Agricultural农业科技创新是加强农产品和食品领域细化信息化的主要措施之一，可以促进农产品和食品的精细化监管，保障农产品和食品的质量安全。10、11、12、13 ]。_ scientific_ and_ technological_ innovation_ is one of the main measures to strengthen the more granular information in the field of agricultural products and food, which can promote the refined supervision of agricultural products and food, and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products and food ^[1][2][3][4]. As a decentralized distributed storage ledger technology, blockchain uses the 区块链作为一种去中心化的分布式存储账本技术，利用 P2P network网络在节点间广播信息，实现所有节点的消息同步 to[ broadcast information between14 nodes to achieve message synchronization of all nodes ^[5][6]. Multi-blockchain means that multiple blockchains are connected, and15 ]]。多区块链是指多条区块链相连，通过跨区块链机制、多区块链共识机制等实现各区块链节点中消息的同步传输[ the16、17 synchronous]。将多区块链应用到农产品和食品供应链的信息管理中，可以提升区块链的性能，增加区块链的记账能力，实现农产品和食品供应链多个环节的互联互通。此外，它可以确保农业和食品供应链中信息的不可篡改和可追溯性保护，为监管机构提供更准确、更全面的信息监管能力[ transmission18，19、20 ]。_ of区块链在农产品和食品中的应用研究主要体现在以下几个方面。一是前期研究探索了区块链与物联网技术的融合应用，探索利用区块链去中心化和物联网技术共同推动农业和食品供应链的数字化转型[ messages in each blockchain node is realized through the cross-blockchain mechanism21, multi-blockchain consensus mechanism,22,23 etc.]。二是前期研究研究了区块链在不同类型农产品和食品信息管理中的应用，为不同类型农产品和食品供应链结构提供信息管理和追溯服务[ ^[7][8].24 Applying multi-blockchain to the information management of agricultural products and food supply chains can enhance the performance of blockchains,25、26、27 ]。_ increase_ the_ accounting三、前期工作探索了区块链与神经网络算法、大数据技术、识别分析技术等技术的融合应用，促进农产品和食品信息精细化管理[ capabilities28,29,30,31 ]]。与传统的集中式信息监管模式相比，区块链作为一种新型科技创新技术在农产品和食品供应链管理中的应用，可以促进农产品和食品的管理更加精细化，为保障质量提供可行思路。农产品和食品安全[ of32 blockchains, and33 realize the interconnection of multiple links in agricultural and food supply chains. Moreover, it can ensure the non-tampering and traceability protection of information in agricultural and food supply chains, and provide regulators with more accurate and comprehensive information supervision capabilities ^[9][10][11]. The research on the application of blockchain to agricultural products and food is mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, previous studies have explored the integrated application of blockchain and IoT technology, and explored the use of blockchain decentralization and IoT technology to jointly promote the digital transformation of agricultural and food supply chains ^[12][13][14]. Second, previous research has investigated the application of blockchain to the information management of different types of agricultural products and food, and provided information management and traceability services for different types of agricultural products and food supply chain structures ^{[15][16][17][18]}. Third, previous works have explored the integration and application of blockchain and neural network algorithms, big data technology, identification analysis technology, and other technologies to promote the fine management of agricultural products and food information ^{[19][20][21][22]}. Compared with the traditional centralized information supervision mode, the application of blockchain as a new scientific and technological innovation technology in the management of agricultural products and food supply chain can promote a more refined management of agricultural products and food, and provide feasible ideas for ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products and food ^[23][24].]。

2. Blockchain Technology in Agricultural Products and Food Applications区块链技术在农产品和食品中的应用

With the development of blockchain technology, there are increasing numbers of research works on the application of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food. The research on the application of agricultural products and food is mainly reflected in the theoretical research, architecture improvement, data application, data interaction, and consensus mechanism of blockchain in agricultural products and food supply chains, as shown in Table 1. Through the decentralization, traceability, tamper-proof, and other characteristics of the blockchain, the food quality and safety of agricultural products and food supply chains are guaranteed. In terms of applied theoretical research in the field of agricultural products and food based on blockchain, the research focuses on the opportunities and challenges of blockchain research in the field of agricultural products and food. First, the application of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food can enhance the sustainability of various agricultural products in three dimensions (i.e., economic, social, and environmental) ^[25][34]. Second, blockchain provides technological infrastructure such as digitization, automation, and tracking for agricultural and food supply chains. It can promote the digital transformation of agricultural products and food ^[26][35]. Finally, as a new generation of agricultural digital technology, blockchain can track and identify potential sources of pollution in the agricultural food supply chain ^[27][36]. The above research works have conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses through a large number of studies, and described the promotion effect of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food. However, the supply chain of agricultural products and food is complex, and there are still many challenges in the real large-scale investment of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food. In previous works, the application research of blockchain in agricultural products and food has mainly focused on the use of blockchain to trace and manage agricultural product and food supply chain data. For example, Khan et al. proposed an optimized supply chain provenance system for Industry 4.0 in the food industry using state-of-the-art technologies such as IoT, blockchain, and advanced deep learning ^[28][37]. Zhang et al. designed a blockchain-based food supply chain security management system, pointing out that the use of blockchain is conducive to reducing management costs and improving management efficiency ^[29][38]. The above research pertains to the practical application of blockchain technology to agricultural and food supply chains. However, blockchain still faces many challenges concerning application, e.g., lack of government regulation and lack of trust among agricultural stakeholders in the use of blockchain, etc. ^[30][39]. Therefore, there is a need to improve existing blockchains to improve the applicability of blockchains and bring tangible benefits to traditional agricultural and food supply chains. Therefore, in the previous studies, scholars have conducted research on the innovation and improvement of blockchain-based architecture in the agricultural and food fields. Research focuses on innovative design and application of new blockchain architectures to improve the scalability of blockchain in agricultural and food applications. For example, 因此，在以往的研究中，学者们对基于区块链的架构在农业和食品领域的创新和改进进行了研究。研究重点是新区块链架构的创新设计和应用，以提高区块链在农业和食品应用中的可扩展性。例如，Leng et等人。提出了基于双链架构的农业供应链系统公链，主要研究了双链结构及其存储方式、资源寻租匹配机制、共识机制[ al.40 proposed]。阿里等人。为清真食品供应链提出了一个可持续的区块链框架，以克服与区块链实施相关的挑战[ a41]。宋等人。提出了一种双区块链结构，包括共识方法、交易机制、可持续性评估方法和性能优化策略[ public42 chain of agricultural supply chain system based on double-chain architecture, and mainly studied the double-chain structure and its storage method, resource rent-seeking matching mechanism, and consensus mechanism ^[31]. Ali et al. proposed a sustainable blockchain framework for the halal food supply chain to overcome challenges related to blockchain implementation ^[32]. Song et al. proposed a two-blockchain structure including a consensus method, transaction mechanism, sustainability evaluation method, and performance optimization strategy ^[33]. The proposed structured was used to bring sustainable management practices of all players in to the blockchain network, especially allowing governments to play a more important role in agricultural supply management. Ren et al. proposed a dual-blockchain solution based on the interstellar file system storage for agricultural sampling data protection in ]。提议的结构用于将所有参与者的可持续管理实践引入区块链网络，特别是允许政府在农业供应管理中发挥更重要的作用。任等人。提出了一种基于星际文件系统存储的双区块链解决方案，用于物联网（IoT）网络中的农业采样数据保护[ (Internet of Things) networks ^[34]. In summary, to cope with the complex supply chain structure of agricultural products and food, many scholars have begun to explore and improve the existing single-chain blockchain architecture. They use a multi-chain approach to solve the scalability problem of blockchain applications in the field of agricultural products and food, and some results have been achieved. However, the above research merely promotes the applicability of blockchain in the agricultural and food industry. The problem of data security interaction and coarse-grained enhancement of data supervision brought about by the double-chain structure has not been well solved.43]。综上所述，为了应对农产品和食品复杂的供应链结构，很多学者开始对现有的单链区块链架构进行探索和改进。他们采用多链方式解决了区块链在农产品和食品领域应用的可扩展性问题，并取得了一些成果。然而，上述研究只是促进了区块链在农业和食品行业的应用。双链结构带来的数据安全交互和数据监管粗粒度增强等问题并未得到很好的解决。 In针对上述问题，参与前期研究的学者探索了基于区块链的农产品与食品领域数据可信交互的研究。研究主要集中在可信加密机制、物联网技术和区块链技术的集成应用，保证数据的可信交互。例如，曾等人。利用物联网和区块链技术设计了一个高效的种子质量监测和智能水资源管理系统，以管理和协调社区优质种子和水资源的使用[ response44]。万加拉等人。在智能农业的背景下，在基于智能合约的区块链中设计了一种新的经过身份验证的密钥协商机制，以增强存储在块中的数据的持久性和可审计性 to[ the45 above]。杜尔加等人。提出了一种新颖的基于混沌加密的区块链物联网架构，以确保农业等领域的数据安全和隐私[ problems,46 scholars involved in previous studies have explored the research on trusted interaction of data in the field of agricultural products and food based on blockchain. The research mainly focuses on the integrated application of trusted encryption mechanism, Internet of Things technology and blockchain technology to ensure the trusted interaction of data. For example, Zeng et al. designed an efficient seed quality monitoring and smart water management system using IoT and blockchain technology to manage and coordinate the use of high-quality seeds and water resources in the community ^[35]. Vangala et al. designed a new authenticated key agreement mechanism envisioned in smart contract-based blockchains in the context of smart agriculture to enhance the persistence and auditability of data stored in blocks ^[36]. Durga et al. proposed a novel chaotic encryption-based blockchain IoT architecture to ensure data security and privacy in fields such as agriculture ^[37]. In the practical application of blockchain, the secure interaction of data is conducive to building trust among blockchain users, and the promotion and use of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food.]。在区块链的实际应用中，数据的安全交互有利于建立区块链用户之间的信任，有利于区块链在农产品和食品领域的推广和使用。 Schola学者们还在农产品和食品领域开展了基于区块链的区块链共识研究，用于提高区块链在农产品和食品领域的适用性。该研究侧重于适用于农业和食品部门的复杂要求和参与者的有效共识。徐等人。结合区块链技术和无线网络技术构建区块链平台，结合rs have also conducted research on blockchain-based blockchain consensus in the field of agricultural products and food, which is used to improve the applicability of blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food. The research focuses on efficient consensus applicable to complex requests and participants in the agricultural and food sector. Xu et al. combined blockchain technology and wireless network technology to build a blockchain platform, combined with raft algorithm and PBFT algorithm to design an RBFT consensus mechanism to achieve “accurate identification”aft算法和PBFT算法设计RBFT共识机制，实现农业贫困人口的“精准识别”[ of47 poor]。胡等人。利用区块链的不变性和边缘计算的范式构建有机农业供应链的信任框架 people[ in48]。此外，根据有机农业供应链场景，将所有利益相关者分为四个角色，并提出新的共识机制来管理信息流。王等人。提出了一种实用的拜占庭容错共识算法，对大米供应链中的企业节点进行信用评分，优化主节点的选择策略，确保高效低成本[ agriculture49 ^[38]. Hu et al. used the immutability of blockchain and the paradigm of edge computing to build a trust framework for organic agricultural supply chains ^[39]. In addition, according to the organic agriculture supply chain scenario, all stakeholders are divided into four roles, and a new consensus mechanism is proposed to manage the information flow. Wang et al. proposed a practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm to score the credit of enterprise nodes in the rice supply chain, optimize the selection strategy of master nodes, and ensure high efficiency and low cost ^[40]. The blockchain consensus mechanism is one of the core mechanisms of the blockchain. Designing or improving the consensus mechanism to improve the performance of the blockchain is one of the means to improve the application efficiency of the blockchain in the field of agricultural products and food. ]。区块链共识机制是区块链的核心机制之一。设计或改进共识机制以提高区块链的性能，是提高区块链在农产品和食品领域应用效率的手段之一。