Dirk W Lachenmeier: Comparison
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  • cancer
  • unrecorded alcohol
  • NMR
  • cannabis

1. Education

Dr. Lachenmeier studied food chemistry (first state examination) at the University of Bonn (1994-1998), followed by position as first-year resident at various food control institutions in the State of North Rhine-Westfalia, concluding the studies with the second state examination and title of state-certified food chemist (Münster, 2000). He carried out his PhD in Forensic Toxicology at the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn (2000-2003). His PhD research included the development of an innovative methodology to detect cannabis and designer drugs in hair samples [1].

2. Career

Since 2003, Dr. Lachenmeier is employed at the Chemical and Veterinary Investigation Agency Karlsruhe (CVUAKA), Germany, where he first headed the alcohol laboratory (2003-2012), and later was promoted as director of the department of plant-based food, where he is personally heading the Central State Coffee Control Laboratory and the Central State Cannabis Control Laboratory, and his group includes a team of scientists and technicians investigating various matrices such as tea, spices, bakery and pasta products, food supplements, and products for special nutritional demands (diets). At CVUAKA he also co-heads the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory since 2010 and his department is responsible for the fields "novel food products" and "internet trade". Dr. Lachenmeier has been working as official on secondment at the Ministry of Rural Affair and Consumer Protection Baden-Württemberg (2012-2013). He was avocationally working as scientist at the Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Dresden, Germany (2011-2016). 

3. Major research topics

3.1. Unrecorded alcohol: health risks beyond ethanol

Dr. Lachenmeier’s research on unrecorded alcohol (i.e. illegal or illicitly produced alcohol, as well as surrogate alcohol not originally intended for human consumption) started in 2007, where he was tasked in writing a section on the chemical composition of alcoholic beverages for the IARC monograph Vol. 96. During the literature review, it became evident that almost nothing had been known about the composition and health effects of unrecorded alcohol. In collaboration with the group of Prof. Jürgen Rehm in Toronto, he started to investigate unrecorded alcohol from several countries [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The major conclusion was that unrecorded alcohol most typically exhibits the same risk as recorded alcohol, which is characterized by volume and patterns of drinking. Exceptions of the rule are poisonings with methanol, which may occur worldwide due to admixture of methanol to alcoholic beverages.

3.2. Cannabis and hemp: THC and cannabidiol analysis and policy evaluation

Cannabis was among the first research interests of Dr. Lachenmeier. During his PhD thesis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) belonged to the compounds of interest in his methodological developments [22][23][24]. As early as 2003 [25], he studied THC and cannabidiol (CBD) in hemp food products [26][27][28]. More recently, due to the risen interest in CBD products, several new studies were conducted regarding the composition and risk assessment of CBD products [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], as well as their legal status considering narcotic laws and the EU’s novel food regulation [39][40][41]. A paper on comparative risk assessment of cannabis, alcohol, and other drugs was widely mentioned in the media [42]. Contributing to a large, multidisciplinary team of scientists, a range of arguments was put forward for moving progressively towards regulated legalization of certain illegal drugs including cannabis, proposing a well-being frame that calls for whole-of-society approaches and continuously monitors and accounts for adverse side effects of drug policy [43]. Dr. Lachenmeier was featured in several television and radio broadcasts as expert on hemp, cannabis and CBD.

3.3. Oesophageal cancer risk of very hot beverages

The IARC monographs meeting Vol. 116 in 2016 was the starting point for Dr. Lachenmeier’s research on the cancer risk of very hot beverages. According to the elaborations of the IARC working group, very hot beverages, i.e. beverages consumed at more than 65°C independent of type, may significantly increase the risk for oesophageal cancer [44]. Mechanistic research confirmed that the direct temperature effect but not exposure to chemical contaminants such as PAHs may contribute to the oesophageal cancer risk [45]. Interestingly, the mean serving temperature of coffee in German gastronomy is about 75°C, higher than the threshold of IARC [46]. However, consumers typically prefer lower temperatures of coffee such as 63°C [47]. The cooling time to less than 65 °C may be more than 20 min depending on material of the cup [48]. The contact temperature is obviously the determining factor for the risk of injury in the oral cavity in addition to the contact time, and a contact temperature of 46.5 °C was considered to be just comfortable for any period >10 s and about 48 °C for periods of less than 10 s [49]. From all these considerations, the lowering of serving temperatures of hot beverages was suggested to mitigate the cancer risk [50]. In fact, coffee is typically brewed and served too hot, which also influences flavour and taste in a negative fashion, so that lowering temperatures may be a win-win-situation  [51][52].

3.4. Coffee and coffee by-products

The most recent research interest of Dr. Lachenmeier became coffee and more specifically coffee by-products. Starting from a literature review [53], original research was conducted into coffee leaves [54][55][56] and coffee cherry-based spirits [57][58]. The legal situation in the EU was also considered [59] and an international conference session hosted on coffee by-products [60].

4. EU Research Projects

Apart from various in-house projects, Dr. Lachenmeier contributed to the EU FP7 projects AMPHORA (Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance) (2009-2012) and ALICE-RAP (Addictions and Lifestyles In Contemporary Europe – Reframing Addictions Project) (2011-2016), for which The projects allowed Dr. Lachenmeier to achieve major conclusions on the composition and health risk of unrecorded alcohol, as well as on the comparative risk assessment of alcohol and drugs [2.43.44.34].

5. Expert work for WHO IARC

Since 2007, Dr. Lachenmeier has regularly contributed to working groups of the monographs program of the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). At several meetings he was responsible as sub-group head for the exposure or epidemiology sections of the meetings. The contributions were included in the following IARC monographs and reports:

  • Volume 96 (2010) Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate
  • Volume 101 (2012) Some Chemicals Present in Industrial and Consumer Products, Food and Drinking-water
  • Volume 108 (2015) Some Drugs and Herbal Products
  • Volume 116 (2018) Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages
  • Volume 119 (2019) Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Urinary Tract in Rodents
  • Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 (2019)
  • Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend an Update to the Preamble to the IARC Monographs (2019)
  • Volume 128 (2021) Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and Arecoline

6. Expert work for DFG Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM)

Since 2011, Dr. Lachenmeier participates as expert in the meetings of the working group "food constituents" of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation, DFG) Senate Commission on Food Safety. The following position statements of the commission were developed in the working group:

  • Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans:

    a comprehensive safety evaluation, 2018
  • Kurzmitteilung: Zusatz von pharmakologisch aktiven Substanzen zu Produkten, die als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel und Lifestyle-Lebensmittel vermarktet werden, 2015
  • Phytosterol oxidation products in foods: Analysis, occurrence, exposure and biological effects, 2014
  • Toxicological evaluation of red mould rice: an update, 2013
  • Thermally induced/process-related contaminants: The example of acrolein and the comparison with acrylamide", 2013
  • Stellungnahme zu Acetaldehyd als Aromastoff: Aspekte der Risikobewertung, 2022

7. Society memberships

Dr. Dirk Lachenmeier is member of the Food Chemical Society (LChG) within the German Chemical Society since 1995. He joined the working group spirits of the LChG in 2003, and the working group chemometrics of the LChG in 2017. He co-headed the regional association south-west of the LChG 2005-2011. He was member of the American Chemical Society 2006-2016. Dr. Lachenmeier is member of the Society of Toxicological and Forensic Chemistry (GTFCh) since 2001 and has been member of the GTFCh working group "Alcohol consumption" 2005-2010.

8. Teaching and supervising activities

His educational activities include analytical chemistry, food chemistry, food law, regulatory toxicology, food fraud, food authentication, food science and composition for students in food chemistry and in training of food inspectors, as well as in various national and international seminars, meetings and congresses. He has supervised five PhD theses, 2 postdoc researchers and more than 25 diploma, bachelor and master theses.

9. Productivity

Dr. Dirk Lachenmeier has more than 500 articles in international refereed journals and books, including the Lancet [3], the Lancet Oncology [45-50], the Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology [51], the Journal of the National Cancer Institute [35], the International Journal of Cancer [52-54], the British Medical Journal [55], BMC Medicine [56], BMC Cancer [57,58], Addiction [2,59,4,60,5,6,61] and more than 100 other journals. According to Google Scholar (September 2022), the publications of Dr. Lachenmeier achieved 16,710 citations, his h-index is 66 and his i10-index is 246. The ten publications with the highest number of citations are Refs [xxx]. According to Laborjournal, Dr. Lachenmeier is listed among the highest-cited researchers in Germany in toxicology. He has peer reviewed more than 805 articles according to Web of Science. Dr. Lachenmeier has served as Academic Editor for Scientific Reports, Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Beverages, Toxics, Foods, Sci, Wine Studies, Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, the Open Toxicology Journal, and the Open Addiction Journal.

For full publication list, see Research Gate. 

10. Awards

Dr. Lachenmeier received the Award of the Fonds of Chemical Industry (1994) for his university-entrance diploma in chemistry. In 2005, he received the Bruno-Rossmann-Award of the Food Chemical Society for the study "Rapid screening for ethyl carbamate in stone-fruit spirits using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics" [67]. For his peer reviewing activity according to Publons, Dr. Lachenmeier was among the top reviewers in cross-field (September 2019), top reviewers for agricultural sciences (September 2018), top reviewers in Germany (September 2017), top reviewers for agricultural and biological sciences (September 2017), top reviewers for pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics (September 2017), sentinels of science: chemistry (September 2016), top reviewers for Germany (Jan 2016-Apr 2016), top reviewers for Publons (Oct 2014-Jan 2016). In November 2021, he received the Best Paper Award at the Foods 2021 conference.

References

  1. Lachenmeier, Dirk: Neue Methodenkombination aus dynamischer Festphasenextraktion, Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie für den Einsatz in der forensisch-toxikologischen Haaranalytik. - Bonn, 2003. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. https://doi.org/10.48565/ediss
  2. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Kerstin Schoeberl; Fotis Kanteres; Thomas Kuballa; Eva-Maria Sohnius; Jürgen Rehm; Is contaminated unrecorded alcohol a health problem in the European Union? A review of existing and methodological outline for future studies. Addiction 2011, 106, 20-30, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03322.x.
  3. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Jenny Leitz; Kerstin Schoeberl; Thomas Kuballa; Irene Straub; Jürgen Rehm; Calidad del alcohol producido en Europa ilegalmente o de forma no regulada: resultados del proyecto AMPHORA. Adicciones 2011, 23, 133-140, 10.20882/adicciones.156.
  4. Dirk W Lachenmeier; Reducing harm from alcohol: what about unrecorded products?. The Lancet 2009, 374, 977-977, 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61661-5.
  5. Jürgen Rehm; Shalini Kailasapillai; Elisabeth Larsen; Maximilien X. Rehm; Andriy V. Samokhvalov; Kevin Shield; Michael Roerecke; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; A systematic review of the epidemiology of unrecorded alcohol consumption and the chemical composition of unrecorded alcohol. Addiction 2014, 109, 880-893, 10.1111/add.12498.
  6. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Jürgen Rehm; Unrecorded alcohol: a threat to public health?. Addiction 2009, 104, 875-877, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02587.x.
  7. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephan G. Walch; Commentary on Probst et al . (2018): Unrecorded alcohol use-an underestimated global phenomenon. Addiction 2018, 113, 1242-1243, 10.1111/add.14195.
  8. Jürgen Rehm; Fotis Kanteres; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Unrecorded consumption, quality of alcohol and health consequences. Drug and Alcohol Review 2010, 29, 426-436, 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2009.00140.x.
  9. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Jürgen Rehm; Gerhard Gmel; Surrogate Alcohol: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2007, 31, 1613-1624, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00474.x.
  10. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Benjamin J. Taylor; Jürgen Rehm; Alcohol under the radar: Do we have policy options regarding unrecorded alcohol?. International Journal of Drug Policy 2011, 22, 153-160, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.11.002.
  11. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Maria Neufeld; Jürgen Rehm; The Impact of Unrecorded Alcohol Use on Health: What Do We Know in 2020?. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2021, 82, 28-41, 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.28.
  12. Jürgen Rehm; Maria Neufeld; Robin Room; Bundit Sornpaisarn; Mindaugas Štelemėkas; Monica H. Swahn; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; The impact of alcohol taxation changes on unrecorded alcohol consumption: A review and recommendations. International Journal of Drug Policy 2021, 99, 103420, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103420.
  13. Yulia B Monakhova Dirk W Lachenmeier; Influence of unrecorded alcohol consumption on liver cirrhosis mortality. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014, 20, 7217-7222, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7217.
  14. Yuriy V. Solodun; Yulia B. Monakhova; Thomas Kuballa; Andriy V. Samokhvalov; Jürgen Rehm; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia: toxic denaturants and disinfectants pose additional risks. Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2011, 4, 198-205, 10.2478/v10102-011-0030-x.
  15. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Sebastian Ganss; Bogumil Rychlak; Jürgen Rehm; Urszula Sulkowska; Michał Skiba; Witold Zatonski; Association Between Quality of Cheap and Unrecorded Alcohol Products and Public Health Consequences in Poland. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2009, 33, 1757-1769, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01013.x.
  16. Jenny Leitz; Thomas Kuballa; Jürgen Rehm; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol. PLOS ONE 2009, 4, e8127-e8127, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008127.
  17. D.W. Lachenmeier; Advances in the Detection of the Adulteration of Alcoholic Beverages Including Unrecorded Alcohol. Advances in Food Authenticity Testing 2016, 2016, 565-584, 10.1016/b978-0-08-100220-9.00021-7.
  18. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Andriy V. Samokhvalov; Jenny Leitz; Kerstin Schoeberl; Thomas Kuballa; Igor V. Linskiy; Oleksandr I. Minko; Jürgen Rehm; The composition of unrecorded alcohol from eastern Ukraine: Is there a toxicological concern beyond ethanol alone?. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010, 48, 2842-2847, 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.016.
  19. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephan G. Walch; Jürgen Rehm; Exaggeration of health risk of congener alcohols in unrecorded alcohol: does this mislead alcohol policy efforts?. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2019, 107, 104432, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104432.
  20. Alex O. Okaru; Jürgen Rehm; Katharina Sommerfeld; Thomas Kuballa; Stephan G. Walch; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; The Threat to Quality of Alcoholic Beverages by Unrecorded Consumption. Alcoholic Beverages. The Science of Beverages 2019, 7, 1-34, 10.1016/b978-0-12-815269-0.00001-5.
  21. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Is There a Need for Alcohol Policy to Mitigate Metal Contamination in Unrecorded Fruit Spirits?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 2452, 10.3390/ijerph17072452.
  22. Frank Musshoff; Heike P. Junker; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Lars Kroener; Burkhard Madea; Fully automated determination of cannabinoids in hair samples using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2002, 26, 554-560, 10.1093/jat/26.8.554.
  23. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Lars Kroener; Frank Musshoff; Burkhard Madea; Application of tandem mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography and headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2003, 17, 472-478, 10.1002/rcm.945.
  24. Frank Musshoff; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Lars Kroener; Burkhard Madea; Automated headspace solid-phase dynamic extraction for the determination of cannabinoids in hair samples. Forensic Science International 2003, 133, 32-38, 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00047-1.
  25. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Lars Kroener; Frank Musshoff; Burkhard Madea; Determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography?mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2003, 378, 183-189, 10.1007/s00216-003-2268-4.
  26. Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Hanfhaltige Lebensmittel – ein Problem?. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 2004, 100(12), 481–490, 10.5281/zenodo.3266096.
  27. Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Walch, Stephan G.; Analysis and Toxicological Evaluation of Cannabinoids in Hemp Food Products - a review. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2005, 4(1), 812–826, 10.5281/zenodo.438133.
  28. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephan G. Walch; Current Status of THC in German Hemp Food Products. Journal of Industrial Hemp 2006, 10, 5-17, 10.1300/j237v10n02_02.
  29. Ines Barthlott; Andreas Scharinger; Patricia Golombek; Thomas Kuballa; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; A Quantitative 1H NMR Method for Screening Cannabinoids in CBD Oils. Toxics 2021, 9, 136, 10.3390/toxics9060136.
  30. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephanie Habel; Berit Fischer; Frauke Herbi; Yvonne Zerbe; Verena Bock; Tabata Rajcic de Rezende; Stephan G. Walch; Constanze Sproll; Are adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products caused by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contamination?. F1000Research 2021, 8, 1394, 10.12688/f1000research.19931.4.
  31. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephan G. Walch; Evidence for adverse effects of cannabidiol (CBD) products and their non-conformity on the European food market – response to the European Industrial Hemp Association. F1000Research 2021, 9, 1051, 10.12688/f1000research.26045.2.
  32. Sandra Schweikle; Patricia Golombek; Constanze Sproll; Stephan G. Walch; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; The Challenge of Risk Assessment of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cannabidiol (CBD) Oils and Food Supplements: An Approach for Deriving Maximum Limits. Challenges 2022, 13, 32, 10.3390/challe13020032.
  33. Pascal Hindelang; Andreas Scharinger; Elke Richling; Stephan G. Walch; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Using the BMD Approach to Derive Acceptable Daily Intakes of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Relevant to Electronic Cigarette Liquids. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark 2022, 27, 228, 10.31083/j.fbl2708228.
  34. Hannah Dräger; Ines Barthlott; Patricia Golombek; Stephan G. Walch; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Time Trends of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a 2008–2021 German National Survey of Hemp Food Products. Foods 2022, 11, 486, 10.3390/foods11030486.
  35. Patricia Golombek; Marco Müller; Ines Barthlott; Constanze Sproll; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Conversion of Cannabidiol (CBD) into Psychotropic Cannabinoids Including Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): A Controversy in the Scientific Literature. Toxics 2020, 8, 41, 10.3390/toxics8020041.
  36. Habel, Stephanie; Sproll, Constanze; Teipel, Jan; Walch, Stephan G.; Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Positive Cannabis-Urintests durch kommerzielle Cannabidiol-Produkte. Toxichem Krimtech 2020, 87(1), 10–18, 10.5281/zenodo.3583086.
  37. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Patrick Diel; A Warning against the Negligent Use of Cannabidiol in Professional and Amateur Athletes. Sports 2019, 7, 251, 10.3390/sports7120251.
  38. Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Bock, Verena; Deych, Anna; Sproll, Constanze; Rajcic de Rezende, Tabata; Walch, Stephan G.; Hemp-containing foods - an update. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 2019, 115(8), 351–372, 10.5281/zenodo.3384641.
  39. Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Classification of Cannabidiol (CBD) from Hemp - A Narcotic Drug and therefore a Non-Food?. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 2020, 116(8), 347–348, 10.5281/zenodo.4081762.
  40. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Stephan G. Walch; Cannabidiol (CBD): a strong plea for mandatory pre-marketing approval of food supplements. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety 2020, 15, 97-98, 10.1007/s00003-020-01281-2.
  41. Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Rajcic de Rezende, Tabata; Habel, Stephanie; Bock, Verena; Sproll, Constanze; Walch, Stephan G.; Current Case Law confirms Novel Food Classification of Hemp Extracts and Cannabidiol (CBD) in Foods-Narcotic Classification of Cannabis Foods remains unclear. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 2020, 116(3), 111–119, 10.5281/zenodo.3631608.
  42. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Jürgen Rehm; Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports 2015, 5, 8126, 10.1038/srep08126.
  43. Peter Anderson; Virginia Berridge; Patricia Conrod; Robert Dudley; Matilda Hellman; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Anne Lingford-Hughes; David Miller; Jürgen Rehm; Robin Room; et al.Laura SchmidtRoger SullivanTamyko YsaAntoni Gual Reframing the science and policy of nicotine, illegal drugs and alcohol – conclusions of the ALICE RAP Project. F1000Research 2017, 6, 289, 10.12688/f1000research.10860.1.
  44. Dana Loomis; Kathryn Z Guyton; Yann Grosse; Beatrice Lauby-Secretan; Fatiha El Ghissassi; Véronique Bouvard; Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa; Neela Guha; Heidi Mattock; Kurt Straif; et al. Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages. The Lancet Oncology 2016, 17, 877-878, 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30239-x.
  45. Alex O. Okaru; Anke Rullmann; Adriana Farah; Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia; Mariana C. Stern; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Comparative oesophageal cancer risk assessment of hot beverage consumption (coffee, mate and tea): the margin of exposure of PAH vs very hot temperatures. BMC Cancer 2018, 18, 1-13, 10.1186/s12885-018-4060-z.
  46. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Dispensing and serving temperatures of coffee-based hot beverages Exploratory survey as a basis for cancer risk assessment. Ernahrungs Umschau 2018, 65(4), 64-70, 10.4455/EU.2018.014.
  47. Julia Dirler; Gertrud Winkler; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; What Temperature of Coffee Exceeds the Pain Threshold? Pilot Study of a Sensory Analysis Method as Basis for Cancer Risk Assessment. Foods 2018, 7, 83, 10.3390/foods7060083.
  48. Langer, T.; Winkler, G.; Lachenmeier, D. W.; Studies on the cooling behavior of hot drinks against the background of temperature-related cancer risk. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 2018, 114(7), 307–314, 10.5281/zenodo.1402983.
  49. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Walter Lachenmeier; Injury Threshold of Oral Contact with Hot Foods and Method for Its Sensory Evaluation. Safety 2018, 4, 38, 10.3390/safety4030038.
  50. Ian C. C. Nóbrega; Igor H. L. Costa; Axel C. Macedo; Yuri M. Ishihara; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Serving Temperatures of Best-Selling Coffees in Two Segments of the Brazilian Food Service Industry Are Very Hot. Foods 2020, 9, 1047, 10.3390/foods9081047.
  51. Johanna A. Klotz; Gertrud Winkler; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Influence of the Brewing Temperature on the Taste of Espresso. Foods 2020, 9, 36, 10.3390/foods9010036.
  52. Lachenmeier, Dirk W; Schwarz, Steffen; Some Like It Too Hot? Rethinking Coffee Serving Practices. CoffeeBI 2018, February 28, 1-2, 10.5281/zenodo.1204877.
  53. Tizian Klingel; Jonathan I. Kremer; Vera Gottstein; Tabata Rajcic De Rezende; Steffen Schwarz; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; A Review of Coffee By-Products Including Leaf, Flower, Cherry, Husk, Silver Skin, and Spent Grounds as Novel Foods within the European Union. Foods 2020, 9, 665, 10.3390/foods9050665.
  54. Nadine Tritsch; Marc C. Steger; Valerie Segatz; Patrik Blumenthal; Marina Rigling; Steffen Schwarz; Yanyan Zhang; Heike Franke; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Risk Assessment of Caffeine and Epigallocatechin Gallate in Coffee Leaf Tea. Foods 2022, 11, 263, 10.3390/foods11030263.
  55. Valerie Segatz; Marc C. Steger; Patrik Blumenthal; Vera Gottstein; Marina Rigling; Steffen Schwarz; Yanyan Zhang; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Evaluation of Analytical Methods to Determine Regulatory Compliance of Coffee Leaf Tea. Biology and Life Sciences Forum 2021, 6, 45, 10.3390/Foods2021-10937.
  56. Marc C. Steger; Marina Rigling; Patrik Blumenthal; Valerie Segatz; Andrès Quintanilla-Belucci; Julia M. Beisel; Jörg Rieke-Zapp; Steffen Schwarz; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Yanyan Zhang; et al. Coffee Leaf Tea from El Salvador: On-Site Production Considering Influences of Processing on Chemical Composition. Foods 2022, 11, 2553, 10.3390/foods11172553.
  57. Patrik Blumenthal; Marc Steger; Daniel Einfalt; Jörg Rieke-Zapp; Andrès Quintanilla Bellucci; Katharina Sommerfeld; Steffen Schwarz; Dirk Lachenmeier; Methanol Mitigation during Manufacturing of Fruit Spirits with Special Consideration of Novel Coffee Cherry Spirits. Molecules 2021, 26, 2585, 10.3390/molecules26092585.
  58. Patrik Blumenthal; Marc C. Steger; Andrès Quintanilla Bellucci; Valerie Segatz; Jörg Rieke-Zapp; Katharina Sommerfeld; Steffen Schwarz; Daniel Einfalt; Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Production of Coffee Cherry Spirits from Coffea arabica Varieties. Foods 2022, 11, 1672, 10.3390/foods11121672.
  59. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Tabata Rajcic de Rezende; Steffen Schwarz; An Update on Sustainable Valorization of Coffee By-Products as Novel Foods within the European Union. Biology and Life Sciences Forum 2021, 6, 37, 10.3390/Foods2021-10969.
  60. Dirk W. Lachenmeier; Steffen Schwarz; Jörg Rieke-Zapp; Ennio Cantergiani; Harshadrai Rawel; María Angeles Martín-Cabrejas; Maria Martuscelli; Vera Gottstein; Simone Angeloni; Coffee By-Products as Sustainable Novel Foods: Report of the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Foods—“Future Foods and Food Technologies for a Sustainable World”. Foods 2021, 11, 3, 10.3390/foods11010003.
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