农业和粮食生产直接关系到人类的生存和发展。食品安全仍然是全球最关键的问题之一，因为食品可能在生产，包装，储存，运输和增值加工的所有阶段受到污染，从而导致食源性疾病的爆发[1]。世界卫生组织（World Health Organization (WHO) pointed out that an estimated 600 million—almost 1 in 10 people in the world—fall ill after eating contaminated food and 420,000 die every year, resulting in the loss of 33 million healthy life years (DALYs). Food hazards have a variety of factors, such as plant, animal, and microbial metabolites, soil and water pollution hazards from the environment, and purposefully added illegal additives, generated during food packing and processing ^[2][3]. The research was organized by the category of food risk factors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, heavy metals, pesticide residues, veterinary drugs, and others ^[4]. At present, the frequently used detection immunoassays, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (O）指出，估计有6亿人（几乎每10人中就有1人）在食用受污染的食物后生病，每年有42万人死亡，导致3300万健康生命年（DALYs）的损失。食品危害有多种因素，如植物、动物和微生物代谢产物，来自环境的土壤和水污染危害，以及食品包装和加工过程中故意添加的非法添加剂[2，3]。

目前常用的检测免疫分析，如高效液相色谱（HPLC), gas chromatography (）、气相色谱（GC), mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have the advantages of outstanding specificity and accuracy ^[5]）、质谱（MS）、气相色谱/质谱（GC-MS）、液相色谱/质谱（LC-MS）和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA），具有突出的特异性和准确性[5]. However, they require tedious pretreatment steps, expensive instruments, specialized technical personnel, and a long testing cycle, which are inappropriate for point-of-care testing (POCT) ^[6]. In such contexts, with the rapid development and deepening understanding of nanotechnology, nanomaterial-based biosensors to detect food contamination and food adulteration have revolutionized the global food industry ^[7][8][9]. Nanozymes are artificial nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like properties, which are distinct from 然而，它们需要繁琐的预处理步骤、昂贵的仪器、专业的技术人员和较长的检测周期，这些不适合即时检测[6]。在这种情况下，随着纳米技术的快速发展和对纳米技术的深入了解，基于纳米材料的生物传感器检测食品污染和食品掺假已经彻底改变了全球食品工业[7，8，9]。

纳米酶是具有内在酶样特性的人造纳米材料，与固定在纳米材料上的天然酶或催化配体的“nano-enzymes纳米酶” with natural enzymes or catalytic ligands immobilized on nanomaterials. On the whole, natural enzymes are readily digested by proteases and lose their enzymatic activity after exposure to extreme pH and high tem不同。总体而言，天然酶很容易被蛋白酶消化，在暴露于极端pH和高温后失去酶活性，这极大地阻碍了其实际应用[10]。纳米酶结构稳定，不仅能够在温和的生理条件下催化反应，而且能够在极端环境中保持酶活性。例如，过氧化物酶底物可以在极端peratures, which considerably impedes their practical application ^[10]. Nanozymes are structurally stable and capable of catalyzing reactions not only under mild physiological conditions but also retaining enzymatic activity in extreme environments. For instance, peroxidase substrates could be catalyzed by iron-based nanozymes at extreme pH (（1–12) and temperature (−20–80 °C). The term “nano-zyme” was coined by -12）和温度（-20-80°C）下由铁基纳米酶催化。术语“纳米酶”是由Pasquato et al. in 2004 to employ triazacyclonane-functionalized gold nanoparticles as catalysts for transphosphorylation reactions ^[11]. In 等人于2004年创造的，用于使用三氮杂环烷官能化的金纳米颗粒作为转磷酸化反应的催化剂[11]。2007, 年，Yan et al. reported that 等人报道了Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles possessed the inherent catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase (纳米颗粒具有辣根过氧化物酶（HRP), which could catalyze the conversion of substrates as natural peroxidase under mild physiological conditions ^[12]. To date, the catalytic performance of nanozymes have been extended from the initial single oxidoreductase (peroxidase) to the current four categories, including oxidoreductase, hydrolase, lyase and isomerase ^[13][14]. Dozens of inorganic nanomaterials have been found to hold different catalytic activities, for instance, cerium dioxide nanoparticles and ferromagnetic nanoparticles with peroxidase activity, gold nanoparticles with oxidase activity and cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide nanoparticles with nitrate reductase activity ^[15][16]. The most outstanding feature of nanoparticles is their superior catalytic activity, low cost, high stability, and controllable and adjustable enzyme activity, which is unmatched by other simulated enzymes ^[17]. In addition, nanozymes can be size-controlled and surface-modified utilizing sophisticated nanotechnology to modulate their enzymatic activities, which is thought to be an inorganic material with unique physicochemical properties ^[18]. The discovery of nanozymes breaks the previous notion that inorganic nanomaterials are inert and reveals that they also hold catalytic activities similar to enzymes. Extensive experiments have confirmed that nanozymes are intended to be applied as an alternative to enzymes in the life sciences and the food industry (Table ）固有的催化活性，在温和的生理条件下可以催化底物转化为天然过氧化物酶[12]。

Analytes分析物	Biosensors生物传感器	Nanozymes纳米酶	LODs	Food matrix食物基质	Ref.裁判。
Pathogenic microorganism病原微生物
Escherichia coli O157:H7大肠杆菌 O157：H7 （大肠杆菌 (E. coli O157:H7)O157：H7）	Colorimetric色度	Platinum-coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters (Pt铂涂层磁性纳米颗粒簇（铂/MNCs)跨国公司）	10 CFU立方英尺/mL毫升	milk牛奶	[22][86]
E. coli 大肠杆菌O157:：H7	Colorimetric色度	Hemin血红素-concanavalin A hybrid nanoflowers (HCH nanoflowers)刀豆球蛋白A杂交纳米花（HCH纳米花）	4.1 CFU焦氧单位/mL毫升	milk牛奶	[23][87]
Salmonella Enteritidis肠炎沙门氏菌	Colorimetric色度	Fe铁-MOF nanoparticles纳米颗粒	34 CFU立方英尺/mL毫升	milk牛奶	[24][88]
Salmonella typhimurium鼠伤寒沙门氏菌	Colorimetric色度	Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs)普鲁士蓝纳米粒子	6 × 103 CFU立方英尺/mL毫升	powdered milk奶粉	[25][89]
Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium鼠伤寒沙门氏菌	Colorimetric色度	ZnFe铁锌2O4-reduced graphene oxide nanostructures还原氧化石墨烯纳米结构	11 CFU立方英尺/mL毫升	milk牛奶	[26][90]
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes)单核细胞增生李斯特菌（单核细胞增生李斯特菌）	Colorimetric色度	Ag农业NCs	10 CFU立方英尺/mL毫升	pork猪肉	[27][91]
Toxins毒素
Aflatoxin黄曲霉毒素 B1 (AFB1)（AFB1）	Colorimetric色度	Mesoporous SiO介孔碳化硅2/Au-Pt (（m-SAP)）	0.005 ng纳克/mL毫升	peanut花生	[28][92]
AFB空军基地1	Colorimetric色度	Porphyrin Nano卟啉纳米MOFs (Nano（纳米PCN-223(Fe))（Fe））	0.003 ng纳克/mL毫升	milk牛奶	[29][93]
AFB1 and Salmonella Enteritidis和肠炎沙门氏菌	Colorimetric比色/Fluorescent荧光	Pt@PCN-224-HRP-initiator 引发剂DNA (（PP-HRP-iDNA)）	6.5 × 10−4分别针对 ng/mL and 4 CFU/mL for AFB1 and SalmonellaAFB1 和肠炎沙门氏菌的 Enteritidis respectivelyg/mL 和 4 CFU/mL	rice and milk大米和牛奶	[30][94]
Ochratoxin赭曲霉毒素 A (OTA)（OTA）	Colorimetric色度	Co(OH)钴（俄勒冈）2 nanocages纳米笼	2.6 × 10−4 ng纳克/mL毫升	corn玉米	[31][95]
Saxitoxin虎链淀粉 (STX)（STX）	Colorimetric色度	Au金NPs	4.246 × 10−4 nM纳米	shellfish贝类	[32][96]
Pesticide residues农药残留
Diazinon二嗪农	Fluorescent荧光	Fe铁3O4 nanoparticles@ZIF-8 (Fe（铁3O4 NPs@ZIF-8)）	0.2 nM纳米	water and fruit juices水和果汁	[33][97]
Acetamiprid啶虫脒	Colorimetric色度	Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)金纳米颗粒（国产总值）	0.1 ng纳克/mL毫升	-	[34][98]
Methyl-paraoxon甲基对氧磷	Colorimetric比色/Fluorescent荧光	nanoceria纳米二氧化铈	420 nM纳米	Semen nelumbinis, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Rhizoma Dioscoreae精液，亚美尼亚精液，蓣蓣科	[35][99]
Paraoxon对氧磷	Fluorescent荧光	Carbon碳量子点 quantum dots (CQDs)（CQD）	0.05 ng纳克/mL毫升	tap and river water自来水和河水	[36][100]
Paraoxon对氧磷	Fluorescent荧光	MnO氧化锰2 Nanosheet纳米片-Carbon Dots碳点	0.015 ng纳克/mL毫升	tap water, river water, rice, and cabbage自来水、河水、大米和卷心菜	[37][101]
Paraoxon, Parathion, Fenitrothion and Diazinon对氧磷、对硫磷、非硝硫磷和二嗪酮	Colorimetric色度	Au金NPs	对氧磷、对硫磷、非硝硫磷和二嗪酮分别为 0.13 ng/mL, 0.37 ng/mL, 0.42 ng/mL and 0.20 ng/mL for paraoxon, parathion, fenitrothion and diazinon, respectively纳克/毫升、0.37 纳克/毫升、0.42 纳克/毫升和 0.20 纳克/毫升	water水	[38][102]
Glyphosate	Colorimetric/Fluorescence/Photothermal	N-CDs/FMOF-Zr	13.1 ng/mL, 1.5 ng/mL and 11.5 ng/mL for colorimetric, fluorescence and photothermal respectively	rice, millet, and soybeans	[39][103]
Veterinary drugs
Tetracycline (TC)	Colorimetric	AuNCs	46 nM	drugs and milk	[40][104]
Kanamycin	Colorimetric	Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)	1.49 nM	-	[41][105]
Enrofloxacin	Chemiluminescence	Co(OH)2 nanosheets	4.1 × 10−5 ng/mL	shrimp, chicken, and duck meat	[42][106]
Norfloxacin (NOR)	Colorimetric	1-methyl-D-tryptophan-capped gold nanoclusters (1-Me-D-Trp@AuNCs)	200 nM	drugs	[43][107]
Sulfaquinoxaline (SQX)	Chemiluminescence	Cu(II)-anchored unzipped covalent triazine framework (UnZ-CCTF)	7.6 × 10−4 nM	milk	[44][108]
Chloramphenicol (CAP)	Electrochemiluminescence	Ultrathin PtNi	2.6 × 10−7 nM	pig urine, river water, and milk	[45][109]
Heavy metals
Hg2+	Colorimetric	Pt NP	16.9 nM, 26 nM and 47.3 nM for MilliQ water, tap water and ground waters, respectively	MilliQ water, tap water, and ground waters	[46][110]
Hg2+ and MeHg	Fluorescent	Copper oxide-based nanocomposites	3.0 nM and 3.3 nM for Hg2+ and MeHg, respectively	tap water, river water, seawater, and dogfish muscle	[47][111]
Ag2+	Colorimetric	Chitosan-PtNPs (Ch-PtNPs)	4 nM	tap and lake water	[48][112]
Ag2+	Colorimetric	Pt nanoparticles	7.8 × 10−3 nM	river water	[49][113]
Pb2+	Colorimetric	Tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets	4 ng/mL	tap water, soil, wheat, and fish serum	[50][114]
Pb2+	Colorimetric	Au@Pt nanoparticles	3.0 nM	lake water	[51][115]
Pb2+ and Hg2+	Fluorescent	Metal-deposited bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) nanonetworks	nanomolar quantities	tap water, river water, lake water, and sea water	[52][116]
Others
Sulfide	Colorimetric	GMP-Cu nanozyme with laccase activity	670 nM	baking soda, rock sugar, konjac flour, and xylitol	[53][117]
Nitrite	Colorimetric/Electrochemical	Histidine(His)@AuNCs/rGO	2 nM and 700 nM for Colorimetric and Electrochemical respectively	sausage	[54][118]
Nitrite	Colorimetric	Hollow MnFeO particles	200 nM	sausage, pickles, and salted eggs	[55][119]
Salbutamol	Colorimetric	AgNPs	2.614 × 10−4 ng/mL	tap water and artificial urine	[120]

One of the major factors impacting food quality is contamination from pesticide residues ^[56][42]. The majority of pesticides are neurotoxic and carcinogenic to individuals, and their residues migrate through the food chain and environment and even persist in nature for more than 15 years ^[57][43]. To analyze pesticide residues in agricultural products and the environment at trace or even ultra-trace levels, the sensitive detection of pesticide residues primarily makes use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and HPLC-MS/MS ^[58][44]. However, these methods are not appropriate for POCT, while the specific nanozyme structure holds a synergistic effect to raise the sensitivity of detected targets ^[59][45]. Pesticides can be broadly divided into four categories based on the chemical property of their active ingredients: organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids ^[60][46].

Applying a synthetic Fe-N/C SAzyme that directly oxidized TMB to produce blue oxidized product 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine diamine (oxTMB), Ge et al. established a novel, extremely sensitive malathion colorimetric platform. L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (AA2P), a substrate of acid phosphatase (ACP), could be hydrolyzed to AA, inhibiting the oxidization reaction of TM and resulting in noticeable blue color fading. With the addition of malathion, AA synthesis was reduced and ACP activity was hampered, restoring the catalytic activity of the single-atom nanozyme ^[61][47]. Iron-based metal-organic gel (MOGs) nanosheet hybrids with AuNPs immobilization (AuNPs/MOGs (Fe)) were fabricated to detect organophosphorus (OPs), which displayed excellent chemiluminescence (CL) properties. The considerable enhancement of CL was blamed for the modification of AuNPs on the MOGs (Fe) nanosheet, which synergistically increased the CL reaction by speeding the formation of OH^•, O₂^•− and ¹O₂ ^[62][48].

The removal of peroxidase-like activity and color interference is crucial for colorimetric analysis of the nanozyme. The GeO₂ nanozyme was found that it only possessed peroxidase-like activity but no oxidase-like capability, which rendered the related detection system free from O₂ disturbance. In addition, the white GeO₂ nanozyme removed its color interference. Accordingly, a colorimetric sensing platform for ultra-trace detection of OPs pesticides with paraoxon as a representative model was proposed. In the absence of paraoxon, the active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) degraded the GeO₂ nanozyme and lost its peroxidase function by hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to thiocholine (TCh). In the presence of paraoxon, AChE was irreversibly inactivated and TCh production was inhibited ^[63][49].

While most investigations have been devoted to further optimizing fluorescent probes or assays to enhance the sensitivity for OPs, Liang et al. conducted groundbreaking work on creating yeast-surface-displayed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) mutants (E69Y and E69Y/F330L) from the perspective of modifying the sensitivity of AChE for OPs. Using electronegative fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) combined with AChE mutants, an ultra-trace fluorescence assay for OPs with the LOD of 3.3 × 10⁻¹⁴ M was established, indicating that the E69Y and F330L mutations had the potential to significantly improve the sensitivity of the nanozyme to OPs ^[64][50].

Veterinary drugs are the substances applied to prevent, treat and diagnose animal diseases or purposefully regulate animal physiological functions and effectively help farmers solve the problems of livestock threatened by epidemics in breeding production, including antibiotics, antiparasitic and antifungal drugs, hormones, growth promoters, etc. ^[65][52]. In the ongoing expansion of the livestock industry today, the employment of veterinary drugs has been crucial in the production of animal-derived food ^[66][53]. Veterinary drug residues are the substances of prototype drugs and their metabolites as well as related impurities that accumulate or remain in the organisms or products of livestock and poultry (such as eggs, milk, meat, etc.) following drug application ^[67][54].

Li et al. established the Fe-gallic acid (GA) nanozymes (FGN), an artificial multi-iron peroxidase with monoclonal antibody recognition activity and high catalytic performance inspired by polyphenol–protein interactions. Afterward, clenbuterol (CLL) in pork and poultry was determined applying the nanozyme-mediated dual colorimetric immunochromatographic in conjunction with smartphones, with a detection limit of 0.172 ng mL^{−1 [68]}[55]. Applying aggregation-induced (AI)-electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-containing covalent organic framework materials (COF-AI-ECL) as the signal element and Co₃O₄ nanozyme as the signal amplification component, a CAP molecularly imprinted sensor was established. Co₃O₄ catalytically amplified the ECL signal of COF-AI-ECL, which was effectively quenched by CAP; thus, the ECL signal was controlled by the elution and adsorption of CAP by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) ^[69][56]. Kanamycin (Kana) was detected on polyaniline-nanowire-functionalized reduced-graphene-oxide (PANI/rGO) framework by catalyzing H₂O₂ to generate oxygen using platinum nanozymes on hairpin DNA probes. The principle of signal amplification was to produce a sizable amount of Pt nanoparticles through the coupling of catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction and strand-displacement amplification (SDA) reaction ^[70][57].

Multisignal, enhanced ultrasensitive detection of veterinary drugs is considered an advanced academic research achievement. Utilizing planar VS₂/AuNPs nanocomposites as the electrode sensing platform, streptavidin-functionalized CoFe₂O₄ nanozyme, and methylene-blue-labeled hairpin DNA (MB-hDNA) as signal-amplifying components, an electrochemical aptamer sensor for kanamycin (Kana) proportional detection was developed. The VS₂/AuNPs nanocomposites were combined with hDNA complementarily hybridized with biotinylated Kana-aptamers, and the CoFe₂O₄ nanozyme immobilized on the aptamer sensor possessed excellent peroxidase-like catalytic activity. In the presence of Kana, aptamer biorecognition resulted in a decrease in nanozyme accumulation and an increase in the response of MB ^[71][58].