The genus Malachra L. belongs to the family Malvaceae. It includes herbs or subshrubs of nine accepted species with approximately thirty synonyms, and it has been widely used in community folk medicine to treat health problems including inflammation, nasal obstruction, leishmaniasis, malaria, childbirth, kidney disorders, fever, respiratory tract diseases, among others.
Malachra species | Plant Part Used | Phytoconstituents | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Malachra alceifolia Jacq. | Leaf | Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, saponins |
[97] |
Malachra Species | Plant Part Used | Extract/Compounds | Pharmacological Activity | Concentration | Method | Major Findings | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M. alceifolia Jacq. | Leaf | Ethanolic | Antiplasmodial | 10 µg/mL | In vitro Plasmodium falciparum 152.2 ± 28.6 nM Chloroquine control |
Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum ferriprotoporphyrin biomineralization inhibition |
[2826][2927] | ||
Flowers | Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes | ||||||||
Shoot | anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins | ||||||||
Ethanolic | Antiplasmodial | 77 µg/mL | In vitro | Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) chloroquine (concentration no report) |
Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum |
[3028] | Malachra capitata (L.) L. | Root | |
M. capitata (L.) L. | Gallic acid | (1), caffeic acid (2), rutin (3), quercetin (4), ferulic acid (5) | Leaf | [108][119] | |||||
Ethanolic | Antibacterial | 62.5 ppm | In vitro | MIC | Inhibition of the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919) |
[3129] | Leaf | Rutin, ferulic acid | |
Shoot | Aqueous | Antidiarrhoeal | 200 and 400 mg/kg | In vivo oral administration to Wistar rats; castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestinal transit; 5 mL/kg, p.o diphenoxlate control |
Decreases intestinal transit | [3230] | Stem | Gallic acid | |
Aqueous | Anti-epileptic | 250 and 500 mg/kg | In vivo maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizuresmodels in albino Wistar rats, pentylenetetrazol control |
Anticonvulsant activity against MES and PTZ animal models | [3230] | Whole plant | β-Sitosterol (6) | [1210 | |
Aqueous | ] | ||||||||
Anti-ulcerogenic | 200 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg | In vivo oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine control |
Reduce the gastric acid secretion of pylorus |
[33][ 72 ] | Root | Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins | [108][119] | ||
Aqueous | Antioxidant | 200 y 400 mg/kg | In vivo oral administration to Wistar rats |
In vivo oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine control |
[34][ 73 ] | Root | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7); | [108][119] | |
Aqueous | linolenic acid, ethyl ester (8); | ||||||||
Hepatoprotective | (E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester (9); | ||||||||
100, 200 y 400 mg/kg | hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (10); | ||||||||
In vivo | oral administration to | octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (11); | |||||||
Wistar rats, carbon | tetrachloride CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity |
Reduced levels of the hepatic enzymes SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) |
[35][ 74 ] | ||||||
Leaf silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) |
n-hexane | Antibacterial | 1 mM | In vitro MIC |
Nanoparticles bactericidal Bacillus subtillis, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
[36][ 75 ] | |||
Leaf | Methanolic, Chloroform Benzene |
Antibacterial | 50 mg/mL | In vitro MIC |
Inhibition of the growth of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
[37][ 76 ] | |||
Malachra fasciata Jacq. | Leaf | Chloroform/ Aurantiamide acetate |
Antibacterial | 80 µg | In vitro MIC |
Inhibition of the growth of P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicans |
didecyl phthalate (12); | ||
[ | 21 | (Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene (13); | |||||||
] | [ | 29 | ] | ||||||
Leaf | Unknown | Phototoxic (photosensitization) |
Unknown | In vivo sheep females and male |
Cause of primary photodermatitis in sheep ingestion leaf |
[38] | squalene (14) | ||
[ | Stem | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | [1311][1412] | ||||||
pentadecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14- tetramethyl methyl ester (15); |
|||||||||
linolenic acid, methyl ester; | |||||||||
(E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
77 | ] | ||||||||
Leaf | Chloroform | Antifungal | 30 µg | In vitro MIC |
Inhibition of the growth of Aspergillus niger |
[21][ 29 ] | (Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene | ||
Leaf | -(-)loliolide | Antimutagenic | 8 mg/kg | In vitro micronucleus test induced using mitomycin C, 32% |
Reduce the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) |
[22][ 30 ]azobenzene, 4,4′-dibromo- (16); | |||
squalene | |||||||||
oleic acid (17) | |||||||||
Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-(3β,5α)- (18); | |||||||||
Leaf | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester | [1311][1412] | |||||||
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (19); | |||||||||
Oxirane, tetradecyl- (20); | |||||||||
(E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester | |||||||||
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | |||||||||
Phytol (21); | |||||||||
(Z,Z) 6,9 pentadecadien-1-ol (22); | |||||||||
(Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (23); | |||||||||
octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
squalene | |||||||||
Leaf | Flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins | [1311][1412] | |||||||
Malachra fasciata Jacq. | Leaf | Aurantiamide acetate (24) | [1513] | ||||||
Leaf | 1,3-Diacylglycerol (25) 1,2-Diacylglycerol (26) |
[1614] |