Sludge Co-Pyrolysis Technology: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Camila Xu and Version 1 by Lei Han.

Pyrolysis, one of the main technologies for sludge treatment, has the advantages of thorough treatment, volume minimization, and the recovery of high-value products. However, sludge pyrolysis is often associated with problems such as high volatility and low ash content, as well as poor application performance of pyrolysis residues. Co-pyrolysis technology has reduced pyrolysis energy consumption and improved the range and quality of pyrolysis product applications.

  • sludge
  • additives
  • co-pyrolysis

1. Introduction

With the rapid development of the energy industry, great challenges in treating all types of sludge (oil sludge, paper sludge, municipal sludge, etc.) have emerged [1]. It has been predicted that the total growth rate of various types of sludge in China will increase by approximately 10% per year [2]. Thus, the development of sludge treatment technology worldwide has drastically increased. Currently, the main methods used in sludge treatment include incineration, land cultivation, and thermochemical conversion. Although they have certain applications, they still have their own limitations, and it is difficult to meet the requirements of various countries for sludge treatment and disposal. Among these methods, pyrolysis is considered a promising method for sludge valorization owing to the associated low heavy metal content, volume minimization, zero-waste conversion, and high-value product recovery [3]. In addition, compared with incineration, fewer sulfur oxides and a lower heavy metal content are produced in residues during sludge pyrolysis, and the by-products, such as pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis residues, and combustible gas, have reutilization value [4].

2. Types and Characteristics of Sludge

There are many ways to classify sludge. It can be classified as organic, inorganic, or hydrophobic sludge according to its composition and the characteristics produced during sewage treatment. Based on the different stages of treatment, sludges are categorized as raw, thickened, and dried sludge, among other types. Further, according to one source, it can be divided into municipal, oily, papermaking, printing, and dyeing sludge, among others. However, they are usually treated according to the source of the sludge. In sludge treatment, the different sources of sludge and their basic characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The source and characteristics of sludge.
The Kinds of Sludge The Source of Sludge The Main Component The Characteristics References
Domestic sludge Water supply plant sludge Wastewater treatment plants. Al, Fe and other trace elements are higher in sludge. The main mineral composition is Muscovite and kaolin. High cleanliness, not suitable for agricultural soil due to the addition of flocculants, the content of heavy metals exceeds the standard. [10,11,12][5][6][7]
Municipal Sludge Municipal facilities such as municipal sewage works. High moisture content, rich in N, P, K and ash content. Stable source composition. [13,14,15][8][9][10]
Industrial sludge Oily sludge The process of exploitation and refining in the petroleum industry. Because of different sources, the water content, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content are high. The composition is complex, the oil content varies greatly, the stability is high, and the treatment is difficult. [16,17,18][11][12][13]
Papermaking sludge The treatment process of wastewater produced. during ash removal in a paper mill. High water content, small residue content, the organic matter is mainly cellulose, the heavy metal content is low. Cellulose is abundant and can be developed as a renewable fuel. [19,20,21][14][15][16]
Printing and dyeing sludge Printing and dyeing wastewater treatment process. High moisture content, heavy metals, organic compounds and other complex components. Organic compounds are complex with heavy metal content and heavy pollution. [22,23,24][17][18][19]
Electroplating sludge Electroplating wastewater treatment process. High moisture content, residue content, Zn, Cr and other heavy metals content. Low nutrient element and agricultural value; The composition is complex and the heavy metal is unstable, so the crystallinity of the phase is small. [25,26,27,28][20][21][22][23]
Metallurgical sludge Iron and steel production process, metallurgical industry production process. Fe, FeO, SiO2, CaO content are high, iron sludge high carbon content, heavy metal content. Corrosive and chemically toxic. [29,30][24][25]
It can be seen from Table 1 that the main composition and characteristics of sludge from different sources are relatively obvious. Therefore, the classification of sludge by source is helpful for researchers to further clarify the reasons for potential synergy between sludge and different additive co-pyrolysis.

3. Sludge Co-Pyrolysis Technology

Pyrolysis, one of the main technologies for sludge treatment, has the advantages of thorough treatment, volume minimization, and the recovery of high-value products [31][26]. However, sludge pyrolysis is often associated with problems such as high volatility and low ash content, as well as poor application performance of pyrolysis residues. Therefore, researchers have carried out investigations into sludge co-pyrolysis technologies with biomass and other additives in recent years. Generally, sludge, biomass, and solid waste are different in chemical and physical properties, such as ash content, volatile matter, and oxygen content, which can result in synergetic interactions during co-pyrolysis [32][27]. The use of the synergistic effect with the co-pyrolysis of sludge and additives can solve the shortcomings of sludge pyrolysis and realize associated resource utilization.

3.1. Co-Pyrolysis of Sludge and Biomass

Biomass comprises an organism formed through photosynthesis. The use of clean, renewable biomass energy has always been a hot topic for researchers [33,34][28][29]. Therefore, in recent years, researchers have studied the multi-phase products (gas, pyrolysis oil, biochar) of the co-pyrolysis of sludge and biomass and found that it not only solves the problem of sludge and biomass resource utilization, but can also improve the quality of multi-phase products and the prospects of product reuse [35,36,37][30][31][32].

3.1.1. Effect of Sludge and Biomass Co-Pyrolysis on the Performance of Biochar

Hua has obtained a heavy-metal adsorbent with a rich pore structure and more mineral particles from the co-pyrolysis of municipal sludge and banana peel [38][33]. Hong found that an increase in the pyrolysis temperature results in an increase in ash content and the specific surface area of the residue in the co-pyrolysis of dehydrated sludge and water hyacinth, and the adsorption capacity of Cr3+ reached 44.96 mg g−1 [39][34]. Wang obtained potential soil amendment products with higher carbon storage capacity in the soil from the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton straw in terms of higher carbon content and lower H/C and N/C values [40][35]. In addition, because the residue has a high cation exchange capacity, it can enhance the nutrient supply and nutrient retention capacity in the degraded soil, and thus, it has high economic and environmental value. Xu et al. [41][36] used bamboo scraps as an additive to pyrolyze sewage sludge at 700 °C and found that the residue yield, pH value, ash content, specific surface area, and residue aromatization degree increased significantly, whereas H/C remained relatively low. At the same time, with the increases in bamboo chip proportions, the potential ecological risk factor of heavy metals in the residue drops below 40. Heavy metals are also reduced to a low risk level, indicating that the addition of bamboo chips is beneficial to improve the quality of the residue.

3.1.2. Effect of Co-Pyrolysis of Sludge and Biomass on Gas and Liquid Phases

The co-pyrolysis of sludge and biomass will not only change the properties of the biochar but also improve the quality of gas–liquid products [43,44][37][38]. Many researchers have evaluated the co-pyrolysis of sludge and biomass to enhance the properties of the gas and liquid phases and reduce activation energy during pyrolysis [45,46][39][40]. For example, Li found that the addition of peanut shells in the pyrolysis of municipal sludge can decrease the ammonia nitrogen content of the liquid phase product to 1369.00 mg/L, and the water phase product is one of wood vinegar [47][41]. Wan found an increase in the H2 yield of combustible gas with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature during the co-pyrolysis of domestic sludge and pine wood chips [48][42]. Wang also observed that the addition of pine wood chips to the pyrolysis of domestic sludge can decrease the pyrolysis activation energy by approximately 117 kJ/mol [49][43]. Li studied the reaction kinetics and product distribution characteristics of the co-pyrolysis process from the co-pyrolysis of municipal domestic sludge and vinegar grains in a fixed-bed reactor and revealed that the presence of grains not only increases the H2 and CO yield and the distribution of phenols and esters in the bio-oil, but also reduces the final temperature of the pyrolysis reaction [50][44].

3.2. Co-Pyrolysis of Sludge and Coal

China has abundant coal reserves, and coal is an important primary energy source. Some high-rank coals, such as anthracite, have been exploited in large quantities, but low-rank coals, such as lignite, long-flame coal, and bituminous coal, have the disadvantages of low calorific value and high moisture content [52][45]. Therefore, if improperly handled, they are likely to cause secondary pollution in the environment. Studies have found that coal and sludge have a synergistic catalytic effect on the co-pyrolysis process. On one hand, the synergetic effect can improve sludge pyrolysis characteristics during the co-pyrolysis of sludge and coal, and achieve the effective utilization of solid waste. On the other hand, sulfur contaminant emissions can also be controlled. For example, Li found that the addition of bituminous coal to the pyrolysis of dried sludge can reduce the pyrolysis temperature at the peak of gas production by 100 °C compared to that with the pyrolysis of sludge alone, effectively decrease the activation energy, and increase the yield of H2 by 50% [53][46]. Chang obtained two independent pyrolysis zones of the co-pyrolysis process from the co-pyrolysis of low metamorphic coal and municipal sludge, and the results showed that the pyrolysis of sludge occurred mainly below 450 °C, whereas higher temperatures were mainly associated with the pyrolysis of coal [54][47]. However, owing to the synergetic effect, the activation energy for the co-pyrolysis of sludge and coal is less than that of the pyrolysis of sludge and coal separately. The concentration of small-molecule combustible gases, such as H2 and CO, in mixed pyrolysis accounts for more than 85% of the total gas phase yield, and the calorific value can reach 32.05 MJ/Nm3. Moreover, the iodine value can reach 277 mg/g. These properties make pyrolysis residues promising as fuels and for adsorbent applications. Chen found that the synergetic effect between domestic sludge and Shenmu coal results in the comprehensive release characteristic index of volatile matter being increased by 1.86 times, but the activation energy was determined to be only 75% of the pyrolysis of sludge [55][48]. In addition, he revealed that co-pyrolysis has stable devolatilization and low reaction activation energy and also observed an increase in the yield of CH4 and H2 but a decrease in the emission of CO2 and nitrogen-containing gas yield [56][49]. Zhao et al. [57][50] also observed a significant inhibitory effect on the release of H2S and SO2 yield during the co-pyrolysis of Zhundong coal and domestic sludge, and when the mass ratio of Zhundong coal to sludge was 1:1, the inhibitory effect of sulfur pollutants was best. The co-pyrolysis of coal and sludge can reduce the activation energy of the pyrolysis reaction, improving the utilization rate of coal and sludge and reducing the emission of sulfur pollutants [58,59][51][52]. In this context, the co-pyrolysis of sludge and coal could be a feasible approach to achieve the sustainable development and resource utilization of sludge.

3.3. Co-Pyrolysis of Sludge and Domestic Waste

With the growth of social and urban living standards, a large amount of domestic waste is produced. Domestic waste refers to the solid waste generated in daily life, and its presence is a huge threat to the living environment. The harmless treatment of domestic waste is an important topic for ecological development [60][53]. As sludge and domestic waste share many usable resources, co-pyrolysis technology can be used to reuse sludge and domestic waste resources. Fang studied the co-pyrolysis of combustible solid waste and paper mill sludge and found that when the blending mass ratio is 10%, oxygen-containing substances increase by 20.11% [61][54]; further, when the blending mass ratio is 50%, it can promote sulfur and nitrogen fixation and minimize pollutant emissions. In addition, upon assessing the thermal characteristics and kinetics of the co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and paper mill sludge by TG-GC/MS, the activation energy of the solution was found to be only 95.70 kJ/mol, with further increases in the yields of gas–liquid products [62][55]. Therefore, using domestic waste as an additive for sludge pyrolysis not only promotes the pyrolysis of sludge but also helps to deal with the pollution problems caused by domestic waste [64,65][56][57]. This research deserves to be extended in the future.

3.4. Research on the Co-Pyrolysis of Sludge and other Additives

Beyond the additives discussed previously herein, some special substances are also used for co-pyrolysis with sludge. For example, Liu prepared magnetic biochar based on the co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge with nano-zero-valent iron and used it to remove Cr6+ in wastewater [66][58]; they found that the removal rate of Cr6+ was good, and the adsorption amount could reach 11.56 mg g−1. Milato used polyolefins as additives to co-pyrolyze oily sludge in a fixed-bed reactor at 450 °C [67][59]. They found that different products were produced due to the presence of polyolefins in the pyrolysis of oily sludge. At the same time, due to the synergistic effect of tertiary carbon in polyolefin and oily sludge, the pyrolysis process was optimized, and the content of heavy hydrocarbons (≥C25) was found to increase. Overall, based on the characteristics of sludge and the additives, sludge co-pyrolysis technology could increase the application of co-pyrolysis residues (such as adsorbents, catalysts, soil nutrients, pesticide additives, antibacterial agents, etc.). Therefore, it is suggested future research focus on the co-pyrolysis of sludge with more large-scale additives, which have a greater synergistic effect with sludge, to further improve the potential value of sludge co-pyrolysis products.

References

  1. Ding, A.; Zhang, R.; Ngo, H.H.; He, X.; Ma, J.; Nan, J.; Li, G. Life cycle assessment of sewage sludge treatment and disposal based on nutrient and energy recovery: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 769, 144451–144464.
  2. Zhu, J.J.; Yang, Y.; Yang, L.; Zhu, Y. High quality syngas produced from the co-pyrolysis of wet sewage sludge with sawdust. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2018, 43, 5463–5472.
  3. Hou, Y.F.; Huang, Z.Q.; Qiu, Z.W.; Shang, X.M. Research progress of oily sludge treatment technology. Contemp. Chem. Ind. 2020, 49, 631–637.
  4. Haghighat, M.; Majidian, N.; Hallajisani, A. Production of bio-oil from sewage sludge: A review on the thermal and catalytic conversion by pyrolysis. Sustain. Energy Techn. 2020, 42, 100870.
  5. Faisal, A.A.; Al-Wakel, S.F.; Assi, H.A.; Naji, L.A.; Naushad, M. Waterworks sludge-filter sand permeable reactive barrier for removal of toxic lead ions from contaminated groundwater. J. Water Process Eng. 2020, 33, 101112–101119.
  6. Barakwan, R.A.; Trihadiningrum, Y.; Bagastyo, A.Y. Characterization of alum sludge from surabaya water treatment plant, Indonesia. J. Ecol. Eng. 2019, 20, 7–13.
  7. Hou, Q.; Meng, P.; Pei, H.; Hu, W.; Chen, Y. Phosphorus adsorption characteristics of alum sludge: Adsorption capacity and the forms of phosphorus retained in alum sludge. Mater. Lett. 2018, 229, 31–35.
  8. Feng, G.; Tan, W.; Zhong, N.; Liu, L. Effects of thermal treatment on physical and expression dewatering characteristics of municipal sludge. Chem. Eng. J. 2014, 247, 223–230.
  9. Feng, G.; Liu, L.; Tan, W. Effect of thermal hydrolysis on rheological behavior of municipal sludge. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014, 53, 11185–11192.
  10. Wang, K.; An, Z.; Wang, F.; Liang, W.; Wang, C.; Guo, Q.; Yue, G. Effect of ash on the performance of iron-based oxygen carrier in the chemical looping gasification of municipal sludge. Energy 2021, 231, 120939–120947.
  11. Deng, S.; Wang, X.; Tan, H.; Mikulčić, H.; Yang, F.; Li, Z.; Duić, N. Thermogravimetric study on the Co-combustion characteristics of oily sludge with plant biomass. Thermochim. Acta 2016, 633, 69–76.
  12. Hamidi, Y.; Ataei, S.A.; Sarrafi, A. A simple, fast and low-cost method for the efficient separation of hydrocarbons from oily sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 413, 125328–125336.
  13. Gao, Y.X.; Ding, R.; Chen, X.; Gong, Z.B.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, M. Ultrasonic washing for oily sludge treatment in pilot scale. Ultrasonics 2018, 90, 1–4.
  14. Matúš, M.l.; Križan, P.; Šooš, L.; Beniak, J. The effect of papermaking sludge as an additive to biomass pellets on the final quality of the fuel. Fuel 2018, 219, 196–204.
  15. Salameh, T.; Tawalbeh, M.; Al-Shannag, M.; Saidan, M.; Melhem, K.B.; Alkasrawi, M. Energy saving in the process of bioethanol production from renewable paper mill sludge. Energy 2020, 196, 117085–117091.
  16. Tawalbeh, M.; Rajangam, A.S.; Salameh, T.; Al-Othman, A.; Alkasrawi, M. Characterization of paper mill sludge as a renewable feedstock for sustainable hydrogen and biofuels production. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2021, 46, 4761–4775.
  17. Liu, Y.; Cao, X.; Duan, X.; Wang, Y.; Che, D. Thermal analysis on combustion characteristics of predried dyeing sludge. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 140, 158–165.
  18. Zhu, J.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Yang, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, H. Co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge and four typical lignocellulosic biomasses: Thermal conversion characteristics, synergetic effects and reaction kinetics. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2018, 43, 22135–22147.
  19. Liu, Y.; Ran, C.; Siddiqui, A.R.; Mao, X.; Kang, Q.; Fu, J.; Dai, J. Pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge in fluidized bed: Characterization and analysis of pyrolysis products. Energy 2018, 165, 720–730.
  20. Pinto, F.M.; Pereira, R.A.; Souza, T.M.; Saczk, A.A.; Magriotis, Z.M. Treatment, reuse, leaching characteristics and genotoxicity evaluation of electroplating sludge. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 280, 111706–111712.
  21. Peng, G.; Deng, S.; Liu, F.; Li, T.; Yu, G. Superhigh adsorption of nickel from electroplating wastewater by raw and calcined electroplating sludge waste. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 246, 118948–118954.
  22. Yu, Y.; Huang, Q.; Zhou, J.; Wu, Z.; Deng, H.; Liu, X.; Lin, Z. One-step extraction of high-purity CuCl2 2H2O from copper-containing electroplating sludge based on the directional phase conversion. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 413, 125469–125478.
  23. Sun, J.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, H.; Wang, Y.; Tang, R.; Zhou, H. Bioleaching of copper-containing electroplating sludge. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 285, 112133–112145.
  24. Kicińska, A.; Kosa-Burda, B.; Kozub, P. Utilization of a sewage sludge for rehabilitating the soils degraded by the metallurgical industry and a possible environmental risk involved. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2018, 24, 1990–2010.
  25. Fornés, I.V.; Vaičiukynienė, D.; Nizevičienė, D.; Doroševas, V. The improvement of the water-resistance of the phosphogypsum by adding waste metallurgical sludge. J. Build. Eng. 2021, 43, 102861–102869.
  26. Hu, M.; Guo, D.; Ma, Y.; Liu, Y. Thermal-Chemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Toward Enhanced Energy and Resource Recovery. Sustain. Resour. Manag. Technol. Recovery Reuse Energy Waste Mater. 2021, 7000, 2–5.
  27. Burra, K.G.; Gupta, A.K. Kinetics of synergistic effects in co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastic wastes. Appl. Energy 2018, 220, 408–418.
  28. Zhou, N.; Zhou, J.; Dai, L.; Guo, F.; Wang, Y.; Li, H.; Ruan, R. Syngas production from biomass pyrolysis in a continuous microwave assisted pyrolysis system. Bioresour. Technol. 2020, 314, 123756–123768.
  29. Kumar, R.; Strezov, V.; Weldekidan, H.; He, J.; Singh, S.; Kan, T.; Dastjerdi, B. Lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis for bio-oil production: A review of biomass pre-treatment methods for production of drop-in fuels. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 123, 109763–109772.
  30. Wang, C.; Bi, H.; Lin, Q.; Jiang, X.; Jiang, C. Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and rice husk by TG–FTIR–MS: Pyrolysis behavior, kinetics, and condensable/non-condensable gases characteristics. Renew. Energy 2020, 160, 1048–1066.
  31. Song, Y.; Hu, J.; Liu, J.; Evrendilek, F.; Buyukada, M. CO2-assisted co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge and hyperaccumulator biomass: Dynamic and comparative analyses of evolved gases, bio-oils, biochars, and reaction mechanisms. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 400, 123190–123197.
  32. Du, M.; Li, J.; Wang, F.; Li, X.; Yu, T.; Qu, C. The sludge-based adsorbent from oily sludge and sawdust: Preparation and optimization. Environ. Technol. 2021, 42, 3164–3177.
  33. Hua, S.C. Development of Mixed Waste Biochar and Its Removal Effect on Heavy Metals. Master’s Thesis, University of Jinan, Jinan, China, 2019. (In Chinese).
  34. Hong, Y.J.; Xu, Z.X.; Feng, C.L. Preparation of biochar particles by co-pyrolysis of water hyacinth/sludge and its adsorption characteristics for Cr3+. Chin. J. Environ. Sci. Res. 2020, 33, 1052–1058. (In Chinese)
  35. Wang, Z.; Xie, L.; Liu, K.; Wang, J.; Zhu, H.; Song, Q.; Shu, X. Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and cotton stalks. Waste Manag. 2019, 89, 430–438.
  36. Xu, S.H.; Wang, M.Y.; Diao, H.J. Co-pyrolysis of bamboo chips and sludge affects the characteristics of sewagepeat and the ecological risk of heavy metals. Chin. J. Bull. Sci. Technol. 2019, 35, 190–198. (In Chinese)
  37. Zhu, J.; Zhu, L.; Guo, D.; Chen, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhu, Y. Co-pyrolysis of petrochemical sludge and sawdust for syngas production by TG-MS and fixed bed reactor. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2020, 45, 30232–30243.
  38. Zhang, J.; Jin, J.; Wang, M.; Naidu, R.; Liu, Y.; Man, Y.B.; Shan, S. Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and rice husk/bamboo sawdust for biochar with high aromaticity and low metal mobility. Environ. Res. 2020, 191, 110034–110046.
  39. Wang, X.; Deng, S.; Tan, H.; Adeosun, A.; Vujanović, M.; Yang, F.; Duić, N. Synergetic effect of sewage sludge and biomass co-pyrolysis: A combined study in thermogravimetric analyzer and a fixed bed reactor. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016, 118, 399–405.
  40. Lin, Y.; Chen, Z.; Dai, M.; Fang, S.; Liao, Y.; Yu, Z.; Ma, X. Co-pyrolysis kinetics of sewage sludge and bagasse using multiple normal distributed activation energy model (M-DAEM). Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 259, 173–180.
  41. Li, N.; Wang, J.J.; Meng, J.P. Analysis of liquid phase products of municipal sludge pyrolysis and tar hydrofining. Chin. J. Renew. Energy 2019, 37, 19–28. (In Chinese)
  42. Wan, L.; Zhu, Y.Z.; Gao, Y. Experimental study on co-pyrolysis of high-humidity sludge and biomass. Chin. J. Nanjing Univ. Technol. Nat. Sci. Ed. 2019, 41, 232–247. (In Chinese)
  43. Wang, Y.J.; Ding, Y.F.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, W.H. Study on co-pyrolysis characteristics of sludge and wood chips. Chin. J. Renew. Energy 2019, 37, 26–33. (In Chinese)
  44. Li, Q.Q.; Zhang, Y.Q.; Zheng, Y. Co-pyrolysis characteristics of sludge and vinegar grains and alkali metal migration law. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 35, 2057–2065. (In Chinese)
  45. Xia, Y.; Zhang, R.; Cao, Y.; Xing, Y.; Gui, X. Role of molecular simulation in understanding the mechanism of low-rank coal flotation: A review. Fuel 2020, 262, 116535–116547.
  46. Li, G.; Shu, X.Q. Two kinds of bituminous coal mixed with dried sludge to produce gas by medium temperature pyrolysis. Chin. J. Environ. Eng. 2018, 12, 256–264. (In Chinese)
  47. Chang, F.M.; Wang, Q.B.; Wang, K.J. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic analysis of mixed urban sludge and coal. Chin. J. Environ. Eng. 2015, 9, 2412–2418.
  48. Chen, F.R.; Wang, Y.Z.; Cheng, F. Co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetic analysis of Shenmu coal and domestic sludge. Chin. J. Coal Chem. Ind. 2019, 47, 55–59. (In Chinese)
  49. He, C.; Tang, C.; Liu, W.; Dai, L.; Qiu, R. Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and hydrochar with coals: Pyrolytic behaviors and kinetics analysis using TG-FTIR and a discrete distributed activation energy model. Energy Convers. Manag. 2020, 203, 112226–112235.
  50. Zhao, B.; Jin, J.; Li, S.; Liu, D.; Zhang, R.; Yang, H. Co-pyrolysis characteristics of sludge mixed with Zhundong coal and sulphur contaminant release regularity. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2019, 138, 1623–1632.
  51. Liu, X.; Cui, P.; Ling, Q.; Zhao, Z.; Xie, R. A review on co-pyrolysis of coal and oil shale to produce coke. Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 2020, 14, 504–512.
  52. Merdun, H.; Laougé, Z.B.; Çığgın, A.S. Synergistic effects on co-pyrolysis and co-combustion of sludge and coal investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2021, 146, 2623–2637.
  53. Fang, S.; Lin, Y.; Huang, Z.; Huang, H.; Chen, S.; Ding, L. Investigation of co-pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of municipal solid waste and paper sludge through TG-FTIR and DAEM. Thermochim. Acta 2021, 700, 178889–178895.
  54. Fang, S.; Yu, Z.; Ma, X.; Lin, Y.; Lin, Y.; Chen, L.; Liao, Y. Co-pyrolysis characters between combustible solid waste and paper mill sludge by TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 144, 114–122.
  55. Fang, S.; Yu, Z.; Lin, Y.; Lin, Y.; Fan, Y.; Liao, Y.; Ma, X. A study on experimental characteristic of co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and paper mill sludge with additives. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2017, 111, 292–300.
  56. Chen, G.; Tian, S.; Liu, B.; Hu, M.; Ma, W.; Li, X. Stabilization of heavy metals during co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and excavated waste. Waste Manag. 2020, 103, 268–275.
  57. Sun, Y.; Tao, J.; Chen, G.; Yan, B.; Cheng, Z. Distribution of Hg during sewage sludge and municipal solid waste Co-pyrolysis: Influence of multiple factors. Waste Manag. 2020, 107, 276–284.
  58. Liu, L.; Liu, X.; Wang, D.; Lin, H.; Huang, L. Removal and reduction of Cr (VI) in simulated wastewater using magnetic biochar prepared by co-pyrolysis of nano-zero-valent iron and sewage sludge. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 257, 120562–120575.
  59. Milato, J.V.; Franca, R.J.; Calderari, M.R.M. Co-pyrolysis of oil sludge with polyolefins: Evaluation of different Y zeolites to obtain paraffinic products. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 103805–103809.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Video Production Service
Feedback