016, 42, 419–434, doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2016.03.002.
  62. Jonsson, R. Autoantibodies Present Before Symptom Onset in Primary Sjögren Syndrome. JAMA 2013, 310, 1854, doi:10.1001/jama.2013.278448.
  63. Jauharoh, S.N.A.; Saegusa, J.; Sugimoto, T.; Ardianto, B.; Kasagi, S.; Sugiyama, D.; Kurimoto, C.; Tokuno, O.; Nakamachi, Y.; Kumagai, S.; et al. SS-A/Ro52 Promotes Apoptosis by Regulating Bcl-2 Production. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417, 582–587, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.010.
  64. Yoshimi, R.; Chang, T.-H.; Wang, H.; Atsumi, T.; Morse, H.C.; Ozato, K. Gene Disruption Study Reveals a Nonredundant Role for TRIM21/Ro52 in NF-ΚB-Dependent Cytokine Expression in Fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 2009, 182, 7527–7538, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0804121.
  65. Hung, T.; Pratt, G.A.; Sundararaman, B.; Townsend, M.J.; Chaivorapol, C.; Bhangale, T.; Graham, R.R.; Ortmann, W.; Criswell, L.A.; Yeo, G.W.; et al. The Ro60 Autoantigen Binds Endogenous Retroelements and Regulates Inflammatory Gene Expression. Science 2015, 350, 455–459, doi:10.1126/science.aac7442.
  66. Liang, C.; Xiong, K.; Szulwach, K.E.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Peng, J.; Fu, M.; Jin, P.; Suzuki, H.I.; Liu, Q. Sjögren Syndrome Antigen B (SSB)/La Promotes Global MicroRNA Expression by Binding MicroRNA Precursors through Stem-Loop Recognition. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288, 723–736, doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.401323.
  67. Christodoulou, M.I.; Kapsogeorgou, E.K.; Moutsopoulos, H.M. Characteristics of the Minor Salivary Gland Infiltrates in Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Autoimmun. 2010, 34, 400–407, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2009.10.004.
  68. Corsiero, E.; Sutcliffe, N.; Pitzalis, C.; Bombardieri, M. Accumulation of Self-Reactive Naïve and Memory B Cell Reveals Sequential Defects in B Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Sjögren’s Syndrome. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e114575, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114575.
  69. Theander, E.; Vasaitis, L.; Baecklund, E.; Nordmark, G.; Warfvinge, G.; Liedholm, R.; Brokstad, K.; Jonsson, R.; Jonsson, M.V. Lymphoid Organisation in Labial Salivary Gland Biopsies Is a Possible Predictor for the Development of Malignant Lymphoma in Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2011, 70, 1363–1368, doi:10.1136/ard.2010.144782.
  70. The Definition and Classification of Dry Eye Disease: Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul. Surf. 2007, 5, 75–92, doi:10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70081-2.
  71. Pflugfelder, S.C. Tear Dysfunction and the Cornea: LXVII Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2011, 152, 900-909.e1, doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.023.
  72. Stevenson, W.; Chauhan, S.K.; Dana, R. Dry Eye Disease: An Immune-Mediated Ocular Surface Disorder. Arch. Ophthalmol. Chic. Ill 1960 2012, 130, 90–100, doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.364.
  73. Qin, B.; Wang, J.; Yang, Z.; Yang, M.; Ma, N.; Huang, F.; Zhong, R. Epidemiology of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2015, 74, 1983–1989, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205375.
  74. Kang, Y.S.; Lee, H.S.; Li, Y.; Choi, W.; Yoon, K.C. Manifestation of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome, Non-Sjögren’s Dry Eye, and Non-Dry Eye Controls. Int. Ophthalmol. 2018, 38, 1161–1167, doi:10.1007/s10792-017-0577-4.
  75. Bunya, V.Y.; Fernandez, K.B.; Ying, G.-S.; Massaro-Giordano, M.; Macchi, I.; Sulewski, M.E.; Hammersmith, K.M.; Nagra, P.K.; Rapuano, C.J.; Orlin, S.E. Survey of Ophthalmologists Regarding Practice Patterns for Dry Eye and Sjogren Syndrome. Eye Contact Lens 2018, 44 Suppl 2, S196–S201, doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000448.
  76. Vivino, F.B.; Minerva, P.; Huang, C.H.; Orlin, S.E. Corneal Melt as the Initial Presentation of Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 2001, 28, 379–382.
  77. Braithwaite, T.; Adderley, N.J.; Subramanian, A.; Galloway, J.; Kempen, J.H.; Gokhale, K.; Cope, A.P.; Dick, A.D.; Nirantharakumar, K.; Denniston, A.K. Epidemiology of Scleritis in the United Kingdom From 1997 to 2018: Population-Based Analysis of 11 Million Patients and Association Between Scleritis and Infectious and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ 2021, 73, 1267–1276, doi:10.1002/art.41709.
  78. Rosenbaum, J.T.; Bennett, R.M. Chronic Anterior and Posterior Uveitis and Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1987, 104, 346–352, doi:10.1016/0002-9394(87)90223-6.
  79. Sun, J.-Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, P.; Liu, T. Optic Neuritis as an Initial Presentation of Primary Sjögren Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016, 95, e5194, doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005194.
  80. Foulks, G.N.; Forstot, S.L.; Donshik, P.C.; Forstot, J.Z.; Goldstein, M.H.; Lemp, M.A.; Nelson, J.D.; Nichols, K.K.; Pflugfelder, S.C.; Tanzer, J.M.; et al. Clinical Guidelines for Management of Dry Eye Associated with Sjögren Disease. Ocul. Surf. 2015, 13, 118–132, doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2014.12.001.
  81. Di Pascuale, M.A.; Liu, T.-S.; Trattler, W.; Tseng, S.C.G. Lipid Tear Deficiency in Persistent Dry Eye after Laser in Situ Keratomileusis and Treatment Results of New Eye-Warming Device. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 2005, 31, 1741–1749, doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.02.041.
  82. Albietz, J.M.; Lenton, L.M.; McLennan, S.G. Dry Eye after LASIK: Comparison of Outcomes for Asian and Caucasian Eyes. Clin. Exp. Optom. 2005, 88, 89–96, doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06673.x.
  83. Saadat, D.; Dresner, S.C. Safety of Blepharoplasty in Patients with Preoperative Dry Eyes. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 2004, 6, 101–104, doi:10.1001/archfaci.6.2.101.
  84. Seror, R.; Theander, E.; Brun, J.G.; Ramos-Casals, M.; Valim, V.; Dörner, T.; Bootsma, H.; Tzioufas, A.; Solans-Laqué, R.; Mandl, T.; et al. Validation of EULAR Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity (ESSDAI) and Patient Indexes (ESSPRI). Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2015, 74, 859–866, doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204615.
  85. Shiboski, C.H.; Shiboski, S.C.; Seror, R.; Criswell, L.A.; Labetoulle, M.; Lietman, T.M.; Rasmussen, A.; Scofield, H.; Vitali, C.; Bowman, S.J.; et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts. Arthritis Rheumatol. Hoboken NJ 2017, 69, 35–45, doi:10.1002/art.39859.
  86. Haga, H.J.; Hulten, B.; Bolstad, A.I.; Ulvestad, E.; Jonsson, R. Reliability and Sensitivity of Diagnostic Tests for Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. J. Rheumatol. 1999, 26, 604–608.
  87. Tan, E.M.; Feltkamp, T.E.W.; Smolen, J.S.; Butcher, B.; Dawkins, R.; Fritzler, M.J.; Gordon, T.; Hardin, J.A.; Kalden, J.R.; Lahita, R.G.; et al. Range of Antinuclear Antibodies in “Healthy” Individuals. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40, 1601–1611, doi:10.1002/art.1780400909.
  88. Pecani, A.; Alessandri, C.; Spinelli, F.R.; Priori, R.; Riccieri, V.; Di Franco, M.; Ceccarelli, F.; Colasanti, T.; Pendolino, M.; Mancini, R.; et al. Prevalence, Sensitivity and Specificity of Antibodies against Carbamylated Proteins in a Monocentric Cohort of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2016, 18, 276, doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1173-0.
  89. Theander, E.; Jonsson, R.; Sjöström, B.; Brokstad, K.; Olsson, P.; Henriksson, G. Prediction of Sjögren’s Syndrome Years Before Diagnosis and Identification of Patients With Early Onset and Severe Disease Course by Autoantibody Profiling: PREDIAGNOSTIC AUTOANTIBODY PROFILING IN PRIMARY SS. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015, 67, 2427–2436, doi:10.1002/art.39214.
  90. Veenbergen, S.; Kozmar, A.; van Daele, P.L.A.; Schreurs, M.W.J. Autoantibodies in Sjögren’s Syndrome and Its Classification Criteria. J. Transl. Autoimmun. 2022, 5, 100138, doi:10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100138.
  91. Liao, R.; Yang, H.-T.; Li, H.; Liu, L.-X.; Li, K.; Li, J.-J.; Liang, J.; Hong, X.-P.; Chen, Y.-L.; Liu, D.-Z. Recent Advances of Salivary Gland Biopsy in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front. Med. 2022, 8, 792593, doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.792593.
  92. Athanassiou, P.; Mavragani, C.; Athanassiou, L.; Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I.; Koutsilieris, M. Vitamin D Deficiency in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Association with Clinical Manifestations and Immune Activation Markers. Mediterr. J. Rheumatol. 2022, 33, 106, doi:10.31138/mjr.33.1.106.
  93. Nilsson, A.; Tufvesson, E.; Hesselstrand, R.; Olsson, P.; Wollmer, P.; Mandl, T. Increased B-Cell Activating Factor, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-8 in Induced Sputum from Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 2019, 48, 149–156, doi:10.1080/03009742.2018.1473488.
  94. Padern, G.; Duflos, C.; Ferreira, R.; Assou, S.; Guilpain, P.; Maria, A.T.J.; Goulabchand, R.; Galea, P.; Jurtela, M.; Jorgensen, C.; et al. Identification of a Novel Serum Proteomic Signature for Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 631539, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.631539.
  95. Versura, P.; Profazio, V.; Campos, E.C. Performance of Tear Osmolarity Compared to Previous Diagnostic Tests for Dry Eye Diseases. Curr. Eye Res. 2010, 35, 553–564, doi:10.3109/02713683.2010.484557.
  96. Potvin, R.; Makari, S.; Rapuano, C. Tear Film Osmolarity and Dry Eye Disease: A Review of the Literature. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015, 2039, doi:10.2147/OPTH.S95242.
  97. Willcox, M.D.P.; Argüeso, P.; Georgiev, G.A.; Holopainen, J.M.; Laurie, G.W.; Millar, T.J.; Papas, E.B.; Rolland, J.P.; Schmidt, T.A.; Stahl, U.; et al. TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report. Ocul. Surf. 2017, 15, 366–403, doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2017.03.006.
  98. Cruzat, A.; Qazi, Y.; Hamrah, P. In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of Corneal Nerves in Health and Disease. Ocul. Surf. 2017, 15, 15–47, doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2016.09.004.
  99. Luzu, J.; Labbé, A.; Réaux-Le Goazigo, A.; Rabut, G.; Liang, H.; Dupas, B.; Blautain, B.; Sène, D.; Baudouin, C. In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Study of Corneal Innervation in Sjögren’s Syndrome with or without Small Fiber Neuropathy. Ocul. Surf. 2022, 25, 155–162, doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2022.07.003.
  100. Noh, S.R.; Chung, J.L.; Lee, J.M.; Seo, K.Y.; Koh, K. Meibomian Gland Atrophy with Duration of Sjogren’s Syndrome in Adult Females. Int. Ophthalmol. 2022, 42, 191–200, doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02013-7.
  101. Schäfer, V.S.; Schmidt, W.A. Ultraschalldiagnostik beim Sjögren-Syndrom. Z. Für Rheumatol. 2017, 76, 589–594, doi:10.1007/s00393-017-0305-5.
  102. Muntean, D.D.; Bădărînză, M.; Ștefan, P.A.; Lenghel, M.L.; Rusu, G.M.; Csutak, C.; Coroian, P.A.; Lupean, R.A.; Fodor, D. The Diagnostic Value of MRI-Based Radiomic Analysis of Lacrimal Glands in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10051, doi:10.3390/ijms231710051.
  103. Yu, D.F.; Chen, Y.; Han, J.M.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X.P.; Zou, W.J.; Liang, L.Y.; Xu, C.C.; Liu, Z.G. MUC19 Expression in Human Ocular Surface and Lacrimal Gland and Its Alteration in Sjögren Syndrome Patients. Exp. Eye Res. 2008, 86, 403–411, doi:10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.013.
  104. Pflugfelder, S.; Fang, B.; De Paiva, C. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in the Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Dry Eye Syndrome. Met. Med. 2017, Volume 4, 37–46, doi:10.2147/MNM.S107246.
  105. Masli, S.; Akpek, E.K. Reduced Tear Thrombospondin‐1/Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Ratio Can Aid in Detecting Sjögren’s Syndrome Etiology in Patients with Dry Eye. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2022, 15, 1999–2009, doi:10.1111/cts.13316.
  106. Tan, X.; Chen, Y.; Foulsham, W.; Amouzegar, A.; Inomata, T.; Liu, Y.; Chauhan, S.K.; Dana, R. The Immunoregulatory Role of Corneal Epithelium-Derived Thrombospondin-1 in Dry Eye Disease. Ocul. Surf. 2018, 16, 470–477, doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2018.07.005.
  107. Bunya, V.Y.; Ying, G.-S.; Maguire, M.G.; Kuklinski, E.; Lin, M.C.; Peskin, E.; Asbell, P.A.; the DREAM Study Research Group Prevalence of Novel Candidate Sjogren Syndrome Autoantibodies in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study. Cornea 2018, 37, 1425–1430, doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000001714.
  108. Versura, P.; Giannaccare, G.; Vukatana, G.; Mulè, R.; Malavolta, N.; Campos, E.C. Predictive Role of Tear Protein Expression in the Early Diagnosis of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Ann. Clin. Biochem. Int. J. Lab. Med. 2018, 55, 561–570, doi:10.1177/0004563217750679.
  109. Liu, Z.; Chen, D.; Chen, X.; Bian, F.; Gao, N.; Li, J.; Pflugfelder, S.C.; Li, D.-Q. Autophagy Activation Protects Ocular Surface from Inflammation in a Dry Eye Model In Vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8966, doi:10.3390/ijms21238966.
  110. Shinzawa, M.; Dogru, M.; Den, S.; Ichijima, T.; Higa, K.; Kojima, T.; Seta, N.; Nomura, T.; Tsubota, K.; Shimazaki, J. Epidermal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein: A Novel Marker in the Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease in Sjögren Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3463, doi:10.3390/ijms19113463.
  111. Sembler-Møller, M.L.; Belstrøm, D.; Locht, H.; Pedersen, A.M.L. Proteomics of Saliva, Plasma, and Salivary Gland Tissue in Sjögren’s Syndrome and Non-Sjögren Patients Identify Novel Biomarker Candidates. J. Proteomics 2020, 225, 103877, doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103877.
  112. Jung, J.-Y.; Kim, J.-W.; Kim, H.-A.; Suh, C.-H. Salivary Biomarkers in Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome—A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12903, doi:10.3390/ijms222312903.
  113. Gurung, S.; Perocheau, D.; Touramanidou, L.; Baruteau, J. The Exosome Journey: From Biogenesis to Uptake and Intracellular Signalling. Cell Commun. Signal. 2021, 19, 47, doi:10.1186/s12964-021-00730-1.
  114. Clarke, A.L.; Lettman, M.M.; Audhya, A. Lgd Regulates ESCRT-III Complex Accumulation at Multivesicular Endosomes to Control Intralumenal Vesicle Formation. Mol. Biol. Cell 2022, mbc.E22-08-0342, doi:10.1091/mbc.E22-08-0342.
  115. Marcelić, M.; Mahmutefendić Lučin, H.; Jurak Begonja, A.; Blagojević Zagorac, G.; Lučin, P. Early Endosomal Vps34-Derived Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate Is Indispensable for the Biogenesis of the Endosomal Recycling Compartment. Cells 2022, 11, 962, doi:10.3390/cells11060962.
  116. Sun, W.; Yan, Q.; Vida, T.A.; Bean, A.J. Hrs Regulates Early Endosome Fusion by Inhibiting Formation of an Endosomal SNARE Complex. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 162, 125–137, doi:10.1083/jcb.200302083.
  117. Lu, Q.; Hope, L.W.; Brasch, M.; Reinhard, C.; Cohen, S.N. TSG101 Interaction with HRS Mediates Endosomal Trafficking and Receptor Down-Regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100, 7626–7631, doi:10.1073/pnas.0932599100.
  118. Wu, H.; Turner, C.; Gardner, J.; Temple, B.; Brennwald, P. The Exo70 Subunit of the Exocyst Is an Effector for Both Cdc42 and Rho3 Function in Polarized Exocytosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 2010, 21, 430–442, doi:10.1091/mbc.e09-06-0501.
  119. Mathieu, M.; Martin-Jaular, L.; Lavieu, G.; Théry, C. Specificities of Secretion and Uptake of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles for Cell-to-Cell Communication. Nat. Cell Biol. 2019, 21, 9–17, doi:10.1038/s41556-018-0250-9.
  120. Kapsogeorgou, E.K.; Abu-Helu, R.F.; Moutsopoulos, H.M.; Manoussakis, M.N. Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Exosomes: A Source of Autoantigenic Ribonucleoproteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52, 1517–1521, doi:10.1002/art.21005.
  121. Gallo, A.; Jang, S.-I.; Ong, H.L.; Perez, P.; Tandon, M.; Ambudkar, I.; Illei, G.; Alevizos, I. Targeting the Ca2+ Sensor STIM1 by Exosomal Transfer of Ebv-MiR-BART13-3p Is Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome. eBioMedicine 2016, 10, 216–226, doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.041.
  122. Cortes-Troncoso, J.; Jang, S.-I.; Perez, P.; Hidalgo, J.; Ikeuchi, T.; Greenwell-Wild, T.; Warner, B.M.; Moutsopoulos, N.M.; Alevizos, I. T Cell Exosome–Derived MiR-142-3p Impairs Glandular Cell Function in Sjögren’s Syndrome. JCI Insight 2020, 5, e133497, doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133497.
  123. Aqrawi, L.A.; Galtung, H.K.; Vestad, B.; Øvstebø, R.; Thiede, B.; Rusthen, S.; Young, A.; Guerreiro, E.M.; Utheim, T.P.; Chen, X.; et al. Identification of Potential Saliva and Tear Biomarkers in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome, Utilising the Extraction of Extracellular Vesicles and Proteomics Analysis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2017, 19, 14, doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1228-x.
  124. Huang, Y.; Li, R.; Ye, S.; Lin, S.; Yin, G.; Xie, Q. Recent Advances in the Use of Exosomes in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 1509, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01509.
  125. Michael, A.; Bajracharya, S.; Yuen, P.; Zhou, H.; Star, R.; Illei, G.; Alevizos, I. Exosomes from Human Saliva as a Source of MicroRNA Biomarkers: MicroRNA Biomarkers in Salivary Exosomes. Oral Dis. 2010, 16, 34–38, doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01604.x.
  126. Guo, Y.-X.; Wang, N.; Wu, W.-C.; Li, C.-Q.; Chen, R.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X. The Role of MiR-23b in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. J. Oncol. 2021, 2021, 1–9, doi:10.1155/2021/6473038.
  127. Zhu, S.; Pan, W.; Song, X.; Liu, Y.; Shao, X.; Tang, Y.; Liang, D.; He, D.; Wang, H.; Liu, W.; et al. The MicroRNA MiR-23b Suppresses IL-17-Associated Autoimmune Inflammation by Targeting TAB2, TAB3 and IKK-α. Nat. Med. 2012, 18, 1077–1086, doi:10.1038/nm.2815.
  128. Alevizos, I.; Alexander, S.; Turner, R.J.; Illei, G.G. MicroRNA Expression Profiles as Biomarkers of Minor Salivary Gland Inflammation and Dysfunction in Sjögren’s Syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2011, 63, 535–544, doi:10.1002/art.30131.
  129. Kakan, S.S.; Janga, S.R.; Cooperman, B.; Craig, D.W.; Edman, M.C.; Okamoto, C.T.; Hamm-Alvarez, S.F. Small RNA Deep Sequencing Identifies a Unique MiRNA Signature Released in Serum Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sjögren’s Syndrome. Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 1475, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01475.
  130. Zhao, J.; An, Q.; Zhu, X.; Yang, B.; Gao, X.; Niu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Xu, K.; Ma, D. Research Status and Future Prospects of Extracellular Vesicles in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2022, 13, 230, doi:10.1186/s13287-022-02912-1.
  131. Yamashiro, K.; Hamada, T.; Mori, K.; Nishi, K.; Nakamura, M.; Beppu, M.; Tanaka, A.; Hijioka, H.; Kamikawa, Y.; Sugiura, T. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs from Mouthrinse Have the Potential to Be Novel Biomarkers for Sjögren Syndrome. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1483, doi:10.3390/jpm12091483.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback