少数民族村落适宜性评价方法: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Jason Zhu and Version 1 by Xiang XU.

少数民族村落保存着少数民族文化，是少数民族地区经济社会发展的重要资源。随着我国工业化、城镇化的快速发展，影响乡村发展的因素发生了变化。在政府的帮助和引导下，村子之间的差距越来越大。根据现阶段少数民族村落的发展状况，研究其空间分布的适宜性，探讨当前发展中存在的问题，发现发展规律和未来发展趋势。 Ethnic minority villages are important resources for the economy and social development of ethnic minority areas because they preserve ethnic minorities’ culture. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the factors affecting the development of villages have changed. With the help and guidance of the government, the gap between villages has increased. According to the development conditions of ethnic minority villages at the present stage, the suitability of their spatial distribution has been studied, the existing problems in the current development have been explored, and the development laws and future development trends have been found.

  • suitability analysis
  • ethnic minority villages
  • China

一、简介Introduction

Ethnic minority villages refer to villages with a relatively high proportion of ethnic minority population, complete production and living functions, and obvious ethnic culture and settlement characteristics. In terms of architectural form, and customs, ethnic minority villages are relatively complete and retain the culture of ethnic minorities, reflecting the diversity of Chinese culture [1]. The guiding opinions of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission on further strengthening and regulating the protection and development of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns in the new period pointed out that “the construction of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns should be included in the implementation plan of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, and orderly promote the protection and development of ethnic minority characteristic villages and towns [2]. So far, there are 1652 ethnic minority villages in China. The protection, utilization, and development of ethnic minority villages have become a topic of great concern to the government.
Historically, ethnic minorities in some areas chose to live in areas with closed terrain because of avoiding wars or ethnic disputes. The spatial distribution of villages is closely related to the terrain [3]. However, with the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the conditions on which the development of ethnic minorities was based have changed greatly. The traditional agriculture is no longer the decisive factor for the development of villages, and the terrain is no longer the dominant factor for the development of villages. Natural, economic, cultural, and other factors jointly affect the development of villages. Since the implementation of the pilot project of protection and development of ethnic minority villages in 2007, great achievements have been made in the protection and development of ethnic minority villages in China. In 2009, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Ministry of finance began to implement the protection and development project of ethnic minority villages. The central government invested 270 million yuan in developing ethnic minorities, focusing on protecting and transforming houses, strengthening infrastructure construction, and improving the living environment [4]. According to the situation of villages, the local government should formulate reasonable special plans [5]. As the province with the largest population of Shē nationality in China, Fujian Province tries to solve the practical problems of ethnic minority villages by formulating the protection and development plan of ethnic minority villages, selecting characteristic villages, and establishing an experimental area for ethnic cultural and ecological protection, and achieved phased results. The protection and development of villages is a long-term problem. After years of development, the development gap between villages and ethnic minority villages distributed in different spatial and geographical locations has widened under different development conditions when the government intervention is small or separated from the direct assistance of the government. Because of the superior geographical location, convenient traffic conditions, and rich cultural relics, some villages have rich industrial development, the villagers’ lives have been gradually improved, and the villages can continue to develop healthily. There are also some villages that cannot enjoy the convenience brought by social development. The economic income is low, and the population of the villages flows out. After a large amount of human, financial and material resources are invested, the effect is very small, and the development forms a vicious circle. After being separated from the government’s intervention and assistance, the inconvenient transportation has led to less contact between ethnic minority villages and cities, some villages even have language barriers with cities, and the needs of villagers in villages cannot be met. Villagers give up their old houses and choose to settle in counties and other places [6,7,8][6][7][8], which to a certain extent aggravates the decline of villages, and the villages have problems such as disappearance of characteristics [9], air waste [10], and unbalanced resource distribution [11].
The main reason is that the villages suitable for agricultural society cannot meet the contemporary development, and the fundamental problems cannot be solved by merely relying on the continuation of village culture and focusing on Agricultural Development [12,13][12][13]. At this stage, it is necessary to conduct a new suitability evaluation on the village according to the contemporary situation of the village to reflect the development status of the village at this stage. The suitability evaluation of spatial distribution is to evaluate the geographical spatial distribution of the village according to the main factors affecting the development of the village at the present stage. At the same time, the selection of indicators has shifted from the terrain indicators to the common influence of natural geographical, socio-economy and cultural life, and the typical representative indicators that affect the development of the village are selected from the numerous evaluation indicators. To classify a large number of ethnic minority villages in Fujian at the present stage according to suitability, scientifically and reasonably show the development status of the ethnic minority villages, excavate the existing problems in the current development, and finally find out their development laws and future development trends. Under the background of urbanization, based on the scientific and objective evaluation results of the suitability of ethnic minority villages, it has become an important direction for the study of ethnic minority villages to formulate reasonable development strategies for ethnic minorities, help governments at all levels to reasonably allocate resources and achieve a targeted goal.

2. Suitability Evaluation Object

It mainly includes the research on the spatial distribution characteristics and suitability of rural settlements in Shanxi Province [14], the research on the spatial distribution suitability of affordable housing in Xi’an [15], the research on the spatial distribution suitability of elderly care facilities in Xingning District, Nanning [16], a study on the suitability of spatial distribution Pinus massoniana in Hubei province [17], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in the community [18], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of Eurasian butterflies [19], study on the suitability of the spatial distribution of Pitaya planting in plateau mountainous area [20], study on the suitability of spatial distribution of ecotourism potential areas [21], study on evaluation of construction land [22[22][23],23], and a study on the suitability of spatial distribution of sanitary landfill [24]. Therefore, from the perspective of research objects, the research on the suitability evaluation of spatial distribution is mostly concentrated in rural settlements, urban housing, public service facilities, plants, animals, crops, and other fields. For ethnic minority villages in rural settlements, most of the research is on the spatial distribution characteristics, evolution and driving factors.

三、适宜性评价指标3. Suitability Evaluation Indicator

根据目标导向，选择涵盖地形特征、区位环境以及经济、政策法规、气候、地质灾害等方面的指标。主要研究包括选择地形特征中的海拔、坡度、河流和区位环境中距县城的距离，构建山西省农村居民点评价指标[Indicators covering topographic features, location environment, as well as the indicators of the economy, policies and regulations, climate, geological disasters, and other aspects were selected according to the goal orientation. The main research includes selecting the altitude, slope and river in the topographic features and the distance from the County Center in the location environment to construct the evaluation indicator of rural residential areas in Shanxi Province [14], selecting altitude, slope, soil, land use, land cover, agriculture, precipitation, river and road network, as well as settlement spread to evaluate urban green belts [25], selecting the altitude, slope, river, topographic relief in the topographic features, the distance from the town center, and the distance from the road in the location environment to construct the evaluation indicator of rural residential areas in Karst Mountainous areas [26]. The suitability distribution of poverty alleviation and relocation of Yi villages in Liupanshui based on goal orientation focuses on policies and regulations [27] in the selection of the evaluation indicator. The settlement phenomenon around the coal mine is based on the geotechnical data of the upper side of the evaluation indicator selection [28]. The suitability distribution of bird habitats in Dongting Lake Basin under the scenario of climate change focuses on climate in the selection of evaluation indicators [29]. The suitability distribution of rural residential areas in karst mountainous areas focuses on geological conditions in the selection of the evaluation indicator [30]. Based on the differences between different conditions and development objectives, the selection of the evaluation indicator is affected by both subjective and objective factors. Therefore, from the perspective of evaluation indicators, scholars choose evaluation indicators according to the regional characteristics and goal orientation of the research object. The subjectivity of indicator selection is strong, and different researchers may obtain 14different ]，选择海拔、坡度、土壤、土地利用、土地覆被、农业、降水、河流和道路网络以及聚落分布来评估城市绿化带research [results 25]，选取地形特征中的海拔、坡度、河流、地形起伏、距镇中心的距离、距路的距离，构建喀斯特山区农村居民点评价指标[for 26the ]same . 基于目标导向的六盘水彝族村扶贫搬迁适宜性分布，在评价指标的选择上侧重于政策法规[region. Natural disaster factors such as landslides, debris flows and floods, which are closely related to the topographic characteristics of mountainous areas and dense river 27networks ]。煤矿周边沉降现象是根据上侧岩土资料选取的评价指标[in 28]。气候变化情景下洞庭湖流域鸟类栖息地适宜性分布在评价指标的选择上侧重于气候[Fujian, 29are ]。喀斯特山区农村居民点适宜性分布在评价指标的选取中注重地质条件[often 30]。基于不同条件和发展目标的差异，评价指标的选择受主客观因素的影响。因此，从评价指标的角度来看，学者们根据研究对象的区域特征和目标取向来选择评价指标。指标选择的主观性强，同一地区不同的研究者可能会得到不同的研究结果。山体滑坡、泥石流、洪水等与福建山区地形特征和密集河网密切相关的自然灾害因素往往被忽视。ignored.

4、适用性评价方法. Suitability Evaluation Method

空间分布适宜性是基于土地适宜性的概念，其方法涵盖土地利用、生态适宜性等领域。两者都是基于The suitability of spatial distribution is based on the concept of land suitability, and its methods cover the fields of land use, ecological suitability, and so on. Both are based on the superposition analysis method established by McHarg（1967）将适宜性分析方法与理论相结合建立的叠加分析方法。随着地理信息系统（GIS）技术的发展和普及，等权分析已经很少使用。已经建立了基于层次分析法（AHP）的加权评价模型和分类算法[ (1967) by combining the suitability analysis method with theory. With the development and popularization of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, equal weight analysis has hardly been used. The weighted evaluation model and classification algorithm based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 31have ,been 32established ][31][32]——例如小众模型[for example, niche 33model [33][34], 34maximum entropy model ]、最大熵模型（(MaxEnt）[) 35 [35][36], 36 ]、K-手段评价模型[means 37,evaluation 38model ][37][38], 模糊综合评价法fuzzy comprehensive [evaluation 27method ][27], 多影响因素multi influencing factor (MIF) 分析方法 [analysis method 39 [39][40], 40and ],multi-factor 多因素叠加superposition (MCE) 分析方法analysis method [41]. These algorithms are usually used to analyze [numerical 41data, ]。这些算法通常用于分析数值数据，而while GeoDetector can analyze both numerical data and qualitative data [42]. Therefore, from the perspective of evaluation methods, AHP has 可以分析数值数据和定性数据become the most important method in the suitability evaluation of spatial distribution, but this method may lead to deviation in the evaluation results. The weight based on the AHP method only needs to consider the strong relationship between the evaluation indicator and the suitability of spatial distribution, and the relative importance of evaluation factors and does not need to undergo [many 42]。因此，从评价方法来看，层次分析法已成为空间分布适宜性评价中最重要的方法，但这种方法可能导致评价结果出现偏差。基于层次分析法的权重只需要考虑评价指标与空间分布适宜性的强关系，以及评价因素的相对重要性，不需要经过多次计算。这种方法依靠参与者或专家的经验、学术经验和客观的定性判断来确定它们之间的关系，从而获得权重值。当评价因素过多或相互关系不明确时，权重会有明显差异。 Bcalculationsed on the above analysis, this study esta. This method relies on the experience of participants or experts, academic experience, and objective-oriented qualitative judgment to determine the relationship between them, to obtain the weight value. When there are too many evaluation factors or the relationship between them is not clear, there will be obvious differences in weights. The GeoDector can analyze the statistical data of each evaluation factor to quantify the influence of each factor, and its quantitative results are used to guide the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to generate the weight value of each factor. Based on the above analishesysis, this establishes a suitability evaluation model based on GeoDetector and the AHP method to evaluate the suitability of the spatial distribution of ethnic minority villages in Fujian, which can solve the problem that there are no norms and standards for the selection of indicator factors and the assignment of factor weights, and effectively improve the scientific and objectivity of suitability evaluation. The research results can provide a reference for the precise development and protection of ethnic minority villages. Governments at all levels can adjust and optimize the development strategies of ethnic minority villages in appropriate areas in combination with the suitability evaluation results of ethnic minority villages and increase the resource allocation for the construction of ethnic minority villages in unsuitable areas. The research method can also be popularized and applied in other areas, which has important practical significance for guiding the development of minority villages.
 

References

  1. State Ethnic Affairs Commission Planning Outline for the Protection and Development of Ethnic Minority Villages (2011–2015). Available online: https://www.neac.gov.cn/seac/xwzx/201212/1003273.shtml (accessed on 27 May 2022).
  2. Guiding Opinions of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission on Further Strengthening and Standardizing the Protection and Development of Ethnic Minority Villages and Towns in the New Period. Available online: https://http://smmz.sm.gov.cn/xxgk/ghjh/201910/t20191011_1340524.htm (accessed on 22 August 2022).
  3. Xu, X.; Genovese, P.V.; Zhao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Woldesemayat, E.M.; Zoure, A.N. Geographical Distribution Characteristics of Ethnic-Minority Villages in Fujian and Their Relationship with Topographic Factors. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7727.
  4. The 12th Five Year Plan for Minority Undertakings. Available online: http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2012/0720/c70731-18565316-3.html (accessed on 12 May 2022).
  5. Action Plan on Promoting National Villages to Win the Battle Against Poverty. Available online: http://mzzjt.fujian.gov.cn/zfxxgkzl/zfxxgkml/ghjh_27731/201907/t20190705_4913796.htm (accessed on 14 May 2022).
  6. Gregerson, M.J. Learning to read in Ratanakiri: A case study from northeastern Cambodia. Int. J. Biling. Educ. Biling. 2009, 12, 429–447.
  7. Semple, W. Mountain Research and Development. Int. Mt. Soc. 2005, 25, 15–19.
  8. Afshar, F. Balancing global city with global village. Habitat Int. 1998, 22, 375–387.
  9. Long, Y.P.; He, Y.X.; Yu, C.H.; Chen, M.X. The Development Status and Protection of Traditional Qiang Ethnic Minority Villages. In Proceedings of the Advances in Energy Science and Environment Engineering II (AESEE), Zhuhai, China, 2–4 February 2018.
  10. Chen, Y.M.; Zhu, M.L. An Optimal Cost-Sharing Incentive Model of Main Manufacturer-Suppliers for Complex Equipment under Grey Information. J. Grey Syst. 2011, 23, 155–160.
  11. Gustafsson, B.; Sai, D. Wage growth and inequality in urban China: 1988–2013. China Econ. Rev. 2009, 20, 193–207.
  12. Fujian Provincial Department of Finance. Action Plan on Promoting National Villages to Win Poverty Alleviation. Available online: https://http://www.mzb.com.cn/html/report/190732419-1.htm (accessed on 22 August 2022).
  13. The 14th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Outline of Long-Term Goals for 2035. Available online: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/ghwb/202103/t20210323_1270124.html?code=&state=123 (accessed on 19 May 2022).
  14. Liu, L.W.; Duan, Y.H.; Li, L.L.; Xu, L.S.; Zhang, Y.; Nie, W.Y. Spatial distribution characteristics and suitability evaluation of rural residential areas in Shanxi Province. Agric. Resour. Reg. China 2022, 43, 100–109.
  15. Li, Y.; Xia, Y.L.; Cui, X.P.; Lei, Z.D. Evaluation of the suitability of spatial distribution of affordable housing in Xi’an from the perspective of low carbon. Huazhong Archit. 2021, 39, 80–84.
  16. Ma, C.X.; Yang, J.K.; Wei, D.Y. Evaluation of the suitability of the spatial layout of elderly care facilities in Xingning District of Nanning City. J. Nanning Teach. Educ. Univ. 2020, 37, 128–133.
  17. Li, S.; Shi, M.C.; Liu, X.Y.; Zhao, H.; Sun, L.S.; Ke, Z.F. Zhou Huan Spatial distribution of precise suitability of Pinus massoniana in Hubei Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica 2019, 39, 1960–1968.
  18. Millar, A.B.; Gruenewald, P.J. Use of spatial models for community program evaluation of changes in alcohol outlet distribution. Addiction 1997, 92, S273–S283.
  19. Beck, J.; Boller, M.; Erhardt, A.; Schwanghart, W. Spatial bias in the GBIF database and its effect on modeling species’ geographic distributions. Ecol. Inform. 2014, 19, 10–15.
  20. Peng, R.W.; Zhou, Z.F.; Huang, D.H.; Li, Q.X.; Hu, L.W. Suitability Evaluation of Pitaya Planting in Plateau Mountainous Areas Based on Multi-Factor Analysis. Available online: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3513.S.20211130.1810.041.html (accessed on 23 May 2022).
  21. Abou-Elnour, A.; Pallathucheril, V.; Abou-Elnour, A. Site Suitability Evaluation for Ecotourism Potential Areas Using RS and GIS: A Case Study of Wadi Wurayah, Fujairah, UAE. In Proceedings of the Conference on Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability XII, San Diego, CA, USA, 11–12 August 2015.
  22. Lu, Z.W.; Xu, L.H.; Wu, Y.Q. Construction land layout in the central urban area based on Suitability Evaluation—Take Hangzhou as an example. Resour. Environ. Yangtze River Basin 2016, 25, 904–912.
  23. Yu, Z.L.; Zhuang, L.; Sun, P.L.; Liang, J.S.; Zhang, W.X. Suitability evaluation and application of construction land from the perspective of sustainability. J. Geo-Inf. Sci. 2016, 18, 1360–1373.
  24. Kara, C.; Doratli, N. Application of GIS/AHP in siting sanitary landfill: A case study in Northern Cyprus. Waste Manag. Res. 2012, 30, 966–980.
  25. Rabbani, G.; Madanian, S.; Daneshvar, M.R.M. Multi-criteria modeling for land suitability evaluation of the urban greenbelts in Iran. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 2021, 7, 1291–1307.
  26. Liao, Y.M. Study on Spatial Pattern Characteristics and Layout Optimization of Rural Residential Areas in Karst Mountainous Areas. Ph.D. Thesis, Guizhou Normal University, Guizhou, China, 2021.
  27. Zhou, L.B. Post Evaluation (POE) on the Use of Relocation Villages for Poverty Alleviation in Liupanshui Yi Villages. Master Thesis, Guizhou University, Guizhou, China, 2021.
  28. Tzampoglou, P.; Loupasakis, C. Evaluating geological and geotechnical data for the study of land subsidence phenomena at the perimeter of the Amyntaio coalmine, Greece. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 2018, 28, 601–612.
  29. Yuan, Y.J.; Zou, X.; Shi, F.; Gao, X.; Hu, L.; Zhang, Z.Y. Study on the distribution of bird habitat suitability in Dongting Lake Basin under climate change scenarios. J. Water Ecol. 2022, 43, 56–62.
  30. Gao, H.J.; Zhang, C.Q.; Cai, G.P.; Luo, X.Q. Land suitability evaluation of rural settlements in karst mountains based on GIS. Res. Soil Water Conserv. 2015, 22, 200–203.
  31. Saaty, T.L. There is no mathematical validity for using fuzzy number crunching in the analytic hierarchy process. J. Syst. Sci. Syst. Eng. 2006, 15, 457–464.
  32. Chen, R. Ecological Suitability Evaluation of Expanded Land in Suiyang County. Ph.D. Thesis, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Hunan, China, 2016.
  33. Stockman, A.K.; Beamer, D.A.; Bond, J.E. An evaluation of a GARP model as an approach to predicting the spatial distribution of non-vagile invertebrate species. Divers. Distrib. 2006, 12, 81–89.
  34. Liu, C.Y.; Zhang, J.F. Suitability evaluation of rural settlement land in typical counties in the upper reaches of Minjiang River Based on niche model. J. Agric. Eng. 2021, 37, 266–273.
  35. Steven, J.P.; Robert, P.A.; Robert, E.S. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol. Model. 2006, 190, 231–259.
  36. Gao, B.; Wei, H.Y.; Guo, Y.L.; Gu, W. Applying GIS and maximum entropy model to analyze the potential geographical distribution of Abies in Qinling Mountains. Chinese. J. Ecol. 2015, 34, 843–852.
  37. Diaz-Rodriguez, M.; Fabregas-Valcarce, R. Evaluating the effectiveness of three spatial cluster analysis methods on Palaeolithic site location distributions in Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. J. Archaeol. Sci.-Rep. 2022, 41, 103323.
  38. Li, W.M.; Li, T.S.; Wu, P. Optimization of rural settlements layout based on gravity model and weighted Voronoi map—A case study of Xiangqiao Street in Xi’an City. Agric. Resour. Zoning China 2018, 39, 77–82.
  39. Rinner, C.; Heppleston, A. The spatial dimensions of multi-criteria evaluation-Case study of a home buyer’s spatial decision support system. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Proc. 2006, 4197, 338–352.
  40. Singh, L.; Saravanan, S.; Jennifer, J.J. Application of multi-influence factor (MIF) technique for the identification of suitable sites for urban settlement in Tiruchirappalli City, Tamil Nadu, India. Asia-Pac. J. Reg. Sci. 2021, 5, 797–823.
  41. Aburas, M.M.; Abdullah, S.H.; Ramli, M.F.; Asha’ari, Z.H. Land suitability analysis of urban growth in Seremban Malaysia, using GIS based analytical hierarchy process. Procedia Eng. 2017, 198, 1128–1136.
  42. Wang, J.F.; Xu, C.D. Geographical detectors: Principles and prospects. Acta Geogr. Sinica 2017, 72, 116–134.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Video Production Service
Feedback