Etnobotánica, Fitoquímica, Actividad Farmacológica del Género Malachra L.

Etnobotánica, Fitoquímica, Actividad Farmacológica del Género Malachra L.: Comparison

Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Fredys Fernando Sanchez Hoyos and Version 6 by Conner Chen.

TheEl genusénero Malachra L. bpertelongs to thenece a la familyia Malvaceae. It includes herbs or subshrubs of nine accepted ncluye hierbas o subarbustos de nueve especies with apaceptadas con aproximately thirty synonyms, and it has been widely used in community folk medicine to treat healthadamente treinta sinónimos, y ha sido ampliamente utilizado en la medicina popular comunitaria para tratar problems includingas de salud que incluyen inflammation, nasal mación, obstructioncción nasal, leishmaniasis, malaria, childbirth, kidney disorders, fever,parto, trastornos renales, fiebre, enfermedades del tracto respiratory tract diseases, among otherio, entre otros. otros.

Malachra
ethnobotany
pharmacological activity

1. Botanical Description of the Sción botánica de las especies of the Genusdel género Malachra L.

TheEl genusénero Malachra L. iestá represented by herbs or suffrutes, sometimado por hierbas o sufrutos, a veces puberulentos, generally hispid, or with stinging trichomes. Leaves aremente híspidos o con tricomas punzantes. Las hojas son simple or palmately lobed; acutes o palmeadas lobuladas; agudo, acuminate, ordo u obtuse at the apexo en el ápice; truncated ordo o subcordate at the do en la base; serrated or crenated; anddo o almenado; y generallymente pubescent. They alsoe. También present: bracteate an: inflorescences; axillary orias bracteadas; cabezas axilares o terminal heads; broadly cordate-ovate bracts at thees; brácteas anchamente cordadas-ovadas en la base, withcon nervios prominent nerves often es alternating with whitish areas, although it can be in other parts green and sessile. Absent cndo a menudo con áreas blanquecinas, aunque en otras partes puede ser verde y sésil. Calliculus ausente (except io en M . radiata); small calyx, five-lobed; white, yellow, or lilac corolla; and five-lobed leaves can also be observed. Additionally, scháliz pequeño, de cinco lóbulos; corola blanca, amarilla o lila; y también se pueden observar hojas de cinco lóbulos. Además, los frutos esquizocarpal fruits have the shape of a wheelianos tienen la forma de una rueda similar to a cheese that can be split into five ripe wing types; flowers are in heads, surrounded by bracts larger than thema un queso que se puede dividir en cinco tipos de alas maduras; las flores están en cabezuelas, rodeadas de brácteas más grandes que ellas [ 17 , 41 , 42 , 43 ^[1][2][3][4]].

Malachra alceifolia Jacq. ies a herb or shrub, 1. 6 m tall. The aerial parts and petioles are hispiduna hierba o arbusto, de 1, 6 m de altura. Las partes aéreas y los pecíolos son híspidos, simple or splits o partidos, flavescent,es, base tuberculate base, scattered hairs, short, star-shaped, and long forming knots, with stem da, pelos dispersos, cortos, estrellados y alargados formando nudos, con pubescence and a green to reddishia del tallo y color. The leaves are verde a rojizo. Las hojas son simple, opposite, and lobed, with up to five lobes, withs, opuestas y lobuladas, con hasta cinco lóbulos, con pubescence, and their margins are serrated or toothed. There areia, y sus márgenes son aserrados o dentados. Hay inflorescences in axillary heads with the ias en capítulos axilares con presence ofia de brácteas acuminate bracts and flowers with five petals, 2 todas y flores de cinco pétalos, de 2 a 3 cm in diameter, with a yellowde diámetro, de coloration. The fruits have bracts andción amarilla. Los frutos tienen brácteas y cáliz persistent calyx, with e, con numerous seeds, up tosas semillas, de hasta 2 mm in diameter, darkde diámetro, de colored, and flattened oscuro y aplanadas ( Figurea 1 ) [ 44 ^[5]].

Figurea 1.

Malachra alceifolia

Jacq.

Malachra capitata Linn. ies a herb or subshrub, up to 2 m tall, with stem una hierba o subarbusto, de hasta 2 m de altura, con pubescence and green to orangeia del tallo y coloration. The leaves areción verde a naranja. Las hojas son simple, opposites, opuestas, palmate or lobed, with up to five lobes; theeadas o lobuladas, con hasta cinco lóbulos; la texture of the leaves is velvety and their margins area de las hojas es aterciopelada y sus márgenes son crenulate or serrated. Idos o dentados. Las inflorescences areias son peduncular and axillary, with the es y axilares, con presence ofia de brácteas lanceolate bracts; flowers have five petals,das; las flores tienen cinco pétalos, de 1 cm in diameter, with a white de diámetro, con una coloration. Schizocarpic fruits have single seeds up toción blanca. Los frutos esquizocárpicos tienen semillas individuales de hasta 3 mm in diameter, and are dark colored de diámetro y son de color oscuro ( Figurea 2 ) ^[6][ 45 ].

Figurea 2.

Malachra capitata

Linn.

Malachra fasciata Jacq. is a herb or subshrub, up to 2 m tall, with stem pubescence, simple or stellate trichomes up to 7 mm, and green to orange coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, ovate, truncated at the base, acute at the apex, lobed or deeply parted, otherwise crenate-serrate, pubescent above with appressed trichomes. The heads are short-stalked bracts, 2–6 per head, lance/ovate, subcordate at the base, acute at the apex, often ciliate, prominently hispid. Calyx 4 to 5 mm, hispid; petals white 6–8 mm, mericarps light brown to grayish green, reticulate veined (Figure 3) ^[1][46].

Figure 3.

Malachra fasciata

Jacq.

Malachra radiata (L.) L. is a herb or suffrutex, 1.5 m tall, with stem pubescence and green and purple coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, palmate or lobed, with up to seven lobes; the texture of the leaves is velvety, and their margins are crenulate or serrated, and most apical leaves may have a triangular shape. Inflorescences are pedicular and terminal, with the presence of ovate or acute bracts; flowers have five petals, 2.5 cm in diameter, with a lilac coloration and purple at the base. Schizocarpic fruits have numerous seeds, up to 2 mm in diameter, and are dark colored (Figure 4) ^[7][47].

Figure 4.

Malachra radiata

(L.) L.

Malachra ruderalis Gürke. is an annual herb, up to 3 m high, with stem pubescence and green coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, palmate or lobed, with up to five lobes; the texture of the leaves is velvety, and their margins are crenulate; the most apical leaves have a triangular shape. It shows pedicular inflorescence with terminal or acute axillary bracts, five petals, 3 cm long, with yellow schizocarpic fruit with numerous dark-colored seeds up to 2 mm in diameter (Figure 5) ^[4][8][48,49].

Figure 5.

Malachra ruderalis

Gürke.

Malachra rudis Benth. is a perennial herb, up to 0.7 m high, with a stem that has very short pubescence, and its coloration is light green. The leaves are simple, opposite, lobed, with up to three lobes; velvety texture; crenulated margins with pedicular, axillary, or terminal inflorescence; ovate bracts with five petals; 1.5 cm in long. Schizocarpic fruits are yellow to white with numerous seeds up to 1 mm in diameter, one per carpel (Figure 6) ^[4][8][48,49].

Figure 6.

Malachra rudis

Benth.

Malachra urens Poit. ex Ledeb. & Alderstam is an annual herb, up to 1 m high, with pubescent stems of different sizes and green to orange coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite and lobed, with up to three lobes relatively marked, with pubescence; the margins of the leaves are toothed, about 3–12 cm long. Inflorescences are peduncular racemes with acuminate, boat-shaped, pubescent bracts. Flowers have five petals, 2 to 3 cm in long, with a yellow color. Schizocarpic fruits have mericarps and pubescent bracts, with numerous seeds, up to 2 mm in long, dark colored, and flat (Figure 7) ^[4][8][48,49].

Figure 7.

Malachra urens

Poit.

Malachra helodes Mart. is an annual herb, up to 1 m high. The stem is slightly pubescent with dark to light green coloration. The leaves are simple, opposite, and lobed, with up to five lobes that are well marked, with slightly marked pubescence on the underside; the margins of the leaves are serrated, about 3–10 cm long. Inflorescences are terminal and axillary racemes with the presence of acuminate bracts in the form of pubescent. The flowers have five petals, 2 to 3 cm in length, with a pink color. Schizocarpic fruits with mericarps and bracts with stem indumentum hispid; terminal inflorescence; pinkish flower; epicalyx absent; fruit, up to 4 mm in length; glabrous indumentum (Figure 8) ^[4][8][48,49].

Figure 8.

Malachra helodes

Mart. ex Ledeb. & Alderstam.

2. Phytochemistry Species of the Genus Malachra L.

Phytoconstituents are chemical compounds that plants synthesize as a defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic environmental conditions; they play key roles in biological processes ^[5][6][58,59]. Many phytoconstituents isolated from the genus Malachra L., such as flavonoids, coumarins, carbohydrates, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, exhibit pharmacologic activity. Table 16 lists the phytoconstituents reported only in Malachra species: M. alceifolia Jacq., M. capitata (L.) L., and M. fasciata Jacq, see Figure 910 molecular structure of some compounds isolated from species of the genus Malachra L.

Figure 910.

Molecular structure of some compounds isolated from species of the genus

Malachra

Table 16.

Major phytoconstituents identified in species of the genus

Malachra

Malachra species	Plant Part Used	Phytoconstituents	Reference
Malachra alceifolia Jacq.	Leaf	Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, saponins	^[9][22]
Malachra alceifolia Jacq.	Flowers	Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins	^[9][22]
Malachra capitata (L.) L.	Root	Gallic acid (1), caffeic acid (2), rutin (3), quercetin (4), ferulic acid (5)	^[10]^[11][23,24]
	Leaf	Rutin, ferulic acid
	Stem	Gallic acid
	Whole plant	β-Sitosterol (6)	^[12][25]
	Root	Carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins	^[10]^[11][23,24]
		ratas Wistar	In vivo		oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine controlInhibir la acumulación de productos de peroxidación lipídica, actividades de superóxido dismutasa y catalasa	^[34][ 73 ]	Root
	Aqcueouoso	Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester (7);	Hepatoprotectivehepatoprotector	^[10]^[11][23,24]
	100, 200 y 400 mg/kg		In vivo		oral administration to Wistar rats, carbon tetrachloride CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicityAdministración oral in vivo a ratas Wistar, hepatotoxicidad inducida por tetracloruro de carbono CCl ₄	RNiveles reduced levels of theidos de las enzimas hepáticas SGOT, SGPT, fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y hepfosfatic enzymes SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) asa ácida (ACP)		^[35][ 74 ]	linolenic acid, ethyl ester (8);
	LNanopartículas deaf silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) hoja de plata (AgNP)	n-hexaneo	Aantibacterialno		1 mMm	In vitro MICCIM in vitro		Nanopartiícleulas bactericidas bactericidal Bacillus subtillis, Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas Bacillus subtillisaeruginosa , Micrococcus Luteus, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa	^[36][ 75 ]	(E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester (9);
	LeHojaf	Mmethanolicanólico, Chloroform Benzene cloroformo benceno	Aantibacterialno		50 mg/mLl	In vitro MICCIM in vitro		Inhibitcion of thón del crecimiento de growth of Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes	^[37][ 76 ]	hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (10);
	octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (11);
	didecyl phthalate (12);
	(Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene (13);
	squalene (14)
	Stem	Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester;	^[13]^[14][27,28]
		pentadecanoic acid, 2,6,10,14- tetramethyl methyl ester (15);
		linolenic acid, methyl ester;
		(E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester;
		octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester;
		(Z,Z,Z)-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene
		azobenzene, 4,4′-dibromo- (16);
		squalene
		oleic acid (17)
		Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-(3β,5α)- (18);
	Leaf	Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester	^[13]^[14][27,28]
		3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (19);
		Oxirane, tetradecyl- (20);
		(E)-11-hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester
		Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester
		Phytol (21);
		(Z,Z) 6,9 pentadecadien-1-ol (22);
		(Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (23);
		octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester;
		squalene
Leaf	Flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenes, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins	^[13]^[14][27,28]
Malachra fasciata Jacq.	Leaf	Aurantiamide acetate (24)	^[15][29]
Malachra fasciata Jacq.	Leaf	1,3-Diacylglycerol (25) 1,2-Diacylglycerol (26)	^[16][30]

Generally, organic compounds obtained from extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of plant species possess unique structural characteristics among which the geometrical and energetic interactions of the atoms stand out; chirality and stereoisomers of molecular structures, intermolecular interactions, hydrogen bond acceptors and donors, molecular mass, diversity of ring systems, among others, become tools of interest for medicinal chemistry in drug development, to improve the potency, for pharmacokinetic properties, and to reduce the toxicity of new drugs ^[17][60]. However, the secondary metabolites isolated from plant species constitute a group of chemical molecules with a great diversity of biological activities applied to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food sectors ^[18][61].

Gallic acid (GA) is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and carcinogenic properties that prevent gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuropsychological diseases ^[19][62]. The livers of Wistar rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride in doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg GA, were evaluated by decreasing serum liver enzymes, regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes, and regulating the expression of antioxidant genes ^[20][63]; mercuric chloride induced at 200 mg/kg, increased glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity, and decreased the level of glutathione in liver tissue ^[21][64]. Caffeic acid has antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus strains with MICs from 256 µg/mL to 1024 µg/mL ^[22][65]. The compound quercetin isolated from extracts and organic fractions of Allium cepa L., Morus alba, Camellia sinensis, Moringa oleifera, and Centella asiatica, at doses between 50 and 100 mg/kg, and evaluated in in vivo models, showed antiulcer activity ^[23][66]. Beta-sitosterol isolated chloroform extract of Corchorus capsularis L. leaves has been shown to exhibit a significant effect against trypanothione reductase Leishmania donovani promastigotes at IC₅₀ = 17.7 ± 0.43 µg/mL ^[24][67], and the dipeptide aurantiamide acetate patent has an effect of resisting influenza virus and an inhibition effect on a cytopathic effect mediated by the influenza A virus CN106431960B, filing date: 11 November 2018, legal status: active ^[25][68].

3. Species of the Genus Malachra L. with Pharmacological Activity

Applications of plant remedies in traditional medicine are still central in the health systems in some countries of world ^[26][69]. The biogenesis and biosynthesis of phytoconstituents in plant species provide an opportunity for medicinal chemistry to advance pharmacological studies for treating pathologies that have been little studied ^[27][70]. Table 27 summarizes the most important pharmacological activities reported for the genus Malachra L., such as antidiarrheal, anti-epileptic, antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, and anthelmintic properties. The bibliographic search describes only the pharmacological activities of M. alceifolia Jacq., M. capitata (L.) L., and M. fasciata Jacq.

Table 27.

Summary of the species of the genus

Malachra

L. with reported pharmacological activity.

Malachra Species	Plant Part Used	Extract/Compounds	Pharmacological Activity	Concentration	Method	Major Findings	Reference
M. alceifolia Jacq.	Leaf	Ethanolic	Antiplasmodial	10 µg/mL	In vitro Plasmodium falciparumIn vitro Plasmodium falciparum 152.2 ± 28.6 nM 152.2Chloroquine ± 28.6 nM Chloroquine controlcontrol	Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum ferriprotoporphyrin biomineralization inhibition	^[28]^[29][31,32]
M. alceifolia Jacq.	Shoot	Ethanolic	Antiplasmodial	77 µg/mL	In vitro Plasmodium falciparumIn vitro Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) chloroquine (3D7concentration no report) chloroquine (concentration no report)	Inhibitory activity on P. falciparum	^[30][33]
M. capitata (L.) L.	Leaf	Ethanolic	Antibacterial	62.5 ppm	In vitro MIC	Inhibition of the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919)	^[31][71]
	Shoot	Aqueous	Antidiarrhoeal	200 and 400 mg/kg	In vivoIn vivo oral administration to Wistar rats; castoral administration t oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestinal transit; 5 mL/kg, p.o diphenoxlate contro Wistar rats; castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling, and small intestinal transit; 5 mL/kg, p.o diphenoxlate controll	Decreases intestinal transit	^[32][72]
		Aqueous	Anti-epileptic	250 and 500 mg/kg	In vivoIn vivo maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizuresmodels in albino Wistar rats, maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizuresmodels in albino Wistar rats, pentylenetetrazol control control	Anticonvulsant activity against MES and PTZ animal models	^[32][72]
		Aqueous	Anti-ulcerogenic	200 mg/kg y 400 mg/kg	In vivo oral administration to Wistar rats pylorus ligated model, 50mg/kg, p.o ranitidine controlAdministración oral in vivo a ratas Wistar modelo con ligadura de píloro, 50 mg/kg, control de po ranitidina	Reducir la se the gacreción de ácido gástric acid secretion of pyloruso del píloro.	^[33][ 72 ]
		Aqcueouoso	Aantioxidante	200 y 400 mg/kg	In vivo oral administration to Wistar ratsAdministración oral in vivo a


	Malachra fasciata
Jacq.		LeHojaf	Chloroformo/ Acetato de aurantiamide acetate a	Aantibacterialmicrobiano	80 µmicrogramos	In vitro MIC CIM in vitro	Inhibitcion of thón del crecimiento de growth of P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, C. albicansC. albicans ,	^[21][ 29 ]
		LeHojaf	UDesconknocidown	PhFototoóxic (photosensitization) o (fotosensibilización)	UDesconknocidown	In vivo sheep females and maleOvejas hembras y machos in vivo	Causa de offotodermatitis primary photodermatitis in sheep ingestion leafia en ovejas por ingestión de hoja	^[38][ 77 ]
		LeHojaf	Chloroformo	Antifuúngalico	30 µg	In vitro MICCIM in vitro	Inhibitcion of thón del crecimiento de growth of Aspergillus nigerAspergillus niger	^[21][ 29 ]
	LeHojaf	-(-)loliolidea	Antimutageénico	8 mg/kg	In vitro micronucleus test induced using mitomycin C, 32% Prueba de micronúcleos in vitro inducida con mitomicina C, 32%	Reducir e the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE)l número de eritrocitos policromáticos micronucleados (MPCE)	^[22][ 30 ]