Bombardier Dash 8: Comparison
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The Bombardier Dash 8 or Q Series, previously known as the de Havilland Canada Dash 8 or DHC-8, is a series of twin-engined, medium-range, turboprop airliners. Introduced by de Havilland Canada (DHC) in 1984, they are now produced by Bombardier Aerospace. Over 1,000 Dash 8s of all models have been built. The Dash 8 was developed from the de Havilland Canada Dash 7, which featured extreme short take-off and landing (STOL) performance. With the Dash 8, DHC focused on improving cruise performance and lowering operational costs. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100. The aircraft has been delivered in four series. The Series 100 has a maximum capacity of 39, the Series 200 has the same capacity but offers more powerful engines, the Series 300 is a stretched, 50-seat version, and the Series 400 is further stretched to 90 passengers. Models delivered after 1997 have cabin noise suppression and are designated with the prefix "Q". Production of the Series 100 ceased in 2005, followed by the 200 and 300 in 2009, leaving the Q400 as the only series still in production. Bombardier currently markets the aircraft as the Q Series, complementing the company's CRJ Series aircraft.

  • turboprop
  • dhc-8
  • cabin noise

1. Design and Development

Early 300 cockpit
Modern Q400 cockpit

In the 1970s, de Havilland Canada had invested heavily in its Dash 7 project, concentrating on STOL and short-field performance, the company's traditional area of expertise. Using four medium-power engines with large, four-bladed propellers resulted in comparatively lower noise levels, which combined with its excellent STOL characteristics, made the Dash 7 suitable for operating from small in-city airports, a market DHC felt would be compelling. However, only a handful of air carriers employed the Dash 7, as most regional airlines were more interested in operational costs than short-field performance.

In 1980, de Havilland responded by dropping the short-field performance requirement and adapting the basic Dash 7 layout to use only two, more powerful engines. Its favoured engine supplier, Pratt & Whitney Canada, developed the new PW100 series engines for the role, more than doubling the power from its PT6. Originally designated the PT7A-2R engine, it later became the PW120. When the Dash 8 rolled out on April 19, 1983, more than 3,800 hours of testing had been accumulated over two years on five PW100 series test engines. Certification of the PW120 followed in late 1983.[1]

Distinguishing features of the Dash 8 design are the large T-tail intended to keep the tail free of prop wash during takeoff, a very high aspect ratio wing, the elongated engine nacelles also holding the rearward-folding landing gear, and the pointed nose profile. First flight was on June 20, 1983, and the airliner entered service in 1984 with NorOntair. In 1984, Piedmont Airlines, formerly Henson Airlines, was the first US customer for the Dash 8.

The Dash 8 design has better cruise performance than the Dash 7, is less expensive to operate, and is much less expensive to maintain, due largely to having only two engines. It is a little noisier than the Dash 7 and cannot match the STOL performance of its earlier DHC forebears, although it is still able to operate from small airports with runways 3,000 ft (910 m) long, compared to the 2,200 ft (670 m) required by a fully laden Dash 7.

In April 2008, Bombardier announced that production of the classic versions (Series 100, 200, 300) would be ended, leaving the Series 400 as the only Dash 8 still in production. A total of 671 Dash 8 classics were produced; the last one was delivered to Air Nelson in May 2008.[2]

At the February 2016 Singapore Airshow, Bombardier announced a high-density, 90-seat layout of the Q400, which should enter service in 2018; keeping the 28 in (71 cm) seat pitch of the Nok Air 86-seats, an extra row of seats is allowed by changing the configuration of the front right door and moving back the aft pressure bulkhead. The payload is increased by 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and the aircraft maintenance check intervals are increased: 800 hours from 600 for an A-check and 8,000 hours from 6,000 for a C-check.[3] By August 2018, the 90-seat variant was certified before delivery to launch customer SpiceJet later in the same year.[4]

Bombardier wants to produce the Q400 more economically as its machinists union allowed in June 2017 assembly of the wings and cockpit section outside Canada and searches for potential partners. Bombardier expected to produce the cockpit section in their plant in Queretaro, Mexico, outsourcing the wings to China's Shenyang Aircraft Corp, which already builds the Q400's centre fuselage.[5]

1.1. Q400 Stretch

 
The interior of a SAS Commuter DHC-8-402 cabin in 2004

Bombardier proposed development of a Q400 stretch with two plug-in segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007.[6] In response to this project, (As of November 2007), ATR was studying a 90-seat stretch.[7]

In June 2009, Bombardier commercial aircraft president Gary Scott indicated that the Q400X will be "definitely part of our future" for possible introduction in 2013–14, although he has not detailed the size of the proposed version or committed to an introduction date.[8]

As of July 2010, Bombardier's vice president, Phillipe Poutissou, made comments explaining the company was still studying the prospects of designing the Q400X and talking with potential customers. At the time, Bombardier was not as committed to the Q400X as it had been previously.[9] As of May 2011, Bombardier was still strongly committed to the stretch, but envisioned it as more likely as a 2015 or later launch, complicating launch date matters were new powerplants from GE and PWC to be introduced in 2016.[10] As of February 2012, Bombardier was still studying the issue, but as of 2011, the launch date is no longer targeted for the 2014 range. At least a three-year delay was envisioned.[11]

In October 2012, a joint development deal with a government-led South Korea n consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date. The consortium would include Korea Aerospace Industries and Korean Air Lines.[12]

2. Operational History

 
A Q400 planform view

The Dash 8 was introduced at a particularly advantageous time; most airlines were in the process of adding new aircraft to their fleets as the airline industry expanded greatly in the 1980s. The older generation of regional airliners from the 1950s and 1960s was nearing retirement, leading to high sales figures. De Havilland Canada was unable to meet the demand with sufficient production.

In 1988, Boeing bought the company in a bid to improve production at DHC's Downsview Airport plants, as well as better position itself to compete for a new Air Canada order for large intercontinental airliners. Air Canada was a crown corporation at the time, and both Boeing and Airbus were competing heavily via political channels for the contract. It was eventually won by Airbus, which received an order for 34 A320 aircraft in a highly controversial move. The allegations of bribery are today known as the Airbus affair. Following its failure in the competition, Boeing immediately put de Havilland Canada up for sale. The company was eventually purchased by Bombardier in 1992.

All Dash 8s delivered from the second quarter of 1996 (including all Series 400s) include the Active Noise and Vibration System designed to reduce cabin noise and vibration levels to nearly those of jet airliners. To emphasize their quietness, Bombardier renamed the Dash 8 models as the Q-Series turboprops (Q200, Q300, and Q400).[13]

The Dash 8–100 is no longer in production, with the last Dash 8–102 built in 2005. Production of the Q200 and Q300 ceased in May 2009.[14]

2.1. Regional Jet Competition

The introduction of the regional jet altered the sales picture. Although more expensive than turboprops, regional jets allow airlines to operate passenger services on routes not suitable for turboprops. Turboprop aircraft have lower fuel consumption and can operate from shorter runways than regional jets, but have higher engine maintenance costs, shorter ranges, and lower cruising speeds.[15]

The market for new aircraft to replace existing turboprops once again grew in the mid-1990s, and DHC responded with the improved "Series 400" design.

When world oil prices drove up short-haul airfares in 2006, an increasing number of airlines that had bought regional jets began to reassess turboprop regional airliners, which use about 30–60% less fuel than regional jets. Although the market was not as robust as in the 1980s when the first Dash 8s were introduced, 2007 had increased sales of the only two 40+ seat regional turboprops still in western production, Bombardier's Q400 and its competitor, the ATR series of 50– to 70-seat turboprops. The Q400 has a cruising speed close to that of most regional jets, and its mature engines and systems require less frequent maintenance, reducing its disadvantage.[16]

According to Bombardier marketing, the aircraft breaks even with about a third of its seats filled (or a quarter with more closely spaced seats), making it particularly attractive on routes with varying passenger numbers where many seats would be empty on some flights. For example, Island Air in Hawaii calculated that the use of a 50-seat regional jet would break even at 45 passenger seats compared to the Q400's 35–36 seats (around 55% breakeven load factor). Most short-haul routes are less than 350 miles (500 km), so the time spent on taxiing, taking off, and landing virtually eliminates a competing jet's speed advantage. As the Q400's 360-knot (414-mph, 667-km/h) cruise speed approaches jet speeds, short-haul airlines can usually replace a regional jet with a Q400 without changing their gate-to-gate schedules.[17]

Bombardier has singled out the Q400 for more aggressive marketing, launching a website centered around the aircraft.[18] The aircraft is also being considered for a further stretched version (currently designated Q400X) to compete in the 90-seat market range.[19] In 2016, Bombardier began offering the Q400 in a 90-seat, high-density variant, without a fuselage stretch or major redesign.[20]

By 2017, the Q400 aircraft had logged 7 million flight hours with 60 operators and transported over 400 million passengers with a dispatch reliability over 99.5%.[21]

3. Variants

3.1. Series 100

The -100/200 series have the shortest fuselage

The Series 100 was the original 37- to 39-passenger version of the Dash 8 that entered service in 1984. The original engine was the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120 and later units used the PW121. Rated engine power is 1,800 shp (1,340 kW).

DHC-8-101
1984 variant powered by either two PW120 or PW120A engines and a 33,000 lb (15,000 kg) takeoff weight.
DHC-8-102
1986 variant powered by either two PW120A or PW121 engines and a 34,500 lb (15,650 kg) takeoff weight.
DHC-8-103
1987 variant powered by two PW121 engines and a 34,500 lb (15,650 kg) takeoff weight (can be modified for a 35,200 lb [15,950 kg] take-off weight)
DHC-8-102A
1990 variant powered by two PW120A engines with revised Heath Tecna interior.
DHC-8-106
1992 variant powered by two PW121 engines and a 36,300 lb (16,450 kg) takeoff weight.
DHC-8M-100
Two aircraft for Maritime Pollution Surveillance, operated by Transport Canada, equipped with the MSS 6000 Surveillance system.[22]
CC-142
Military transport version for the Canadian Forces in Europe.
CT-142
Military navigation training version for the Canadian Forces. Used to train Canadian and allied nation's ACSOs and AESOPs [23]
 
E-9A Widget with aerials underside
E-9A Widget
A United States Air Force range control aircraft that ensures that the overwater military ranges in the Gulf of Mexico are clear of civilian boats and aircraft during live fire tests of air-launched missiles and other hazardous military activities.[24] The E-9A Widget is equipped with AN/APS-143(V)-1 radar that can can detect an object in the water as small as a person in a life raft, from up to 25 miles away.[25] Aircraft operates out of Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida with two aircraft assigned to the 82d Aerial Targets Squadron for the support of training missions.

3.2. Series 200

The Series 200 aircraft maintained the same 37–39 passenger airframe as the original Series 100, but was re-engined for improved performance. The Series 200 used the more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123 engines rated at 2,150 shp (1,600 kW).

DHC-8-201
1995 variant powered by two PW123C engines.
DHC-8-202
1995 variant powered by two PW123D engines.
Q200
Version of the DHC-8-200 with the ANVS (Active Noise and Vibration Suppression) system.

3.3. Series 300

 
The −300 has a fuselage 3.43 m (11.3 ft) longer than the −100/200

The Series 300 introduced a longer airframe that was stretched 3.43 metres (11.3 ft) over the Series 100/200 and has a passenger capacity of 50–56. The Series 300 also used the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123 engines. Rated engine power is between 2,380 shp (1,774 kW) and 2,500 shp (1,864 kW).

DHC-8-301
1989 variant powered by two PW123 engines
DHC-8-311
1990 variant powered by two PW123A engines with revised Heath Tecna interior. In addition, the landing gear design changed to a slightly swept back design intended to prevent tail strikes.
DHC-8-314
1992 variant powered by two PW123B engines
DHC-8-315
1995 variant powered by two PW123E engines
DHC-8-300A
Version of the DHC-8-300 with increased payload.
Q300
Version of the DHC-8-300 with the ANVS (Active Noise and Vibration Suppression) system.
DHC-8-300 MSA
Upgraded variant with L-3 for maritime surveillance platform.
RO-6A
United States military designation for the DHC-8-315 for the United States Army as a reconnaissance platform.

3.4. Series 400

The Q400 is 6.83 m (22.4 ft) longer than the −300

The Series 400 introduced an even longer airframe that was stretched 6.83 metres (22.4 ft) over the Series 300 (10.26 metres (33.7 ft) over the Series 100/200), has a larger, stouter T-tail and has a passenger capacity of 68–90. The Series 400 uses Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150A engines rated at 4,850 shp (3,620 kW). The aircraft has a cruise speed of 360 knots (667 km/h), which is 60–90 knots (111–166 km/h) higher than its predecessors. The maximum operating altitude is 25,000 ft (7,600 m) for the standard version, although a version with drop-down oxygen masks is offered, which increases maximum operating altitude to 27,000 ft (8,200 m).

DHC-8-400
1999 variant with a maximum of 68 passengers.
DHC-8-401
1999 variant with a maximum of 70 passengers.
DHC-8-402
1999 variant with a maximum of 78 passengers.
Q400
Stretched and improved 70–78 passenger version that entered service in 2000. All Q400s include the ANVS (Active Noise and Vibration Suppression) system.
Q400NextGen
Version of the Q400 with updated cabins, lighting, windows, overhead bins, landing gear, as well as reduced fuel and maintenance costs.
In 2013, an Extra Capacity variant was introduced, capable of carrying a maximum of 86 passengers.[26] The Extra Capacity variant was updated in 2016 with more closely spaced seats to carry up to 90 passengers.[27] The first 90-seat aircraft was delivered to launch customer SpiceJet in September 2018.[28]
Q400-MR
2 Q400 adapted to the water bombing role by Cascade Aerospace for the French Sécurité Civile.[29] This tanker can carry 2,600 U.S. gallons of retardant, foam or water and travel at 340 knots.
DHC-8 MPA-D8
2007 converted for use as a maritime patrol aircraft.
DHC-8-402PF
2008 converted pallet freighter variant with a payload of 9000 kg.
Q400CC
Cargo combi. Seats 50 passengers plus 3720kg (8200 lb) of payload. First delivered in 2015.

4. Operators

Q400 of Jazz Aviation, the largest Dash 8 operator with 85

5. Orders and Deliveries

As of June 30, 2018, total orders and deliveries of the Dash 8 family stand at:[30]

Model Series Orders Deliveries Unfilled
Series 100 299 299 –
Series 200 105 105 –
Series 300 267 267 –
Series 400 634 578 56
Total 1,305 1,249 56

5.1. Q400 Latest Orders

Date Customer Orders Options Note
1 June 2016 WestJet Encore 9 -9 Converted options.[31]
12 July 2016 Porter Airlines 3[32] 0  
15 July 2016 ANA Wings 3[33] 0  
25 July 2016 Government of Tanzania 2[34] 0 Leased to Air Tanzania[35]
5 August 2016 Ilyushin Finance Co. 1 5 As part of a revised CS300 restructured order.[36]
2 December 2016 Government of Tanzania 1 0 Leased to Air Tanzania[35]
8 December 2016 Philippine Airlines

(PAL Express)		 5[37] 7  
13 December 2016 Luxair 1 -1 Delivered in August 2017.
28 April 2017 Ilyushin Finance Co. 1 -1 Leased two Q400 to Jambojet[38]
9 June 2017 Ethiopian Airlines 5[39] 0 Previously an undisclosed customer[40]
19 June 2017 Philippine Airlines

(PAL Express)		 7[41] -7 Launch Customer for the first dual class, 86-seat Q400
29 September 2017 Spicejet 25 25 Launch Customer for the 90-seat Q400[42]
15 November 2017 Nordic Aviation Capital 2 0 Leased to Jambojet[43]
29 November 2017 CemAir 2 0 Press Release[44]
13 December 2017 Qazaq Air 2 0 Operated in Kazakhstan[45]
15 January 2018 Conair 6 0 For Conversion into Q400 Multirole Airtankers[46]
27 April 2018 Ethiopian Airlines 10 5 Press Release[47]
5 May 2018 African Aero Trading 6 0 Operated by Air Connection Express, Transportes Aereos S.A[48]
28 August 2018 Industrial Bank (China) 5 0 Order Conversion from CRJ900 to Q400.[49]
10 September 2018 Biman Bangladesh Airlines 3 0 BBD Press Release.[50]

6. Accidents and Incidents

The DHC-8-400 has been involved in 25 aviation accidents and incidents including 9 hull losses.[51] Those resulted in 100 fatalities.[52]

6.1. Notable Accidents and Incidents

  • April 15, 1988: Horizon Air Flight 2658, operated by DHC-8-102 N819PH suffered an engine fire on climb-out from Seattle/Tacoma International Airport. An emergency landing was made but the aircraft struck equipment on the ground before crashing into two jetways. N819PH was destroyed by fire; there were no fatalities.[53]
  • November 21, 1990: a Bangkok Airways DHC-8-103 crashed on Koh Samui while attempting to land in heavy rain and high winds. All 38 people on board died.[54]
  • January 6, 1993: Lufthansa Cityline Flight 5634 crashed short of the runway near Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, France. Four of the 23 passengers and crew died.[55]
  • June 9, 1995: Ansett New Zealand Flight 703, a Dash 8–102 flying from Auckland Airport to Palmerston North crashed on the western slopes of the Tararua Ranges and 16 km east of Palmerston North Airport during an instrument approach in inclement weather; four occupants died.
  • February 12, 2009: Colgan Air Flight 3407 a Q400, from Newark Liberty International Airport to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, stalled and crashed into a house in Clarence Center, New York, while preparing to land at the airport. All 49 people on board, including four crew (and one off duty pilot), in addition to one person on the ground, died. Two other people on the ground received minor injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the aircraft had no known mechanical or computer malfunctions (including the auto-pilot), and pilot error, including a "startle and confusion" response by the captain, was the main cause of the accident.[56][57][58][59][60]
  • November 23, 2009: a DHC-8-200, being operated on behalf of United States Africa Command, made an emergency landing at Tarakigné, Mali and was substantially damaged when the undercarriage collapsed and the starboard wing was ripped off. The accident was caused by the aircraft running out of fuel 29 seconds before the crash. The captain had opted not to refuel at the previous departure airport.[61]
  • October 13, 2011: an Airlines PNG Dash 8–102, registration P2-MCJ, crashed about 20 km (12 mi) south of Madang in Papua New Guinea while en route from Lae with 32 people on board. The aircraft subsequently ignited, resulting in 28 deaths. Both pilots, as well as a flight attendant and a passenger, survived. Following the accident, Airlines PNG grounded its fleet of 12 Dash 8 aircraft. Investigators determined that pilot error caused the crash.[62][63]
  • April 9, 2012: Air Tanzania Dash 8 5H-MWG was written off at Kigoma Airport, Tanzania in an aborted take off. All 39 people on board survived.[64]
  • September 30, 2015: Luxair Flight 9562 experienced an aborted takeoff accident at Saarbrücken Airport in Germany. The Bombardier Q400 LX-LGH was damaged beyond repair when it settled back onto the runway after the gear was raised prematurely. The aircraft slid 2,400 feet and came to a stop with more than 1,100 feet remaining of the 6,562 foot paved runway. None of the 20 occupants were injured.[65][66]
  • March 12, 2018: US Bangla Airlines Flight 211, registration S2-AGU crashed on landing at Tribhuvan International Airport at 2:20 PM NST. The aircraft was destroyed by fire. Among 71 persons on board including crews and pilot, 51 crew and passengers were killed.[67]
  • August 10, 2018: an Alaska Airlines (operated by Horizon Air) Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 aircraft registered N449QX was stolen from Seattle–Tacoma International Airport with no passengers on board, prompting Oregon Air National Guard F-15 fighter jets to scramble and intercept the aircraft. After being contacted by Seattle/Tacoma air traffic control, the aircraft crashed on Ketron Island in Pierce County, Washington, killing the pilot.[68][69]

6.2. Major Landing Gear Accidents

 
A Dash 8 after landing at Kōchi Ryōma Airport on March 13, 2007, when the front landing gear failed to extend

In September 2007, two separate accidents of similar landing gear failures occurred within four days of each other on Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) Dash 8-Q400 aircraft. A third accident occurred in October 2007, leading to the withdrawal of the type from the airline's fleet.

On September 9, 2007 the crew of SAS Flight 1209, en route from Copenhagen to Aalborg, reported problems with the locking mechanism of the right side landing gear, and Aalborg Airport was prepared for an emergency landing. Shortly after touchdown the right main gear collapsed and the airliner skidded off the runway while fragments of the right propeller shot against the cabin and the right engine caught fire. Of 69 passengers and four crew on board, 11 were sent to hospital, five with minor injuries.[70][71][72] The accident was filmed by a local news channel (TV2-Nord) and broadcast live on national television.

 
SAS Dash 8 (LN-RDS) after crash-landing at Vilnius airport

Three days later on September 12, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 2748 from Copenhagen to Palanga had a similar problem with the landing gear, forcing the aircraft to land in Vilnius international airport (Lithuania). No passengers or crew were injured.[73] Immediately after this accident SAS grounded all 33 Q400 airliners in its fleet and, a few hours later, Bombardier recommended that all Q400s with more than 10,000 flights be grounded until further notice.[74] This affected about 60 aircraft, out of 140 Q400s then in service.

On October 27, 2007, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 2867 en route from Bergen to Copenhagen had severe problems with the landing gear during landing in Kastrup Airport. The right wing gear did not deploy properly (or partially), and the aircraft skidded off the runway in a controlled emergency landing. The Q400 was carrying 38 passengers, two infants and four crew members on board. No injuries were reported.[75][76] The next day, SAS permanently removed its entire Dash 8 Q400 fleet from service.[77] In a press release on October 28, 2007, the company's president said: "Confidence in the Q400 has diminished considerably and our customers are becoming increasingly doubtful about flying in this type of aircraft. Accordingly, with the Board of Directors' approval, I have decided to immediately remove Dash 8 Q400 aircraft from service."[75][77][78] The preliminary Danish investigation determined the latest Q400 incident was unrelated to the airline's earlier corrosion problems, in this particular case caused by a misplaced O-ring found blocking the orifice in the restrictor valve.[79]

In all, eight Q400s had landing gear failures while landing during 2007: four in Denmark, one in Germany, one in Japan, one in Lithuania and one in South Korea . In November 2007, it was revealed that the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration had begun an investigation and found Scandinavian Airlines System culpable of cutting corners in its maintenance department. The airline reportedly made 2,300 flights in which safety equipment was not up to standard.[80] On March 10, 2008, SAS ordered 27 more aircraft from Bombardier in a compensation deal: 14 Q400 NextGen turboprops and 13 CRJ900 jets.[81]

File:Q400 - Lima Airport.jpg
LC Peru´s Q400 with the nose gear collapsed in Lima

On August 19, 2018, a Q400-200 of LC Peru on a flight from Lima to Ayacucho had to return to Lima and make an emergency landing due to a nose gear that could not be lowered. The aircraft landed without the nose gear down.[82]

7. Specifications

Model Q200[83] Q300[84] Q400[85]
Cockpit crew 2
Cabin crew 1 1-2 2-3
Passengers, typical 37 50@30–33"[86] 82@30"
Max capacity[87] 40 56 90@28"
Length 73 ft / 22.25 m 84 ft 3 in / 25.70 m 107 ft 9 in / 32.8 m
Height 24 ft 7 in / 7.49 m 27 ft 5 in / 8.4 m
Wingspan 90 ft / 27.40 m 93 ft 3 in / 28.4 m
Wing area 585 ft² / 54.40 m² 605 ft² / 56.20 m² 689 ft² / 64 m²
Aspect ratio 13.8 13.36 12.6
Width Fuselage 8 ft 10 in / 2.69 m, cabin 8 ft 3 in / 2.52 m
Cabin length 30 ft 1 in / 9.16 m 41 ft 6 in / 12.60 m 61 ft 8 in / 18.80 m
Max takeoff 36,300 lb / 16,466 kg 43,000 lb / 19,505 kg 67,200 lb / 30,481 kg
Max landing 34,500 lb / 15,649 kg 42,000 lb / 19,050 kg 64,000 lb / 29,029 kg
Max zero fuel 32,400 lb / 14,696 kg 39,500 lb / 17,920 kg 60,800 lb / 27,578 kg
Operating empty 23,098 lb / 10,477 kg 26,000 lb / 11,793 kg 39284 lb / 17819 kg [88]
Max payload 8,921 lb / 4,647 kg 13,500 lb / 6,124 kg 18,716 lb / 8,489 kg
Max fuel 835 U.S. gal / 3,160 L 1,724 U.S. gal / 6,526 L[89]
Engines 2 × 2,150 shp PW123C/D 2 × 2,380–2,500 shp PW123/B/E 2 × 5,071 shp / 3,781 kW PW150
High speed cruise 289 kts / 535 km/h 287 kts / 532 km/h 300–360 kts / 556–667 km/h
Ceiling 25,000 ft / 7,620 m 27,000 ft / 8229 m
Range 1,125 nmi / 2,084 km 924 nmi / 1,711 km 1,100 nmi / 2,040 km
Takeoff (MTOW, SL, ISA) 3,280 ft / 1,000 m 3,870 ft / 1,180 m 4,675 ft / 1,425 m
Landing (MLW, SL) 2,560 ft / 780 m 3,415 ft / 1,040 m 4,230 ft / 1,289 m

References

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