Metaverse Space Travel and Anxiety: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Camila Xu and Version 1 by Syed Hassan Raza.

The metaverse is a collection of 3D-simulated artificial environments designed to foster social interaction. COVID-19 travel anxiety has triggered growing interest in virtual environments (e.g., metaverse travel) in the aftermath of the pandemic. The cost-conscious and tech-savvy behavior of travelers has been resurrected in the ‘new normal’; however, the fear of missing out (FOMO) is now dictating travelers’ choices for newness, immersive and rewarding travel experiences.

  • metaverse
  • space travel
  • digital tourism sustainability
  • tech savviness

1. Introduction

The metaverse (i.e., a digital replica of our physical world) could be a game-changer for the 1.4 billion international travelers who may also desire to travel to space, besides billionaire space explorers (e.g., Jeff Bezos and Sir Richard Branson) [1,2,3,4][1][2][3][4]. The metaverse provides digital gateways (i.e., alternative ways to travel) through an immersive virtual experience in a parallel digital universe [2]. The limitations of non-virtual recreational activities, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., fear of new variants), have accelerated an upsurge of virtual communities, including online gaming (e.g., 350 million players and 3.2 billion gaming hours of Fortnite), and virtual reality tourism (e.g., 3D walking tours) [2,3,5][2][3][5]. Escaping a planet under crisis may still not be conceived in reality; however, the inevitable adoption of the metaverse is making everything possible in all virtual worlds [2,3][2][3]. The metaverse can fuel global tourism growth by promoting environment-friendly and cost-effective digital tourism, with greater freedom and flexibility [2,3][2][3]. In the post-pandemic tourism industry, a lot of effort has been put into comprehending the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on the thought processes and purchasing behaviors of individuals [6]. The perception of health risk and motivation for self-protection has changed casual decision making into a more controlled and psychologically clouded process [7]. During the havoc-wreaking pandemic, all businesses and commercial activities around the world halted for an unannounced period. Similarly, social activities involving inter-personal interaction were strictly prohibited under COVID-19 protocols. Tourism and traveling, which is a mixture of commercial and social activities, were also devastated by the pandemic [8].
Since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, global tourism has dropped by over 80%, while tourist visits fell by more than 20% in the first trimester of 2020 [9]. Many hospitality-related enterprises, such as eateries, restaurants, and lodgings, have closed as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic; several nations have also closed their borders, limiting local and foreign transportation. Closed international borders were the real barriers to outbound traveling, while COVID-19 policies at national levels barred domestic tourism activities [8]. Tourists and travelers around the world were unable to continue their activities under these circumstances [10]. This unanticipated restriction of routine social and recreational activities induced an urge in the tourism community to return to normal, therefore, causing exhaustion from the pandemic and anxiety about traveling and touring again [11]. Collectively, this effect gave birth to a pandemic-born psychological condition, “COVID-19 travel anxiety (CTA)”. The inability to actively take part in tourism activities and continuous fear of dealing with COVID-19-related traveling restrictions cause anxiety and unease in tourists [10,11][10][11]. Under this psychological state, people (specifically tourists and travelers) are expected to somehow manage to fulfill their cravings for the routine task of traveling, which they can accomplish by shifting the means and medium of tasks [11]. Roman et al. [3] uncovered that, when tourists were unable to practice real-time tourism due to COVID-19 protocols, the community started looking for alternative ways of continuing their activities to satisfy their urge [5,12][5][12].
One of the most accepted and appreciated modes of modern tourism is digital tourism [5]. The integration of technology into tourism gave birth to a relatively new type of tourism based on virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and self-service technology [3,5][3][5]. Digital tourism offers an experience that is nearly similar to real-time tourism in VR and AR. Virtual reality has benefited travelers all across the globe; for instance, VR tourists have seen locations as varied as the sights and destinations worldwide [5,13,14][5][13][14]. Even though studies show that digital-free tourism can maintain contemporaneous experiences and interactions instead of being dominated by technology [15], the use of virtual reality in museums [16] and tourism-related practices has improved travelers’ perspectives [5,17,18][5][17][18]. An advanced form of digital tourism is metaverse space travel [2,3,19][2][3][19]. Newton [20] defined the metaverse as a compilation of 3D replicated virtual worlds that encourage social engagement. It is sometimes defined as a speculative incarnation of the Internet as a unified, worldwide digital environment that is assisted by the usage of augmented reality and virtual headgear [2,21][2][21]. The transforming preferences of tourists towards metaverse tourism, fueled by COVID-19 travel anxiety, is due to its safe, COVID-19-free, easy-to-use and controllable environment [11,19][11][19]. However, every single person might not benefit from this self-service technology. Tourists that are not fond of technologies and prefer natural experiences might not show interest in metaverse space traveling [2,3,22][2][3][22]. The interest and acceptance attitude of tourists can be measured by their tech savviness [23]. Tech savviness refers to the aptitude to interact effectively with current technology, as well as to have a deep innate understanding of how things work and the ability to handle technological gadgets, particularly computers [23,24][23][24]. A tech-savvy tourist is likely to be more inclined toward metaverse and digital tourism, while any traveler distant from technological interaction might not show as much attention to it [3,23][3][23]. Similarly, the interest and inclination of tourists toward metaverse tourism can also be influenced by the level of fear of missing out (FOMO) on traveling opportunities, as they experience due to COVID-19 [8]. If a tourist does not feel FOMO and can wait for things to become normal, he/she would be less inclined toward digital tourism, while one who is eager to experience tourism would be ready to embrace this transformation in trend [3,8][3][8]. Therefore, tech savviness and FOMO are considered as potential moderators in the conceptual model of the present restudyearch. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a serious lack of theoretical and empirical evidence on the emerging digital tourism trends (e.g., metaverse space travel), tourists’ psychological factors (e.g., COVID-19 travel anxiety and travel FOMO), and proficiency in use of technology (i.e., tech savviness).

2. Theoretical Background of Metaverse Space Travel, Tech-Savviness, COVID-19 Travel Anxiety, and Travel Fear

2.1. COVID-19 Travel Anxiety

Anxiety, if defined in a general context, refers to the psychological state of emotional disorder, stress and mental distress in response to perceived risks [25]. As defined by Gudykunt and Hammer [26], anxiety is the panic regarding the adverse outcomes of any event or action that gives rise to negative psychological states such as discomfort, stress, nervousness, and emotional vulnerability. Anxiety is not a new phenomenon in the tourism industry: even during the early days of professional tourism in the mid-nineteenth century, the multifaceted emotional and behavioral reactions to traveling were widely defined as anxious conditions [27]. However, in recent times, the abruptly changing dynamics of the tourism industry under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic have fostered an increasingly anxious and stressful environment among the traveling community [10]. The eruption of the coronavirus and continuous fear of being infected forced most professional and amateur travelers to halt their activities at once. Moreover, the closing of borders and flight operations, as well as travel destinations, ceased the already under pressure tourism industry worldwide. The inability to travel due to these unavoidable circumstances caused travel anxiety among travelers all over the world. Several studies have looked into the linkages of COVID-19 travel anxiety with relevant issues of travel and the tourism industry, and tourist behavior [28,29,30][28][29][30]. Luo and Lam [29] empirically proved a significant negative impact of travel anxiety on travel intentions. The reseauthorchers also positively linked fear of COVID-19 with travel anxiety; moreover, the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and travel intentions was also found to be indirectly moderated by travel anxiety. Kim et al. [28] also focused on linking travel anxiety with other facets of the post-COVID-19 travel industry. The reseauthorchers concluded that the appraisal of travel risk severity has a positive effect on travel anxiety, which means that if potential COVID-19 infection and health risk is acknowledged by the travelers, they are more prone to experience travel anxiety. Similarly, travel anxiety, according to the authoresearchers, impacted travel desire in a negative manner. Similarly, Wachyuni and Kusumaningrum [30] also negatively linked travel anxiety with travel intentions. Concludingly, travel anxiety caused by COVID-19 has been seen as a negative influence on travel intentions [29[29][30],30], travel desire [28[28][31],31], and post-pandemic tourist behavior. Meanwhile, fear of COVID-19 (the pandemic), pandemic risk perception [32[32][33],33], and health-protective behavior [34] are potential predictors of COVID-19 travel anxiety. COVID-19 travel anxiety can be best explained through the theoretical lens of cognitive theory [35], which provides a paradigm from psychology that aims to characterize sentient behavior by gaining a better grasp of how people think. During the COVID-19 pandemic, or even after the flattening of pandemic peaks, tourists perceive a potential health risk and see a scarcity of open tourism destinations that hold no COVID-19 restrictions. Tourists and travelers are more likely to experience stress and anxiety, according to this theory. Moreover, no bodily changes occur that trigger negative emotions, which negates the James–Lange theory of emotions proposed in 1880.

2.2. Readiness for Metaverse Space Travel

The metaverse is a collection of 3D-simulated artificial environments designed to foster social interaction [20]. It is sometimes defined as a speculative incarnation of the Internet as a unified, worldwide digital environment that is assisted by the usage of augmented reality and virtual headgear [21]. The metaverse has recently gained lots of spotlight in technology circles, as it has eased the approach to several possibilities for almost everyone. Real-world scenarios that are often hard to achieve can be easily simulated in the metaverse through virtual and augmented reality. One of the most noticeable progressions in this context is virtual space tourism. In the real world, space tourism is a commercialized activity offered to consumers by state or independent enterprises for a trip to space for a number of objectives, including space research, leisure, and business. The notion of contemporary space tourism was initially proposed in early 1970 with the Space Shuttle, which was designed to take 74 guests into orbit as well as the essential development and experimental equipment for the initial Space Station [36]. Now, with the advent of the metaverse, space tourism has become virtually accessible for anyone who has a computer and Internet access. A VR spacewalk [37], VR moon-base experience [38], and VR-based Mars mission [39] are some of the key examples of virtual-reality-based space exposures. In parallel to the availability of VR-based tourism services, the acceptance and readiness among local tourists and travelers play a significant role in the success of this technology. Wang et al. [40] studied customer behaviors towards the consumption of technology-enabled services (TES) (i.e., a broader term for metaverse space travelling), and found out that TES perceived quality has a significant positive influence on customer’s satisfaction with the TES, which, further, has a positive effect on the consumption behavior towards the TES; meanwhile, the technology readiness of customers moderated these relationships. These findings imply that the first experience of metaverse space travel can be a strong determinant of a customer’s future consumption behavior. In another study by Jarrar et al. [41], it was observed that the technology readiness index (TRI) positively influenced tourist’s intention to use e-tourism apps. This finding implies that the readiness for metaverse space travel heavily relies on consumers’ or tourists’ basic understanding of the metaverse. Shin et al. [42] also linked the technology readiness of local travelers with their intentions and satisfaction with technology-based tourism. The technology acceptance model (TAM) [43] is a specific version of information system theory, which describes how consumers embrace and utilize technologies. The endpoint, wherein consumers engage with technology, is the practical system’s usage. An element that motivates consumers to adopt technology is their behavioral intentions. The attitude, which is the broader perception of the technology, influences the behavioral intentions. Metaverse space travel can leverage a new spirit for ‘digital tourism’ through a greater use of digital devices and tools to organize, manage, and enjoy virtual tourism experiences in space [3,19][3][19]. There has been an exponential growth in the demand for digital tourism in recent two decades, and the global online travel market is anticipated to reach USD 833.5 billion by 2025 [44]. Hence, this transformation towards digital tourism can be further accelerated through users’ readiness for travel through the metaverse [2,3,19][2][3][19].

2.3. Travel Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)

Fear of missing out (FOMO) is one of the foremost particular and affecting emotional complications in the post-COVID-19 environment, amongst other broader cognitive repercussions. Despite the fact that the notion was first developed in an entirely unrelated situation and population [45], it aptly represents the post-COVID-19 tourism industry when contemplating passengers’ dread of missing out on possibilities to socialize, explore, and relax in leisure. FOMO is the fear and worry that someone (e.g., a traveler or anyone intending to plan a vacation) may miss out on a satisfying experience, socialization, or anything that meets individual requirements. Earlier research [45,46,47,48,49][45][46][47][48][49] used the FOMO paradigm in a variety of contexts. Przybylski et al. [45] were the first to describe and discuss FOMO in a psychological setting, as well as build the first model to assess FOMO. Another study researched FOMO in an early academic environment [48], while another research explored the phenomenon in a collegiate setting of learning [47]. The study by Abel et al. [46] focused on the association between social-media usage and FOMO intensity. Kim et al. [50] linked FOMO with consumer behavior and consumer satisfaction in a sporting event. In contrast, Milyavskaya et al. [51] provided an over-arching exploration of FOMO, its dynamics, prevalence and consequences. The FOMO concept has not been used much in the tourism and travel industry [8]. Self-determination theory [52], which outlines the three underlying emotional necessities of humans: connectedness, independence, and competency, may be used to define FOMO. People that are less pleased with their emotional requirements have greater FOMO [45], and when their needs are met, they are competent to self-determine, and, therefore, experience lower FOMO, as per theory.

2.4. Tech Savviness

Tech savviness is the ability to proficiently engage with modern technology, having an excessive intuitive knowledge of the technological operation and aptitude in handling technical devices, specifically computers [24]. Technological advancements have integrated technology into almost every field of life. This has made general consumers develop at least basic, if not advanced, technological knowledge. Moreover, today’s generation (millennials) have more exposure to modern technology as compared to previous ones, which has provided us more opportunities to learn about technology. These opportunities have also shaped the interests and passion of individuals, in most cases. Furthermore, people have learned (or, at least, have started learning) to maximize the use of technology in their fields of interest. For tourists and travelers, the use of smartphone applications and software for the selection of tourism destinations, planning and executing trips is one thing [53], but experiencing traveling activities at home with the help of technology is the most advanced technological application [3]. In the context of technological advancement and metaverse travel, the existing literature focuses on tech savviness as a significant positive influence on acceptance, adaption and consumer satisfaction with modern technology. Guan et al. [54] studied influencing factors on the acceptance and satisfaction of consumers with modern technology. The reseauthorchers found that tech-savvy individuals have a positive attitude toward modern technology; however, this attitude also has a significant positive effect on the acceptance and satisfaction levels of consumers. Furthermore, several researchers [17,23,55,56][17][23][55][56] have studied the role of modern technology in changing the conventional tourism trends. The existing literature also sheds light on the decisive role of the millennial generation (assumed to be tech-savvy due to increased exposure to modern technology and learning opportunities) in shaping future tourism norms under the influence of modern technology.

References

  1. Frost, J.; Frost, W. Exploring prosocial and environmental motivations of frontier tourists: Implications for sustainable space tourism. J. Sustain. Tour. 2021, 1–17.
  2. Mystakidis, S. Metaverse. Encyclopedia 2022, 2, 486–497.
  3. Roman, M.; Kosiński, R.; Bhatta, K.; Niedziółka, A.; Krasnodębski, A. Virtual and Space Tourism as New Trends in Travelling at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2022, 14, 628.
  4. Shen, B.; Tan, W.; Guo, J.; Zhao, L.; Qin, P. How to Promote User Purchase in Metaverse? A Systematic Literature Review on Consumer Behavior Research and Virtual Commerce Application Design. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11087.
  5. Zheng, C.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Guo, Y. Does Vivid Imagination Deter Visitation? The Role of Mental Imagery Processing in Virtual Tourism on Tourists’ Behavior. J. Travel Res. 2021, 00472875211042671.
  6. Al-Tammemi, A.B.; Tarhini, Z.; Akour, A. A swaying between successive pandemic waves and pandemic fatigue: Where does Jordan stand? Ann. Med. Surg. 2021, 65, 102298.
  7. Han, H.; Al-Ansi, A.; Chua, B.L.; Tariq, B.; Radic, A.; Park, S.H. The post-coronavirus world in the international tourism industry: Application of the theory of planned behavior to safer destination choices in the case of us outbound tourism. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6485.
  8. Zaman, U.; Barnes, S.J.; Abbasi, S.; Anjam, M.; Aktan, M.; Khwaja, M.G. The Bridge at the End of the World: Linking Expat’s Pandemic Fatigue, Travel FOMO, Destination Crisis Marketing, and Vaxication for “Greatest of All Trips”. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2312.
  9. UNWTO. International Tourist Numbers Could Fall 60–80% in 2020. 2020. Available online: https://www.unwto.org/news/covid-19-international-tourist-numbers-could-fall-60-80-in-2020 (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  10. Zaman, U.; Raza, S.H.; Abbasi, S.; Aktan, M.; Farías, P. Sustainable or a butterfly effect in global tourism? Nexus of pandemic fatigue, COVID-19-branded destination safety, travel stimulus incentives, and post-pandemic revenge travel. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12834.
  11. Zenker, S.; Braun, E.; Gyimothy, S. Too afraid to travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tour. Manag. 2021, 84, 104286.
  12. Zaman, U.; Aktan, M.; Anjam, M.; Agrusa, J.; Khwaja, M.G.; Far, P. Can Post-Vaccine ‘Vaxication’ Rejuvenate Global Tourism? Nexus between COVID-19 Branded Destination Safety, Travel Shaming, Incentives and the Rise of Vaxication Travel. Sustainability 2021, 13, 14043.
  13. Chung, N.; Han, H.; Joun, Y. Tourists’ intention to visit a destination: The role of augmented reality (AR) application for a heritage site. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 50, 588–599.
  14. Dueholm, J.; Smed, K.M. Heritage authenticities—A case study of authenticity perceptions at a Danish heritage site. J. Herit. Tour. 2014, 9, 285–298.
  15. Li, J.; Pearce, P.L.; Low, D. Media representation of digital-free tourism: A critical discourse analysis. Tour. Manag. 2018, 69, 317–329.
  16. Recupero, A.; Talamo, A.; Triberti, S.; Modesti, C. Bridging museum mission to visitors’ experience: Activity, meanings, interactions, technology. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2092.
  17. Kim, D.; Park, S. Rethinking millennials: How are they shaping the tourism industry? Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res. 2020, 25, 1–2.
  18. Kim, M.J.; Hall, C.M. A hedonic motivation model in virtual reality tourism: Comparing visitors and non-visitors. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2019, 46, 236–249.
  19. Um, T.; Kim, H.; Kim, H.; Lee, J.; Koo, C.; Chung, N. Travel Incheon as a Metaverse: Smart Tourism Cities Development Case in Korea. In ENTER22 e-Tourism Conference; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 226–231.
  20. Newton, C. Mark in Metaverse. In The Verge; Prabhat Prakashan: Allahabad, India, 2021; Available online: https://www.theverge.com/22588022/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-ceo-metaverse-interview (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  21. O’Brian, M.; Chan, K. EXPLAINER: What is the metaverse and how will it work? ABC News. Clin. Ehealth 2022, 5, 1–9. Available online: https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/explainer-metaverse-work-80842516 (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  22. Zollo, L.; Rialti, R.; Marrucci, A.; Ciappei, C. How do museums foster loyalty in tech-savvy visitors? The role of social media and digital experience. Curr. Issues Tour. 2021, 1–18.
  23. Femenia-serra, F.; Perles-ribes, J.F.; Ivars-baidal, J.A. Smart destinations and tech-savvy millennial tourists: Hype versus reality. Tour. Rev. 2019, 74, 63–81.
  24. Apergis, E. Journal of High Technology Management Research Who is tech savvy? Exploring the adoption of smartphones and tablets: An empirical investigation. J. High Technol. Manag. Res. 2019, 30, 100351.
  25. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2013.
  26. Gudykunt, W.B.B.; Hammer, M.R. Strangers and hosts: Anuncertainty reduction based theory of intercultural adaptation. Cross-Cult. Adapt. Curr. Approaches 1988, 11, 106–139.
  27. Lofgren, O. The secret lives of tourists: Delays, disappointments and daydreams. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 2018, 8, 85–101.
  28. Kim, E.E.K.; Seo, K.; Choi, Y. Compensatory Travel Post COVID-19: Cognitive and Emotional Effects of Risk Perception. J. Travel Res. 2021, 1–15.
  29. Luo, J.M.; Lam, C.F. Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards “Travel Bubble” Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7859.
  30. Wachyuni, S.S.; Kusumaningrum, D.A. The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic: How are the Future Tourist Behavior? J. Educ. Soc. Behav. Sci. 2020, 33, 67–76.
  31. Quintal, V.; Sung, B.; Lee, S.; Quintal, V.; Sung, B.; Lee, S. Is the coast clear? Trust, risk-reducing behaviours and anxiety toward cruise travel in the wake of toward cruise travel in the wake of COVID-19. Curr. Issues Tour. 2022, 25, 206–218.
  32. Angguni, F.; Len, S. The Impact of Travel Risk Perception in COVID 19 and Travel Anxiety toward Travel Intention on Domestic Tourist in Indonesia Jimea|Jurnal Ilmiah Mea (Manajemen, Ekonomi, dan Akuntansi). J. Ilm. MEA 2021, 5, 241–259.
  33. Golets, A.; Farias, J.; Pilati, R.; Costa, H. COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Curr. Psychol. 2021, 1–14.
  34. Bhati, A.S.; Mohammadi, Z.; Agarwal, M.; Donough-tan, G. Current Issues in Tourism Motivating or manipulating: The influence of health-protective behaviour and media engagement on post-COVID-19 travel. Curr. Issues Tour. 2021, 24, 2088–2092.
  35. Rachman, S. A Cognitive Theory of Obsessions. Behav. Cogn. Ther. Today 1998, 209–222.
  36. Stimac, V.A. Definitive History of Space Tourism & Human Spaceflight. Space Tourism Guide. 2020. Available online: https://spacetourismguide.com/history-of-space-tourism/ (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  37. VR Gamer. Spacewalk VR Experience. 2022. Available online: https://www.vrgamer.tv/Spacewalk-VR-Experience/101851 (accessed on 15 May 2022).
  38. VR Gamer. Moon Base. 2022. Available online: https://www.vrgamer.tv/MOON-BASE/104937 (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  39. VR Gamer. Mission: Mars. 2022. Available online: https://www.vrgamer.tv/Mission-Mars/104935 (accessed on 18 February 2022).
  40. Wang, Y.; So, K.K.F.; Sparks, B.A. Technology Readiness and Customer Satisfaction with Travel Technologies: A Cross-Country Investigation. J. Travel. Res. 2017, 56, 563–577.
  41. Jarrar, Y.; Awobamise, A.O.; Sellos, P.S. Technological readiness index (TRI) and the intention to use smartphone apps for tourism: A focus on indubai mobile tourism app. Int. J. Data Netw. Sci. 2020, 4, 297–304.
  42. Shin, H.H.; Jeong, M.; Cho, M.H. The impact of smart tourism technology and domestic travelers’ technology readiness on their satisfaction and behavioral intention: A cross-country comparison. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2021, 23, 726–742.
  43. Davis, F.D. Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Q. 1989, 13, 319–340.
  44. Statista. Online Travel Agent Market Size Worldwide in 2020, with a Forecast for 2021 and 2025 (in Billion U.S. Dollars). 2021. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1179020/online-travel-agent-market-size-worldwide/ (accessed on 15 May 2022).
  45. Przybylski, A.K.; Murayama, K.; Dehaan, C.R.; Gladwell, V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 1841–1848.
  46. Abel, J.P.; Buff, C.L.; Burr, S.A. Social Media and the Fear of Missing Out: Scale Development and Assessment. J. Bus. Econ. Res. (JBER) 2016, 14, 33–44.
  47. Alt, D. College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 49, 111–119.
  48. Alt, D.; Boniel-Nissim, M. Links between Adolescents’ Deep and Surface Learning Approaches, Problematic Internet Use, and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). Internet Interv. 2018, 13, 30–39.
  49. Hodkinson, C. ‘Fear of Missing Out’ (FOMO) marketing appeals: A conceptual model. J. Mark. Commun. 2019, 25, 65–88.
  50. Kim, J.; Lee, Y.; Kim, M.L. Investigating “Fear of Missing Out” (FOMO) as an extrinsic motive affecting sport event consumer’s behavioral intention and FOMO-driven consumption’s influence on intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards, and consumer satisfaction. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0243744.
  51. Milyavskaya, M.; Saffran, M.; Hope, N.; Koestner, R. Fear of missing out: Prevalence, dynamics, and consequences of experiencing FOMO. Motiv. Emot. 2018, 42, 725–737.
  52. Deci, E.L.; Ryan, R.M. Self-determination theory. In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology; Sage Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2012; pp. 416–436.
  53. Basbeth, F. Mobile Application and Smart City Orientation: The Moderating Role of Tech Savvy Population. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on ICT for Smart Society (ICISS), Bandung, Indonesia, 19–20 November 2019.
  54. Guan, X.; Xie, L.; Shen, W.; Huan, T. Are you a tech-savvy person? Exploring factors influencing customers using self-service technology. Technol. Soc. 2021, 65, 101564.
  55. Dhaigude, A.S.; Kapoor, R.; Ambekar, S. A conceptual model for adoption of information communication technology in the travel and tourism industry. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2016, 41, 49–59.
  56. Xiang, Z.; Magnini, V.P.; Fesenmaier, D.R. Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2015, 22, 244–249.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback