Health Benefits of Mentha: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Rita Xu and Version 1 by Wajid Zaman.

A poor diet, resulting in malnutrition, is a critical challenge that leads to a variety of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Mentha

species are famous as therapeutic herbs and have long served as herbal medicine. Recently, the demand for its products, such as herbal drugs, medicines, and natural herbal formulations, has increased significantly.

  • phytoconstituents
  • herbal medicine
  • antidiabetic
  • Mentha
  • Plants

1. Introduction

Mentha is a perennial, aromatic, and curative herb which has extensive global distribution. Genus Mentha belongs to the family Lamiaceae and comprises 25–30 known species. Mentha grows vigorously at low temperatures but could undergo a wide range of environmental conditions. Normally, it can reach a height of 10 to 20 cm or more. This genus emerged from Midland countries and progressively expanded worldwide by either artificial or natural genesis [1]. They are now predominantly found in Eurasia, Australia’ South Africa, and North America. According to various studies, Mentha plants have superabundant ingredients of phenolic compounds distinctly phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, quinines, and polysaccharides [2,3][2][3]. These phytochemicals paved the way for significant utilization in the production of pharmaceuticals food and beverage industry [1,4,5][1][4][5]. Numerous species of Mentha are used as spices and for herbal teas. Generally, every part, for instance, the leaves, stems, and roots of Mentha, have been used in tribal and traditional medicines [6,7][6][7]. Economically, highly important species are Mentha aquatica L. (M. aquatica), Mentha longifolia L. (M. longifolia), Mentha × piperita L. (M. × piperita), Mentha spicata L. (M. spicata), and Mentha arvensis L. (M. arvensis). All these species possess potential phytochemicals, such as iso-menthol, iso-menthone, cineol, limonine, piperitone, carvacrol, dipentene, linalool, thujone, piperitenone oxide, and phellandrene, which play an important role in pharmacy, food, flavor, ointment, and associated industries [1,8,9,10][1][8][9][10]. The utilization of Mentha sp. in the food industry will provide a cost-effective and biocompatible route to control diabetes and obesity [11]. Diabetes is a sort of metabolic disorder accrued due to hyperglycemia with raising of glucose levels in the blood, caused by a lack of insulin or a reduction in the insulin level [12]. The extensive use and economic importance of Mentha are due to its nutritional value and ability to replace sugar [6,13,14][6][13][14]. The application of Mentha phytoconstituents in food items as preservatives and additives will help to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
The frequency of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are increasing across the world due to diets consisting of high-fat foods and less exercise [15]. The high amount of triglycerides, flavors, and synthetic preservatives in food reduces food nutritional values and leads to diabetes, obesity, and other chronic diseases [16,17][16][17]. It has been reported that 30–80% of people are at risk of diabetes and obesity due to dietary habits and lack of physical activities [18]. Various approaches, such as insulin pills and the utilization of sugar-free food, are adopted to control diabetes and obesity [19,20][19][20]. These approaches adversely affect patients’ nutrition status and food enjoyment and severely decline the patient’s quality of normal life. Consequently, it intensifies the utilization of natural products, such as phytoextracts and essential oils, to boost the nutritional values of food and reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity [21,22][21][22]. In the last two decades, continuous efforts have been made to control metabolic disorders via natural routes, such as ingestion of dietary products. Several chemical drugs are used in food processing, but research has revealed adverse side effects, encouraging the use of active natural compounds [23,24,25,26][23][24][25][26]. Plant-derived extracts, in pure form or adulterated form, provide endless opportunities as healthy and biocompatible food products [27,28][27][28]. Currently, epidemiological researchers suggested many medicinal and aromatic plants for their nutritional and preservative abilities [29,30][29][30]. The aqueous extracts of medicinal plants can be used in dietary products to provide plant-based food nutrition to human beings [31,32][31][32]. Aqueous extracts are usually obtained from the aqueous phase through a physical process that does not influence their composition [33]. However, prior to the use of these extracts at mass scale, thorough investigations, such as cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antidiabetic activities, and lipid oxidation potential, are necessary to ensure their efficacy and safety through proof-of-concept research for potential health claims [34,35][34][35]. Mentha is a medicinal and economically important plant that is regularly used for the treatment of vomiting and nausea, its antiallergic effects, its antifungal and antibacterial effects, its antidiabetic effects, the treatment of obesity, the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, its anticarcinogenic effects, and pain relief [1,36,37][1][36][37].

2. Genus Mentha: Morphology and Systematics

2.1. Morphology

Mentha L. is a perennial herb, spread through long slender rhizomes. The rhizomes spread rapidly, and consequently, various populations of this species comprise a progression of clones. The rhizomes sections spread especially along wetlands and riverbanks, resulting in vegetative multiplication and dispersal [38]. The plant has broad ovate leaves rounded or sometimes lanceolate at the base with pubescents and thick-veined leaves (Figure 1). The flowers are arranged in a large whorl with a triangular teeth calyx, and anthers exerting from the corolla. The flowers are mostly protandrous, and usually, self-pollination occurs [1,38][1][38].
Figure 1. Morphology of Mentha arvensis L. (A) Shoot structure; (B) Flower; (C) Leaves; (D) Rhizome; (E) Seed.

2.2. Systematics

Mentha was depicted by Carl Linnaeous from a plant specimen collected from Sweden, who named it M. canadensis L. Bentham pursued Linnaeous in keeping M. canadensis L. as a subglabrous assortment (var. glubrata Benth.) and a villose one (var. villosaBenth.) [39]. However, recent information based on physiological, anatomical, and molecular attributes have demonstrated that Mentha can be grouped into 42 species, hundreds of subspecies, varieties, and cultivars, and 15 hybrids [40]. The scientific classification of Mentha is exceptionally unpredictable and there is no consensus. Mentha is generally classified into five sections, i.e., Eriodontes, Mentha, Preslia, Audibertia, and Pulegium [41]. Recently, Zahra et al. [42] reported that phylogenetically, M. arvensis, M. spicata, and M. × piperita show 98% identity when using matK sequencing.

3. Essential Oil and the Chemical Composition of the Studied Species of Mentha

In a true sense, essential oils are not really oils; they are in fact volatile chemicals, produced by living organisms, and are mostly extracted by distillation [43,44][43][44]. Mentha species contain essential oils with different chemical compositions; for example, in M. pulegium L., natural compounds have been reported to account for 96.9% of the chemical profile, including oxygenated monoterpenes, monoterpenes hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and non-terpene hydrocarbons. The essential oils separated from leaves of M. pulegium contain carvone (56.1%), limonene (15.1%,) E-caryophyllene (3.6%,), oleic acid (3.2%), and 1,8-cineole (2.4%) [45]. Variations in the essential oil composition and its chemical composition were also observed in some species of Mentha. Major compounds in M. × piperita were observed, including 1-menthone, isomenthone, menthol, menthyl acetate, caryophyllene, and germacrene-D. The study reported a sufficient amount of oil composition, varying from 0.63% germacrene-D to 51% menthol. This indicates that Mentha species contain menthol in maximum quantity [46]. Therefore, the plant has the potential to be used as a medicinal ingredient in the food industry to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The same study reported 12 essential oil compounds in M. longifolia with different concentrations of oil compounds from April to July. Another study reported pulegone (86.64%) as a major constituent from M. pulegium, possessing antioxidant, quorum sensing, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities, indicating that the plant has the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases [46]. The chemical composition of Peppermint oil was reported to include oxygen-containing substances, such as menthone (20%), menthol (45–50%), and sesquiterpenes about 3% [47]. It has been reported that M. spicata contains major essential oil compounds, including oxygenated monoterpenes (approximately 67%), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (7.5%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (approximately 20%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.2%), and other compounds (1.7%) [47]. Piperitrone (81.18%) and piperitenone oxide (94.8%) were also reported from M. spicata [47]. Detailed information of the essential oils and its composition is provided in Table 1 of some common Mentha species (Table 1). The presence of essential oils indicate that Mentha exhibit high antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antimicrobial potential, which would help to control the risk of cardiovascular diseases by using Mentha species compounds in food products [48,49][48][49].
Table 1. Essential oil composition and biological activities of some Mentha species.
The essential oils of Mentha are using in aromatherapy. Many food and beverages industries are using Mentha as food additive and flavoring agent. Due to aromatic compounds and secondary metabolites, fresh or dried leaves of Mentha are used in chewing tobacco, confectionaries, analgesic balm, perfumes, candies, and the tobacco industry [66]. Some researchers found potential antidiabetic effects of Mentha [67,68][67][68]. The use of Mentha in food industry will open new avenues for epidemiologists to control diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

4. Health Benefits of Mentha

Mentha is a much desired and demanded herb due to its medicinal and therapeutic use. The use of Mentha species has been reported in China since the rule of Ming [69]. Mentha became an official item of Materia medical in London Pharmacopeia [70]. In the 18th century, it was commonly used as a medicinal herb [71,72][71][72]. Various health benefits of Mentha species have been reported [50,64][50][64]. Mentha species have shown analgesic activity during in vivo experiments on mice [61]. Mentha species showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against different bacterial and fungal strains [73]. Mentha species have traditionally used against various diseases and have the potential to be used for cardiovascular diseases [68]. Several studies have indicated that Mentha species contain free radical species and nonradical species, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, which is harmful for molecules of microbes, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Extracts and essential oils of Mentha species have shown several health benefits (Figure 2) [74,75][74][75].
Figure 2. Traditional therapeutic uses of some species of Mentha against a variety of ailments.
Some studies found that mint enable lungs surfactants to filter the air and perform better pulmonary action. Methanol from the mint stimulates respiratory muscle strength and increases the end tidal oxygen rate in the human body [76,77][76][77]. Mentha plants contain constituents with cytotoxic properties, and could be used in developing anticancer agents; for example, M. longifolia, M. arvensis, and M. × piperita were found to possess cytotoxic activity against breast cancer in humans [78,79][78][79] and human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma [80]. The direct application of Mentha on the skin shows excellent analgesic activity, producing a cooling effect on the skin. Mint oil stimulates blood receptors on the skin and expands blood vessels, resulting in a cold sensation and relaxation [69]. Mentha sp. possesses various secondary metabolites which are useful against different disorders (Table 1). These can be used in the food industry to reduce malnutritional risks in diabetic and cardiovascular patients.

References

  1. Salehi, B.; Stojanović-Radić, Z.; Matejić, J.; Sharopov, F.; Antolak, H.; Kręgiel, D.; Sen, S.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Acharya, K.; Sharifi-Rad, R. Plants of genus Mentha: From farm to food factory. Plants 2018, 7, 70.
  2. Hadi, M.Y.; Hameed, I.H.; Ibraheam, I.A. Mentha pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant effect and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2017, 10, 3580–3584.
  3. Bouyahya, A.; Lagrouh, F.; El Omari, N.; Bourais, I.; El Jemli, M.; Marmouzi, I.; Salhi, N.; Faouzi, M.E.A.; Belmehdi, O.; Dakka, N. Essential oils of Mentha viridis rich phenolic compounds show important antioxidant, antidiabetic, dermatoprotective, antidermatophyte and antibacterial properties. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 2020, 23, 101471.
  4. Zaman, W.; Ye, J.; Ahmad, M.; Saqib, S.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Chen, Z. Phylogenetic exploration of traditional Chinese medicinal plants: A case study on Lamiaceae (angiosperms). Pak. J. Bot. 2022, 54, 1033–1040.
  5. Tafrihi, M.; Imran, M.; Tufail, T.; Gondal, T.A.; Caruso, G.; Sharma, S.; Sharma, R.; Atanassova, M.; Atanassov, L.; Valere Tsouh Fokou, P. The wonderful activities of the genus Mentha: Not only antioxidant properties. Molecules 2021, 26, 1118.
  6. Mikaili, P.; Mojaverrostami, S.; Moloudizargari, M.; Aghajanshakeri, S. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Mentha Longifolia L. and its main constituent, menthol. Anc. Sci. Life 2013, 33, 131.
  7. Asghar, M.; Younas, M.; Arshad, B.; Zaman, W.; Ayaz, A.; Rasheed, S.; Shah, A.; Ullah, F.; Saqib, S. Bioactive potential of cultivated Mentha arvensis L. for preservation and production of health-oriented food. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2022, 32, 835–844.
  8. Kalakoti, M.; Kumar, A.; Mehra, S.; Joshi, A. Analysis of phytoconstituents present in Mentha piperita. Indian J. Biotechnol. Pharm. Res. 2014, 2, 25–31.
  9. Jäger, A.K.; Almqvist, J.P.; Vangsøe, S.A.; Stafford, G.I.; Adsersen, A.; Van Staden, J. Compounds from Mentha aquatica with affinity to the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2007, 73, 518–521.
  10. Gulluce, M.; Sahin, F.; Sokmen, M.; Ozer, H.; Daferera, D.; Sokmen, A.; Polissiou, M.; Adiguzel, A.; Ozkan, H. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 1449–1456.
  11. Brahmi, F.; Khodir, M.; Mohamed, C.; Pierre, D. Chemical composition and biological activities of Mentha species. Aromat. Med. Plants-Back Nat. 2017, 10, 47–79.
  12. Association, A.D. 6. Glycemic targets: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018, 41, S55.
  13. Quintin, D.; Garcia-Gomez, P.; Ayuso, M.; Sanmartin, A. Active biocompounds to improve food nutritional value. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 84, 19–21.
  14. de Melo, A.N.F.; de Souza Pedrosa, G.T.; da Cruz Almeida, E.T.; Cao, G.; Macarisin, D.; Schaffner, D.W.; de Souza, E.L.; Magnani, M. Successive exposure to Mentha piperita L. essential oil affects the culturability and induces membrane repair in a persister epidemic Salmonella Typhimurium PT4. Microb. Pathog. 2020, 149, 104264.
  15. Ghanemi, A.; Melouane, A.; Yoshioka, M.; St-Amand, J. Exercise and High-Fat Diet in Obesity: Functional Genomics Perspectives of Two Energy Homeostasis Pillars. Genes 2020, 11, 875.
  16. Das, A.K.; Nanda, P.K.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Banerjee, R.; Biswas, S.; McClements, D.J. Application of nanoemulsion-based approaches for improving the quality and safety of muscle foods: A comprehensive review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2020, 19, 2677–2700.
  17. Farag, M.A.; Abib, B.; Ayad, L.; Khattab, A.R. Sweet and bitter oranges: An updated comparative review of their bioactives, nutrition, food quality, therapeutic merits and biowaste valorization practices. Food Chem. 2020, 331, 127306.
  18. Bijani, A.; Cumming, R.G.; Hosseini, S.-R.; Yazdanpour, M.; Rahimi, M.; Sahebian, A.; Ghadimi, R. Obesity paradox on the survival of elderly patients with diabetes: An AHAP-based study. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2018, 17, 45–51.
  19. Westman, E.C.; Tondt, J.; Maguire, E.; Yancy, W.S., Jr. Implementing a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 13, 263–272.
  20. Hopkins, B.D.; Goncalves, M.D.; Cantley, L.C. Insulin–PI3K signalling: An evolutionarily insulated metabolic driver of cancer. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2020, 16, 276–283.
  21. Dutra, K.; Wanderley-Teixeira, V.; Guedes, C.; Cruz, G.; Navarro, D.; Monteiro, A.; Agra, A.; Neto, C.L.; Teixeira, Á. Toxicity of Essential Oils of Leaves of Plants from the Genus Piper with Influence on the Nutritional Parameters of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2020, 23, 213–229.
  22. Gatti, R.; Lotti, C.; Morigi, R.; Andreani, A. Determination of octopamine and tyramine traces in dietary supplements and phytoextracts by high performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with 2, 5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3, 4-dicarbaldehyde. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1220, 92–100.
  23. Paoli, A.; Cenci, L.; Fancelli, M.; Parmagnani, A.; Fratter, A.; Cucchi, A.; Bianco, A. Ketogenic diet and phytoextracts. Sci. Advis. Board 2010, 21, 24.
  24. Mench, M.; Schwitzguébel, J.-P.; Schroeder, P.; Bert, V.; Gawronski, S.; Gupta, S. Assessment of successful experiments and limitations of phytotechnologies: Contaminant uptake, detoxification and sequestration, and consequences for food safety. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2009, 16, 876.
  25. Mohan, K.; Ganesan, A.R.; Muralisankar, T.; Jayakumar, R.; Sathishkumar, P.; Uthayakumar, V.; Chandirasekar, R.; Revathi, N. Recent insights into the extraction, characterization, and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan from insects. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 105, 17–42.
  26. Naeem, M.; Muqarab, R.; Waseem, M. The Solanum melongena COP1 delays fruit ripening and influences Ethylene signaling in tomato. J. Plant Physiol. 2019, 240, 152997.
  27. Corrêa, R.C.; Peralta, R.M.; Haminiuk, C.W.; Maciel, G.M.; Bracht, A.; Ferreira, I.C. New phytochemicals as potential human anti-aging compounds: Reality, promise, and challenges. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 58, 942–957.
  28. Niggli, U.; Slabe, A.; Schmid, O.; Halberg, N.; Schlüter, M. Vision for an Organic Food and Farming Research Agenda 2025. Organic Knowledge for the Future; IFOAM Regional Group European Union (IFOAM EU Group): Brussels, Belgium; International Society of Organic Agriculture Research (ISOFAR): Bonn, Germany, 2008.
  29. Ritota, M.; Manzi, P. Natural Preservatives from Plant in Cheese Making. Animals 2020, 10, 749.
  30. Ng, K.R.; Lyu, X.; Mark, R.; Chen, W.N. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of phenolic metabolites from flavonoid-producing yeast: Potential as natural food preservatives. Food Chem. 2019, 270, 123–129.
  31. Hever, J. Plant-based diets: A physician’s guide. Perm. J. 2016, 20, 15–082.
  32. Barnard, N.D.; Goldman, D.M.; Loomis, J.F.; Kahleova, H.; Levin, S.M.; Neabore, S.; Batts, T.C. Plant-based diets for cardiovascular safety and performance in endurance sports. Nutrients 2019, 11, 130.
  33. Pipitone, G.; Zoppi, G.; Bocchini, S.; Rizzo, A.M.; Chiaramonti, D.; Pirone, R.; Bensaid, S. Aqueous phase reforming of the residual waters derived from lignin-rich hydrothermal liquefaction: Investigation of representative organic compounds and actual biorefinery streams. Catal. Today 2020, 345, 237–250.
  34. Franco, R.R.; Alves, V.H.M.; Zabisky, L.F.R.; Justino, A.B.; Martins, M.M.; Saraiva, A.L.; Goulart, L.R.; Espindola, F.S. Antidiabetic potential of Bauhinia forficata Link leaves: A non-cytotoxic source of lipase and glycoside hydrolases inhibitors and molecules with antioxidant and antiglycation properties. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 123, 109798.
  35. Das, G.; Patra, J.K.; Debnath, T.; Ansari, A.; Shin, H.-S. Investigation of antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and cytotoxicity potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the outer peel extract of Ananas comosus (L.). PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0220950.
  36. Caro, D.C.; Rivera, D.E.; Ocampo, Y.; Franco, L.A.; Salas, R.D. Pharmacological evaluation of Mentha spicata L. and Plantago major L., medicinal plants used to treat anxiety and insomnia in Colombian Caribbean coast. Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 2018, 5921514.
  37. Eftekhari, A.; Khusro, A.; Ahmadian, E.; Dizaj, S.M.; Hasanzadeh, A.; Cucchiarini, M. Phytochemical and nutra-pharmaceutical attributes of Mentha spp.: A comprehensive review. Arab. J. Chem. 2021, 14, 103106.
  38. Shinwari, Z.K.; Sultan, S.; Mehmood, T. Molecular and morphological characterization of selected Mentha species. Pak. J. Bot 2011, 43, 1433–1436.
  39. Akram, M.; Uzair, M.; Malik, N.S.; Mahmood, A.; Sarwer, N.; Madni, A.; Asif, H. Mentha arvensis Linn.: A review article. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 4499–4503.
  40. Vining, K.J.; Hummer, K.E.; Bassil, N.V.; Lange, B.M.; Khoury, C.K.; Carver, D. Crop wild relatives as germplasm resource for cultivar improvement in mint (Mentha L.). Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11, 1217.
  41. Lawrence, B.M. Mint: The Genus Mentha; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006.
  42. Zahra, N.B.; Shinwari, Z.K.; Qaiser, M. Dna barcoding: A tool for standardization of Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPS) of Lamiaceae From Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 2016, 48, 2167–2174.
  43. Wilson, A.E.; Sparks, D.L.; Knott, K.K.; Willard, S.; Brown, A. Implementing solid phase microextraction (SPME) as a tool to detect volatile compounds produced by giant pandas in the environment. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0208618.
  44. Massawe, V.C.; Hanif, A.; Farzand, A.; Mburu, D.K.; Ochola, S.O.; Wu, L.; Tahir, H.A.S.; Gu, Q.; Wu, H.; Gao, X. Volatile compounds of endophytic Bacillus spp. have biocontrol activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Phytopathology 2018, 108, 1373–1385.
  45. Mohammadhosseini, M.; Venditti, A.; Mahdavi, B. Characterization of essential oils and volatiles from the aerial parts of Mentha pulegium L.(Lamiaceae) using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with GC-MS. Nat. Prod. Res. 2021, 1–5.
  46. Sonam, K.A.; Kumar, V.; Guleria, I.; Sharma, M.; Kumar, A.; Alruways, M.; Khan, N.; Raina, R. Antimicrobial Potential and Chemical Profiling of Leaves Essential Oil of Mentha Species Growing under North-West Himalaya Conditions. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol 2021, 15, 2229–2243.
  47. Fidan, H.; Stankov, S.; Iliev, I.; Gandova, V.; Stoyanova, A.; Dincheva, I. Chemical composition of essential oils from different Mentha ssp. In Proceedings of the 2022 8th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE), Ruse, Bulgaria, 30 June–2 July 2022; pp. 1–4.
  48. Aldogman, B.; Bilel, H.; Moustafa, S.M.N.; Elmassary, K.F.; Ali, H.M.; Alotaibi, F.Q.; Hamza, M.; Abdelgawad, M.A.; El-Ghorab, A.H. Investigation of Chemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Mentha suaveolens L. from Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2022, 27, 2949.
  49. Camele, I.; Gruľová, D.; Elshafie, H.S. Chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Mentha × piperita cv.‘Kristinka’essential oil. Plants 2021, 10, 1567.
  50. Zhao, H.; Ren, S.; Yang, H.; Tang, S.; Guo, C.; Liu, M.; Tao, Q.; Ming, T.; Xu, H. Peppermint essential oil: Its phytochemistry, biological activity, pharmacological effect and application. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022, 154, 113559.
  51. Cosentino, M.; Bombelli, R.; Conti, A.; Colombo, M.L.; Azzetti, A.; Bergamaschi, A.; Marino, F.; Lecchini, S. Antioxidant properties and in vitro immunomodulatory effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential oils in human leukocytes’. J. Pharm. Sci. Res 2009, 1, 33–43.
  52. Fidyt, K.; Fiedorowicz, A.; Strządała, L.; Szumny, A. β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide—Natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties. Cancer Med. 2016, 5, 3007–3017.
  53. de Sousa Barros, A.; de Morais, S.M.; Ferreira, P.A.T.; Vieira, Í.G.P.; Craveiro, A.A.; dos Santos Fontenelle, R.O.; de Menezes, J.E.S.A.; da Silva, F.W.F.; de Sousa, H.A. Chemical composition and functional properties of essential oils from Mentha species. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015, 76, 557–564.
  54. Mahmoud, E.A.-M.; Al-Askalany, S.A.; Hanafy, E.A. Antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Cymbopogon citratus, Mentha longifolia, and Artemisia absinthium essential oils. Egypt. J. Chem. 2022, 65, 287–296.
  55. Bai, X.; Aimila, A.; Aidarhan, N.; Duan, X.; Maiwulanjiang, M. Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Mentha longifolia: Effects of different extraction methods. Int. J. Food Prop. 2020, 23, 1951–1960.
  56. Singh, S.; Das, S.S.; Singh, G.; Perotti, M.; Schuff, C.; Catalán, C. Comparative study of chemistry compositions and antimicrobial potentials of essential oils and oleoresins from dried and fresh Mentha longifolia L. J. Coast. Life Med. 2015, 3, 987–991.
  57. Baali, F.; Boumerfeg, S.; Napoli, E.; Boudjelal, A.; Righi, N.; Deghima, A.; Baghiani, A.; Ruberto, G. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from two wild Algerian medicinal plants: Mentha pulegium L. and Lavandula stoechas L. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2019, 22, 821–837.
  58. Sarikurkcu, C.; Eryigit, F.; Cengiz, M.; Tepe, B.; Cakir, A.; Mete, E. Screening of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Mentha pulegium L. from Turkey. Spectrosc. Lett. 2012, 45, 352–358.
  59. Batool, I.; Nisar, S.; Hamrouni, L.; Jilani, M.I. Extraction, production and analysis techniques for menthol: A review. Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci. 2018, 14, 71–76.
  60. Lampronti, I.; Saab, A.M.; Gambari, R. Antiproliferative activity of essential oils derived from plants belonging to the Magnoliophyta division. Int. J. Oncol. 2006, 29, 989–995.
  61. Biswas, N.N.; Saha, S.; Ali, M.K. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract of Mentha arvensis L. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2014, 4, 792–797.
  62. Diop, S.M.; Guèye, M.T.; Ndiaye, I.; Ndiaye, E.H.B.; Diop, M.B.; Heuskin, S.; Fauconnier, M.-L.; Lognay, G. Chemical composition of essential oils and floral waters of Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. from Senegal. Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod. 2016, 4, 46–49.
  63. Oumzil, H.; Ghoulami, S.; Rhajaoui, M.; Ilidrissi, A.; Fkih-Tetouani, S.; Faid, M.; Benjouad, A. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha suaveolens. Phytother. Res. Int. J. Devoted Pharmacol. Toxicol. Eval. Nat. Prod. Deriv. 2002, 16, 727–731.
  64. Al-Mijalli, S.H.; Assaggaf, H.; Qasem, A.; El-Shemi, A.G.; Abdallah, E.M.; Mrabti, H.N.; Bouyahya, A. Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Potentials and Chemical Composition of Salvia officinalis and Mentha suaveolens Grown Wild in Morocco. Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 2022, 2844880.
  65. Dhifi, W.; Litaiem, M.; Jelali, N.; Hamdi, N.; Mnif, W. Identification of a new chemotye of the plant Mentha aquatica grown in Tunisia: Chemical composition, antioxidant and biological activities of its essential oil. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2011, 14, 320–328.
  66. Singh, R.; Shushni, M.A.; Belkheir, A. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arab. J. Chem. 2015, 8, 322–328.
  67. Figueroa-Pérez, M.G.; Gallegos-Corona, M.A.; Ramos-Gomez, M.; Reynoso-Camacho, R. Salicylic acid elicitation during cultivation of the peppermint plant improves anti-diabetic effects of its infusions. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 1865–1874.
  68. Trevisan, S.C.C.; Menezes, A.P.P.; Barbalho, S.M.; Guiguer, É.L. Properties of Mentha piperita: A brief review. World J. Pharm. Med. Res. 2017, 3, 309–313.
  69. Balakrishnan, A. Therapeutic uses of peppermint-a review. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2015, 7, 474.
  70. Mackonochie, M.; Heinrich, M. Materia medica chests: Investigating the 19th century use of botanicals by different medical professions. J. Herb. Med. 2019, 16, 100255.
  71. Harley, R.; Brighton, C. Chromosome numbers in the genus Mentha L. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1977, 74, 71–96.
  72. Pereira, O.R.; Cardoso, S.M. Overview on Mentha and Thymus polyphenols. Curr. Anal. Chem. 2013, 9, 382–396.
  73. Shai, L.; Magano, S.; Lebelo, S.; Mogale, A. Inhibitory effects of five medicinal plants on rat alpha-glucosidase: Comparison with their effects on yeast alpha-glucosidase. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 2863–2867.
  74. Dorman, H.D.; Koşar, M.; Kahlos, K.; Holm, Y.; Hiltunen, R. Antioxidant properties and composition of aqueous extracts from Mentha species, hybrids, varieties, and cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 4563–4569.
  75. Dwivedy, A.K.; Prakash, B.; Chanotiya, C.S.; Bisht, D.; Dubey, N.K. Chemically characterized Mentha cardiaca L. essential oil as plant based preservative in view of efficacy against biodeteriorating fungi of dry fruits, aflatoxin secretion, lipid peroxidation and safety profile assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 106, 175–184.
  76. Al-Zyadi, Q.A. Effect of planting and harvesting dates on the growth and essential oil content of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Plant Arch. 2019, 19, 319–322.
  77. Kozlovich, S.; Chen, G.; Watson, C.J.; Blot, W.J.; Lazarus, P. Role of l-and d-Menthol in the Glucuronidation and Detoxification of the Major Lung Carcinogen, NNAL. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2019, 47, 1388–1396.
  78. Jeya Shree, T.; Gowri Sree, V.; Poompavai, S.; Sieni, E.; Sgarbossa, P.; Camarillo, I.; Sundararajan, R. Inhibition of Proliferation of HeLa Cells by Pulsed Electric Field Treated Mentha piperita (Mint) Extract. IETE J. Res. 2019, 68, 858–868.
  79. Sevindik, M. Pharmacological Properties of Mentha Species. J. Tradit. Med. Clin. Naturop. 2018, 7, 2.
  80. Sheikh, B.Y.; Sarker, M.M.R.; Kamarudin, M.N.A.; Ismail, A. Prophetic medicine as potential functional food elements in the intervention of cancer: A review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 95, 614–648.
More