Antibiotics Used for Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Mariela Corrales.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered to be a major problem in pregnant women. It is also one of the most prevalent infections during pregnancy, being diagnosed in as many as 50–60% of all gestations. Therefore, UTI treatment during pregnancy is extremely important and management guidelines have been published worldwide to assist physicians in selecting the right antibiotic for each patient, taking into account the maternal and fetal safety profile.

  • urinary tract infection
  • UTI
  • pregnancy
  • woman
  • guideline

1. Introduction

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered to be a major problem in pregnant women [1,2,3][1][2][3]. It is also one of the most prevalent infections during pregnancy, being diagnosed in as many as 50–60% of all gestations [4].
UTIs can be classified as lower urinary tract infections, including both asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) or acute cystitis (AC), and upper urinary tract infections or acute pyelonephritis (APN) [5]. Most infections are caused by Enterobacteriaceae, commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being responsible for 80–90% of cases. However, weit can fibe found other bacteria such as Group-B Streptococcus saprophyticus (GBSS), Klebsiella pneumoniae, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis in a lower percentage [2,6][2][6].
In pregnant women, ASB occurs in an estimated 2–10% [7], and if left untreated, it can turn into symptomatic AC in 30% of patients and may progress to APN in up to 50% of those patients [6], which have been associated with several complications for both the mother and the unborn child [2,8][2][8].
Therefore, UTI treatment during pregnancy is extremely important and management guidelines have been published worldwide to assist physicians in selecting the right antibiotic for each patient, taking into account the maternal and fetal safety profile [5,6,9][5][6][9].

2. Antibiotics in ABU

Without specifying the hierarchy of preference, the recommended antibiotics were: nitrofurantoin [11,15,18[10][11][12][13][14],19,20], trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) [20][14], fosfomycin [11[10][11][13][15][16],12,13,15,19], multiple penicillins such as amoxicillin [15,19[11][13][14],20], ampicillin [18][12], pivmecillinam [11][10], ampicillin/sulbactam [21][17], amoxicillin/clavulanate [15[11][14][17],20,21], first-generation cephalosporine (1stGC) such as cephalexin [15,18,19,20,21][11][12][13][14][17] and second-generation cephalosporine (2ndGC) such as cefuroxime [15,19][11][13]. When referring to lines of treatment, as first line, nitrofurantoin [16[17][18],21], fosfomycin [21][17] and amoxicillin [14][19] were proposed. Second-line treatments were pivmecillinam [14][19], cephalexin [16][18] and amoxicillin (if sensible) [16][18]. France was the only country that gives up to five-line treatments [14][19], with fosfomycin being the third-line treatment; trimethoprim, the fourth-line one; and nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefixime and TMP/SMX, the fifth-line treatment. TMP/SMX was also suggested as the last antibiotic choice in Germany [11][10]. Results are summarized in Table 31, including the dosage recommended by each guideline.
Table 31.
Antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria and cystitis during pregnancy.
[20], cephalexin [22][20], amoxicillin [16][18] and amoxicillin/clavulanate [12][15] were proposed. For second-line treatment the chosen antibiotics were pivmecillinam [14][19], cephalexin [16][18], penicillins such as amoxicillin [22][20] and amoxicillin/clavulanate [22][20] and 2ndGC (cefuroxime) [12][15]. For third-line treatment, options were nitrofurantoin [14][19], ciprofloxacin [14][19], TMP/SMX [12][15] and third-generation cephalosporine (3rdGC) such as cefixime [14][19]. TMP/SMX was also suggested as the last antibiotic choice in Germany [11][10]. Results are summarized in Table 31, including the dosage recommended by each guideline.

4. Antibiotics in APN

For APN treatment, most guidelines recommended as a first-line treatment a monotherapy with 3rdGC [13,14,15,20][11][14][16][19] such as ceftriaxone [15,20][11][14] or 2ndGC [7,13][7][16] such as cefuroxime [13,17][16][21] and, if patient unstable or septic, adding an aminoside such as gentamicin [7,13,15][7][11][16] was recommended. Double parental therapy with amoxicillin/gentamicin [7,22][7][20] or ampicillin/gentamicin [22][20] was also proposed. Second-line treatment included cefuroxime [12][15], gentamicin [20][14], aztreonam [7[7][14],20], 2ndGC such as cefuroxime [12][15] and 3rdGC (ceftriaxone or cefotaxime) [22][20]. Ireland proposed a dual parenteral therapy with clindamycin or vancomycin (based on the susceptibly results) and gentamicin. As a third-line option, France proposed ciprofloxacin in case of beta-lactamase allergy [14][19]. The AFU also specified a 10 day-treatment for UTI caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli (ESBLE). Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin or TMP-SMX was the first-line choice, amoxicillin–clavulanate was the second-line choice and cefoxitin, piperacillin–tazobactam or temocillin was the third-line choice. Recommendations for oral therapy switch were: amoxicillin [14[19][20],22], amoxicillin/clavulanate [14[19][20],22], cephalexin [22][20], trimethoprim [22][20], cefixime [14][19] or ciprofloxacin [14][19]. A couple of European guidelines proposed oral antibiotics for uncomplicated AP: cephalexin (1stGC) [17][21] or amoxicillin/clavulanate [12][15] as a first-line treatment and TMP/SMX [12][15] as third-line treatment. Results are summarized in Table 42, including the dosage recommended by each guideline.
Table 42.
Antibiotic acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy.

References

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  6. Krischak, M.K.; Rosett, H.A.; Sachdeva, S.; Weaver, K.E.; Heine, R.P.; Denoble, A.E.; Dotters-Katz, S.K. Beyond Expert Opinion: A Comparison of Antibiotic Regimens for Infectious Urinary Tract Pathology in Pregnancy. AJP Rep. 2020, 10, e352–e356.
  7. Bonkat, G.; Pickard, R.; Bartoletti, R.; Cai, T.; Bruyère, F.; Geerlings, S.E.; Köves, B.; Wagenlehner, F. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections 2018. In European Association of Urology Guidelines; European Association of Urology Guidelines Office: Arnhem, The Netherlands, 2018.
  8. Wing, D.A.; Fassett, M.J.; Getahun, D. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy: An 18-year retrospective analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2014, 210, 219.e1–219.e6.
  9. Ghouri, F.; Hollywood, A. Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Pregnancy: An Audit Study. Med. Sci. 2020, 8, 40.
  10. Kranz, J.; Schmidt, S.; Lebert, C.; Fünfstück, R.; Helbig, S.; Hofmann, W.; Hummers, E.; Kunze, M.; Kniehl, E.; Naber, K.; et al. Interdisziplinäre AWMF S3-Leitlinie: Epidemiologie, Diagnostik, Therapie, Prävention und Management unkomplizierter, bakterieller, ambulant erworbener Harnwegsinfektionen bei erwachsenen Patienten. Nieren-Und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2017, 46, 334–385.
  11. Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland and the Clinical Strategy and Programmes Division, Health Service Executive. Clinical Practice Guideline Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnancy. 2018. Available online: https://rcpi-live-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/32.-Management-of-Urinary-Tract-Infections-in-Pregnancy.pdf (accessed on 6 October 2022).
  12. Nicolle, L.E.; Gupta, K.; Bradley, S.F.; Colgan, R.; DeMuri, G.P.; Drekonja, D.; Eckert, L.O.; Geerlings, S.E.; Köves, B.; Hooton, T.M.; et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: 2019 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2019, 68, 1611–1615.
  13. de Rossi, P.; Cimerman, S.; Truzzi, J.C.; da Cunha, C.A.; Mattar, R.; Martino, M.D.V.; Hachul, M.; Andriolo, A.; Neto, J.A.V.; Pereira-Correia, J.A.; et al. Joint report of SBI (Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases), FEBRASGO (Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations), SBU (Brazilian Society of Urology) and SBPC/ML (Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine): Recommendations for the clinical management of lower urinary tract infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 24, 110–119.
  14. Nemirovsky, C.; Furst, M.J.L.; Pryluka, D.; De Vedia, L.; Scapellato, P.; Colque, A.; Barcelona, L.; Desse, J.; Caradonti, M.; Varcasia, D.; et al. Consenso Argentino Intersociedades de Infección Urinaria 2018-2019-Parte I. Medicina 2020, 80, 229–240.
  15. Betschart, C.; Albrich, W.C.; Brandner, S.; Faltin, D.; Kuhn, A.; Surbek, D.; Geissbuehler, V. Guideline of the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SSGO) on acute and recurrent urinary tract infections in women, including pregnancy. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2020, 150, w20236.
  16. de Cueto, M.; Aliaga, L.; Alós, J.-I.; Canut, A.; Los-Arcos, I.; Martínez, J.A.; Mensa, J.; Pintado, V.; Rodriguez-Pardo, D.; Yuste, J.R.; et al. Executive summary of the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection: Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC). Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2017, 35, 314–320.
  17. Martinez, E.; Osorio, J.; Delgado, J.; Esparza, G.; Motoa, G.; Blanco, V.; Hernández, C.; Agudelo, A.; Aluma, L.; Betancurt, C.; et al. Infecciones del tracto urinario bajo en adultos y embarazadas: Consenso para el manejo empírico. Infectio 2014, 17, 122–135.
  18. NICE NG109. Urinary Tract Infection (Lower): Antimicrobial Prescribing (October 2018). Available online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng113 (accessed on 6 October 2022).
  19. Caron, F.; Galperine, T.; Flateau, C.; Azria, R.; Bonacorsi, S.; Bruyère, F.; Cariou, G.; Clouqueur, E.; Cohen, R.; Doco-Lecompte, T.; et al. Practice guidelines for the management of adult community-acquired urinary tract infections. Méd. Mal. Infect. 2018, 48, 327–358.
  20. Department for Health and Wellbeing G of SA. Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy. South Australian Perinatal Practice Guideline 2021. Available online: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au (accessed on 6 October 2022).
  21. NICE NG111. Pyelonephritis (Acute): Antimicrobial Prescribing (October 2018). Available online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng111 (accessed on 6 October 2022).
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