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ElThe géneroenus Malachra L. pbertenece a lalongs to the familiay Malvaceae. Incluye hierbas o subarbustos de nueve et includes herbs or subshrubs of nine accepted species aceptadas con awith approximadamente treinta sinónimos, y ha sido ampliamente utilizado en la medicina popular comunitaria para tratarately thirty synonyms, and it has been widely used in community folk medicine to treat health problemas de salud que incluyens including inflamación, mmation, nasal obstrucción nasaltion, leishmaniasis, malaria, parto, trastornos renales, fiebre, enfermedades del tractochildbirth, kidney disorders, fever, respiratorio, entre otros. otroy tract diseases, among others.
- Malachra
- ethnobotany
- pharmacological activity
1. Botanical Descripción botánica de las estion of the Species del géneroof the Genus Malachra L.
ElThe géneroenus Malachra L. eistá representado por hierbas o sufrutos, a veced by herbs or suffrutes, sometimes puberulentos, generalmente híspidos o con tricomas punzantes. Las hojas sonlly hispid, or with stinging trichomes. Leaves are simples o palmeadas lobuladas; agudo or palmately lobed; acute, acuminado ute, or obtuso en el ápicee at the apex; truncado oted or subcordado en la te at the base; serrado o almenado; yted or crenated; and generalmentely pubescente. También. They also presentan:: bracteate inflorescencias bracteadas; cabezas axilares oes; axillary or terminales; brácteas anchamente cordadas-ovadas en la heads; broadly cordate-ovate bracts at the base, con nervioswith prominentes nerves often alternando a menudo con áreas blanquecinas, aunque en otras partes puede ser verde y sésil. Cting with whitish areas, although it can be in other parts green and sessile. Absent calliculus ausente (excepto e in M . radiata); small cáliz pequeño, de cinco lóbulos; corola blanca, amarilla o lila; y también se pueden observar hojas de cinco lóbulos. Además, los frutos esqualyx, five-lobed; white, yellow, or lilac corolla; and five-lobed leaves can also be observed. Additionally, schizocarpianos tienen la forma de una ruedaal fruits have the shape of a wheel similar a un queso que se puede dividir en cinco tipos de alas maduras; las flores están en cabezuelas, rodeadas de brácteas más grandes que ellas to a cheese that can be split into five ripe wing types; flowers are in heads, surrounded by bracts larger than them [ 17 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].
Malachra alceifolia Jacq. eis una hierba o arbusto, de 1, 6 m de altura. Las partes aéreas y los pecíolos son híspidosa herb or shrub, 1. 6 m tall. The aerial parts and petioles are hispid, simples o partidos or split, flavescentes, base , tuberculada, pelos dispersos, cortos, estrellados y alargados formando nudos, conte base, scattered hairs, short, star-shaped, and long forming knots, with stem pubescencia del tallo ye and a green to reddish color verde a rojizo. Las hojas son. The leaves are simples, opuestas y lobuladas, con hasta cinco lóbulos, con, opposite, and lobed, with up to five lobes, with pubescencia, y sus márgenes son aserrados o dentados. Haye, and their margins are serrated or toothed. There are inflorescencias en capítulos axilares cones in axillary heads with the presencia de brácteas acuminadas y flores de cinco pétalos, de 2 ae of acuminate bracts and flowers with five petals, 2 to 3 cm de diámetro, dein diameter, with a yellow coloración amarilla. Los frutos tienen brácteas y cáliz tion. The fruits have bracts and persistente, con calyx, with numerosas semillas, de hastaus seeds, up to 2 mm de diámetro, dein diameter, dark color oscuro y aplanadas ed, and flattened ( Figurae 1 ) [ 44 ].
Figurae 1.
Malachra alceifolia
Jacq.
Malachra capitata Linn. eis una hierba o subarbusto, de hasta 2 m de altura, cona herb or subshrub, up to 2 m tall, with stem pubescencia del tallo ye and green to orange coloración verde a naranja. Las hojas son simples, opuestastion. The leaves are simple, opposite, palmeadas o lobuladas, con hasta cinco lóbulos; laate or lobed, with up to five lobes; the textura de las hojas es aterciopelada y sus márgenes sone of the leaves is velvety and their margins are crenulados o dentados. Las ite or serrated. Inflorescencias sones are pedunculares y axilares, con and axillary, with the presencia de bráctease of lanceoladas; las flores tienen cinco pétalos, de 1 cm de diámetro, con una te bracts; flowers have five petals, 1 cm in diameter, with a white coloración blanca. Los frutos esquizocárpicos tienen semillas individuales de hastation. Schizocarpic fruits have single seeds up to 3 mm de diámetro y son dein diameter, and are dark color oscuro ed ( Figurae 2 ) [ 45 ].
Figurae 2.
Malachra capitata
Linn.
Malachra fasciata Jacq. is a herb or subshrub, up to 2 m tall, with stem pubescence, simple or stellate trichomes up to 7 mm, and green to orange coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, ovate, truncated at the base, acute at the apex, lobed or deeply parted, otherwise crenate-serrate, pubescent above with appressed trichomes. The heads are short-stalked bracts, 2–6 per head, lance/ovate, subcordate at the base, acute at the apex, often ciliate, prominently hispid. Calyx 4 to 5 mm, hispid; petals white 6–8 mm, mericarps light brown to grayish green, reticulate veined (Figure 3) [46].
Figure 3.
Malachra fasciata
Jacq.
Malachra radiata (L.) L. is a herb or suffrutex, 1.5 m tall, with stem pubescence and green and purple coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, palmate or lobed, with up to seven lobes; the texture of the leaves is velvety, and their margins are crenulate or serrated, and most apical leaves may have a triangular shape. Inflorescences are pedicular and terminal, with the presence of ovate or acute bracts; flowers have five petals, 2.5 cm in diameter, with a lilac coloration and purple at the base. Schizocarpic fruits have numerous seeds, up to 2 mm in diameter, and are dark colored (Figure 4) [47].
Figure 4.
Malachra radiata
(L.) L.
Malachra ruderalis Gürke. is an annual herb, up to 3 m high, with stem pubescence and green coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, palmate or lobed, with up to five lobes; the texture of the leaves is velvety, and their margins are crenulate; the most apical leaves have a triangular shape. It shows pedicular inflorescence with terminal or acute axillary bracts, five petals, 3 cm long, with yellow schizocarpic fruit with numerous dark-colored seeds up to 2 mm in diameter (Figure 5) [48,49].
Figure 5.
Malachra ruderalis
Gürke.
Malachra rudis Benth. is a perennial herb, up to 0.7 m high, with a stem that has very short pubescence, and its coloration is light green. The leaves are simple, opposite, lobed, with up to three lobes; velvety texture; crenulated margins with pedicular, axillary, or terminal inflorescence; ovate bracts with five petals; 1.5 cm in long. Schizocarpic fruits are yellow to white with numerous seeds up to 1 mm in diameter, one per carpel (Figure 6) [48,49].
Figure 6.
Malachra rudis
Benth.
Malachra urens Poit. ex Ledeb. & Alderstam is an annual herb, up to 1 m high, with pubescent stems of different sizes and green to orange coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite and lobed, with up to three lobes relatively marked, with pubescence; the margins of the leaves are toothed, about 3–12 cm long. Inflorescences are peduncular racemes with acuminate, boat-shaped, pubescent bracts. Flowers have five petals, 2 to 3 cm in long, with a yellow color. Schizocarpic fruits have mericarps and pubescent bracts, with numerous seeds, up to 2 mm in long, dark colored, and flat (Figure 7) [48,49].
Figure 7.
Malachra urens
Poit.
Malachra helodes Mart. is an annual herb, up to 1 m high. The stem is slightly pubescent with dark to light green coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, and lobed, with up to five lobes that are well marked, with slightly marked pubescence on the underside; the margins of the leaves are serrated, about 3–10 cm long. Inflorescences are terminal and axillary racemes with the presence of acuminate bracts in the form of pubescent. The flowers have five petals, 2 to 3 cm in length, with a pink color. Schizocarpic fruits with mericarps and bracts with stem indumentum hispid; terminal inflorescence; pinkish flower; epicalyx absent; fruit, up to 4 mm in length; glabrous indumentum (Figure 8) [48,49].
Figure 8.
Malachra helodes
Mart. ex Ledeb. & Alderstam.
2. Phytochemistry Species of the Genus Malachra L.
Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds that plants synthesize as a defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic environmental conditions; they play key roles in biological processes [58,59]. Many phytoconstituents isolated from the genus Malachra L., such as flavonoids, coumarins, carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, exhibit pharmacologic activity. Table 6 lists the phytoconstituents reported only in Malachra species: M. alceifolia Jacq., M. capitata (L.) L., and M. fasciata Jacq, see Figure 10 molecular structure of some compounds isolated from species of the genus Malachra L.
Figure 10.
Molecular structure of some compounds isolated from species of the genus
Malachra
L.
Table 6. Major phytoconstituents identified in species of the genus Malachra L.
| Malachra species | Plant Part Used | Phytoconstituents | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malachra alceifolia Jacq. | Leaf | Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes |
M. fasciata Jacq.
Table 7. Summary of the species of the genus Malachra L. with reported pharmacological activity.
| Malachra Species | Plant Part Used | Extract/Compounds | Pharmacological Activity | Concentration | Method | Major Findings | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, saponins | [ | 22 | ] | ||||||
| Flowers | |||||||||
| M. alceifolia Jacq. | Leaf | Ethanolic | Antiplasmodial | 10 µg/mL | In vitro Plasmodium falciparum 152.2 ± 28.6 nMIn vitro Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine152.2 ± 28.6 controlnM Chloroquine control |
Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum ferriprotoporphyrin biomineralization inhibition |
[31,32 | ||
| Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes | anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins |
||||||||
| Malachra capitata (L.) L. | Root | Gallic acid (1), caffeic acid (2), rutin (3), quercetin (4), ferulic acid (5) | [23,24] | ||||||
| Leaf | Rutin, ferulic acid | ||||||||
| ] | Stem | Gallic acid | |||||||
| Whole plant | β-Sitosterol (6) | [25] | |||||||
| Root | Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins | [23,24] | |||||||
| Root | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7); | [23,24] | |||||||
| linolenic acid, ethyl ester (8); | |||||||||
| (E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester (9); | |||||||||
| hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (10); | |||||||||
| a | A | nti | microbianobacterial | 80 microµgramos | CIM in vitroIn vitro MIC |
Inhibictión del crecimiento don of the P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicans ,growth of P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicans |
[ 29 ] | octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (11); | |
| HojLeaf | DescUnknownocido | FPhototóoxico (fotosensibilización) (photosensitization) |
DescUnknownocido | Ovejas hembras y machos in vivoIn vivo sheep females and male |
Causa de fotodermatitisof primaria en ovejas por ingestión de hojay photodermatitis in sheep ingestion leaf |
[ 77 ] | didecyl phthalate (12); | ||
| HojLea | ( | ||||||||
| Shoot | Ethanolic | Antiplasmodial | 77 µg/mL | In vitro Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) chloroquineIn vitro Plasmodium falciparum (concentration no report3D7) chloroquine (concentration no report) |
Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum |
[33] | |||
| M. capitata (L.) L. |
Leaf | Ethanolic | Antibacterial | 62.5 ppm | In vitro MIC |
Inhibition of the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919) |
[71] | ||
| Shoot | Aqueous | Antidiarrhoeal | 200 and 400 mg/kg | In vivo oral administration toIn vivo Wistar rats; castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestinal transit; 5 mL/kg, p.o diphenoxlate contral administration tol Wistar rats; castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestinal transit; 5 mL/kg, p.o diphenoxlate control |
Decreases intestinal transit | [72] | |||
| Aqueous | Anti-epileptic | 250 and 500 mg/kg | In vivo maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizuresmodels in albino Wistar rats,In vivo maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol controle (PTZ)-induced seizuresmodels in albino Wistar rats, pentylenetetrazol control |
Anticonvulsant activity against MES and PTZ animal models | [72] | ||||
| Aqueous | Anti-ulcerogenic | 200 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg | Administración oral in vivo a ratas Wistar modelo con ligadura de píloro, 50 mg/kg, control de po ranitidinaIn vivo oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine control |
Reducir la secreción de ácido gá the gastrico del píloro. acid secretion of pylorus |
[ 72 ] | ||||
| Acquoeouso | aAntioxidante | 200 y 400 mg/kg | Administración oral in vivo a ratas WistarIn vivo oral administration to Wistar rats |
Inhibir la acumulación de productos de peroxidación lipídica, actividades de superóxido dismutasa y catalasaIn vivo oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine control |
[ 73 ] | ||||
| Acquoeouso | hepatoprotectorHepatoprotective | 100, 200 y 400 mg/kg | Administración oral in vivo a ratas Wistar, hepatotoxicidad inducida por tetracloruro de carbono CCl In vivo4 oral administration to Wistar rats, carbon tetrachloride CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity |
NivelRes reducidos de las enzimas hepáticas SGOT, SGPT, fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y duced levels of the fosfhepatasa ácida (ACP)ic enzymes SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) |
[ 74 ] | ||||
| Nanopartículas dLe hoja de plata (AgNP)af silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) |
n-hexanoe | aAntibacterianol | 1 mmM | CIM in vitroIn vitro MIC |
Nanopartíiculas bactericidales Bacillus subtillis , Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosabactericidal Bacillus subtillis, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
[ 75 ] | |||
| HojLeaf | mMetanólicohanolic, cloroformo benceno Chloroform Benzene |
aAntibacterianol | 50 mg/mlL | CIM in vitroIn vitro MIC |
Inhibictión del crecimiento don of the Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenesgrowth of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes |
[ 76 ] | |||
| Malachra fasciata Jacq. | HojLeaf | Chloroformo/ Acetato de aurantiamidae acetate f |
Chloroformo | Antifúungicoal | 30 µg | CIM in vitroIn vitro MIC |
Inhibictión del crecimiento don of the Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene (13); | ||
| Aspergillus niger | growth of | Aspergillus niger | [ | 29 ] | squalene | ||||
| HojLeaf | -(-)loliolida(14) | ||||||||
| e | Antimutag | éenico | 8 mg/kg | Prueba de micronúcleos in vitro inducida con mitomicina C, 32%In vitro micronucleus test induced using mitomycin C, 32% |
Reducire el númthe numbero de eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados (MPCE) of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE) |
[ 30 ] | Stem | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | [27,28] |
| pentadecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14- tetramethyl methyl ester (15); |
|||||||||
| linolenic acid, methyl ester; | |||||||||
| (E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
| octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
| (Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene | |||||||||
| azobenzene, 4,4′-dibromo- (16); | |||||||||
| squalene | |||||||||
| oleic acid (17) | |||||||||
| Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-(3β,5α)- (18); | |||||||||
| Leaf | Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester | [27,28] | |||||||
| 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (19); | |||||||||
| Oxirane, tetradecyl- (20); | |||||||||
| (E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester | |||||||||
| Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester | |||||||||
| Phytol (21); | |||||||||
| (Z,Z) 6,9 pentadecadien-1-ol (22); | |||||||||
| (Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (23); | |||||||||
| octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester; | |||||||||
| squalene | |||||||||
| Leaf | Flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins | [27,28] | |||||||
| Malachra fasciata Jacq. | Leaf | Aurantiamide acetate (24) | [29] | ||||||
| Leaf | 1,3-Diacylglycerol (25) 1,2-Diacylglycerol (26) |
[30] |
Generally, organic compounds obtained from extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of plant species possess unique structural characteristics among which the geometrical and energetic interactions of the atoms stand out; chirality and stereoisomers of molecular structures, intermolecular interactions, hydrogen bond acceptors and donors, molecular mass, diversity of ring systems, among others, become tools of interest for medicinal chemistry in drug development, to improve the potency, for pharmacokinetic properties, and to reduce the toxicity of new drugs [60]. However, the secondary metabolites isolated from plant species constitute a group of chemical molecules with a great diversity of biological activities applied to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food sectors [61].
Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and carcinogenic properties that prevent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuropsychological diseases [62]. The livers of Wistar rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride in doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg GA, were evaluated by decreasing serum liver enzymes, regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes, and regulating the expression of antioxidant genes [63]; mercuric chloride induced at 200 mg/kg, increased glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity, and decreased the level of glutathione in liver tissue [64]. Caffeic acid has antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus strains with MICs from 256 µg/mL to 1024 µg/mL [65]. The compound quercetin isolated from extracts and organic fractions of Allium cepa L., Morus alba, Camellia sinensis, Moringa oleifera, and Centella asiatica, at doses between 50 and 100 mg/kg, and evaluated in in vivo models, showed antiulcer activity [66]. Beta-sitosterol isolated chloroform extract of Corchorus capsularis L. leaves has been shown to exhibit a significant effect against trypanothione reductase Leishmania donovani promastigotes at IC50 = 17.7 ± 0.43 µg/mL [67], and the dipeptide aurantiamide acetate patent has an effect of resisting influenza virus and an inhibition effect on a cytopathic effect mediated by the influenza A virus CN106431960B, filing date: 11 November 2018, legal status: active [68].
3. Species of the Genus Malachra L. with Pharmacological Activity
Applications of plant remedies in traditional medicine are still central in the health systems in some countries of world [69]. The biogenesis and biosynthesis of phytoconstituents in plant species provide an opportunity for medicinal chemistry to advance pharmacological studies for treating pathologies that have been little studied [70]. Table 7 summarizes the most important pharmacological activities reported for the genus Malachra L., such as antidiarrheal, anti-epileptic, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, and anthelmintic properties. The bibliographic search describes only the pharmacological activities of M. alceifolia Jacq., M. capitata (L.) L., and
