Encyclopedia
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Xue Wang and Version 1 by Xue Wang.
电子产品不同于一般耐用产品。随着电子技术的飞速发展，电子产品的更新换代速度极快。虽然它能给我们带来生活质量的提升，但消除频率却高于其他产品。如果废弃的电子产品不能及时处理，会给生态环境带来严重的污染破坏。电子产品是具有高回收价值的产品，具有快速更新换代、环境污染和资源再利用三个属性。因此，为了减少废旧电子产品对环境的影响，妥善回收废旧电子产品非常重要。废旧电子产品的回收利用是一个需要实践和理论解决的问题。废旧电子产品首先要解决的问题是制造商对回收模式的选择。厂家回收主要有两种：一种是厂家自行回收，另一种是借助网络平台或第三方回收。Electronics are different from general durable products. With the rapid development of electronic technology, the replacement of electronic products is extremely fast. Although it can bring us an improvement in the quality of life, the frequency of elimination is higher than that of other products. If the discarded electronic products cannot be disposed of in time, it will bring serious pollution damage to the ecological environment.Electronic products are products with high recycling value, which have three attributes of fast replacement, environmental pollution and resource reuse. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of waste electronics on the environment, it is very important to properly recycle waste electronics.The recycling of waste electronic products is a problem to be solved in practice and theory. The first and foremost problem to be solved for waste electronic products is the choice of recycling model for the manufacturer. There are two main types of manufacturer recycling, one is self-recycling by the manufacturer, the other is with the help of online platforms or third-party recycling.
除了回收模式的选择，回收过程不透明、监管不严等问题容易影响消费者对废品回收的信任。消费者退回使用过的产品，但并非全部到达制造商手中，废品的实际回收率远低于理论回收率。区块链作为一种分布式记账技术，具有可见性、不可篡改、可追溯性、去中心化、系统高可靠性等特点，可以在点对点网络上验证交易，实现安全、透明、低交易成本、交易的自动化。我们可以通过使用可见性和可追溯性功能来增加消费者的信任区块链技术能够实现真正有效的废品回收。In addition to the choice of recycling model, the opaque recycling process, lax supervision and other problems easily affect consumers' trust in the recycling of waste products. Consumers returned used products, but not all of them reached the manufacturer, and the actual recycling of waste products was far less than the theoretical recycling. As a distributed accounting technology blockchain has the characteristics of visibility,tamper-proof, traceability, decentralization, and the high reliability of the system, which can verify transactions on peer-to-peer networks and achieve security, transparency, low transaction costs,and the automation of transactions. We can increase the trust of consumers by using the visibility and traceability features blockchain technology to enable the real and effective recycling of waste products.
- waste electronic products
- platform
- closed-loop supply chain
- recycling model
- blockchain
一1、简介Introduction
With the rapid development of information technology and e-commerce, online sales have become a mainstream sales trend. According to the 2020 Suning Annual Report, Suning merchandise sales scale was 416.315 billion yuan, of which the online platform merchandise sales scale reached 290.335 billion yuan, an increase of 21.60% year-on-year, with the online sales scale accounting for nearly 70%. Online platforms are increasingly
becoming the mainstream sales channels for electronic products. During the 2020 Tmall“Double Eleven” global shopping event, more than 70 electronic brands, including Apple, Huawei, Xiaomi, Haier, Gree, and so on, had a turnover of over 100 million. After 10 min at zero on “Double Eleven”, the turnover of Huawei phones on JD.com increased by more than 100% year-on-year. In addition to the cell phone category, other digital electronic products such as high-end HiFi headphones, routers, and high-end thin and light notebooks all saw a multi-fold growth in sales.
becoming the mainstream sales channels for electronic products. During the 2020 Tmall“Double Eleven” global shopping event, more than 70 electronic brands, including Apple, Huawei, Xiaomi, Haier, Gree, and so on, had a turnover of over 100 million. After 10 min at zero on “Double Eleven”, the turnover of Huawei phones on JD.com increased by more than 100% year-on-year. In addition to the cell phone category, other digital electronic products such as high-end HiFi headphones, routers, and high-end thin and light notebooks all saw a multi-fold growth in sales.
Today, more and more consumers are switching from offline shopping to online, and more and more manufacturers are relying on online platforms to sell their products. The advantages of platform sales over traditional offline sales are obvious, as consumers can purchase products without being bound by time and place. In addition, online platforms can use the network effect of their own channels or adopt online marketing to expand the potential demand of the consumer market, which is the unique “platform power” of platform sales [1]. For example, Tmall and Taobao hired influential celebrities and weblebrities to broadcast live to promote their products. There is the augmented reality (AR) experience function launched by Dewu APP, which reduces the uncertainty of consumers when purchasing products online. “Platform power” enables online retail platforms to create more demand through their online channels and attract more manufacturers to sell products through the platform [2].
随着信息技术和电子商务的快速发展，网上销售已成为一种主流的销售趋势。苏宁2020年年报显示，苏宁商品销售规模4163There are mainly two modes of cooperative sales between the manufacturer and platforms, namely the platform reselling model (by purchasing products from the manufacturer and selling them to buyers) and the platform agent selling model (in which the manufacturer sells their products directly to buyers).15亿元，其中线上平台商品销售规模达2903.35亿元，同比增长21.60%，线上销售规模占比近70 %。线上平台正日益成为电子产品的主流销售渠道。2020天猫“双十一”全球购物盛会，包括苹果、华为、小米、海尔、格力等70多个电子品牌，成交额过亿。“双十一”零10分钟后，华为手机在京东的成交额同比增长超过100%。除了手机类，
如今，越来越多的消费者正在从线下购物转向线上，越来越多的制造商依靠线上平台销售产品。平台销售相对于传统线下销售的优势是显而易见的，消费者可以不受时间和地点的限制购买产品。此外，网络平台可以利用自身渠道的网络效应或采取网络营销的方式来拓展消费市场的潜在需求，这是平台销售独有的“平台力量” Platform agent reselling is where the platform receives a commission or a portion of sales from the manufacturer, who sells directly to the consumer [3]. In the case of electronics, consumers demand electronics more frequently. Therefore, most platforms use a reselling model when selling electronics in order to gain pricing power over them and thus have better control over price as a marketing lever [4]. 1]。例如，天猫和淘宝聘请有影响力的名人和网红进行直播来推广他们的产品。还有得物For example, APP推出的增强现实（AR）体验功能，减少了消费者在网上购买产品时的不确定性。“平台力量”使在线零售平台能够通过其在线渠道创造更多需求，并吸引更多制造商通过平台销售产品[mazon resells high-demand products such as electronics produced by upstream manufacturers, while it adopts the agent reselling model for non-mainstream, long-tail 2products [5]。.
厂商与平台的合作销售主要有两种模式，一种是平台倒卖模式（从厂商那里购买产品再卖给买家）和平台代销模式（厂商直接将产品卖给买家）。Electronics are different from general durable products. With the rapid development of electronic technology, the replacement of electronic products is extremely fast. Although it can bring us an improvement in the quality of life, the frequency of elimination is higher than that of other products. If the discarded electronic products cannot be disposed of in time, it will bring serious pollutive damage to the ecological environment. For example, lead in televisions, and arsenic, mercury, and other harmful substances contained in computers, are extremely harmful to the environment. However, there are many reusable and even non-renewable resources in waste electronic products, such as aluminum alloys in computer hard drives, and lithium or nickel-metal hydride batteries in communication tools, which can be recycled and reused. Electronic products are products with high recycling value, which have three attributes of fast replacement, environmental pollution, and resource . 平台代理转售是指平台从制造商那里获得佣金或部分销售额，制造商直接向消费者销售 [reuse. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of waste electronics on the environment, it is very important to 3properly ]。就电子产品而言，消费者对电子产品的需求更为频繁。因此，大多数平台在销售电子产品时都使用转售模式，以获得对它们的定价权，从而更好地控制价格作为营销杠杆[recycle 4]。例如，亚马逊转售上游制造商生产的电子产品等高需求产品，而对非主流、长尾产品采取代理转售模式[waste 5electronics ]。
电子产品不同于一般耐用产品。随着电子技术的飞速发展，电子产品的更新换代速度极快。虽然它能给我们带来生活质量的提升，但消除频率却高于其他产品。如果废弃的电子产品不能及时处理，会给生态环境带来严重的污染破坏。例如，电视机中的铅，以及计算机中所含的砷、汞等有害物质，对环境的危害极大。但废旧电子产品中有很多可重复利用甚至不可再生的资源，如电脑硬盘中的铝合金，通讯工具中的锂或镍氢电池，可以回收再利用。电子产品是具有高回收价值的产品，具有快速更新换代、环境污染和资源再利用三个属性。因此，为了减少废旧电子产品对环境的影响，妥善回收废旧电子产品非常重要[6]。现在，许多公司已经开始回收这些可重复使用的废旧电子产品。废旧电子产品的回收利用是一个需要实践和理论解决的问题。废旧电子产品首先要解决的问题是制造商对回收模式的选择。厂家回收主要有两种：一种是厂家自行回收，另一种是借助网络平台或第三方回收。厂家自主回收与消费者直接接触，能够紧跟最新产品动向，保留准确的信息反馈，从而使产品的生产销售和逆向回收更加高效，同时也实现了残值利润的最大化。例如，比亚迪自主回收电动汽车中的锂动力电池。也有不少厂家利用网络平台或第三方进行回收。例如，爱回收作为电子产品回收平台之一，与华为、小米、苹果、OPPO等手机厂商合作回收废旧电子产品。海尔、. Now, many companies have started to recycle these reusable waste electronic products. The recycling of waste electronic products is a problem to be solved in practice and theory. The first and foremost problem to be solved for waste electronic products is the choice of recycling model for the manufacturer. There are two main types of manufacturer recycling: one is self-recycling by the manufacturer, and the other is with the help of online platforms or third-party recycling. The manufacturer’s independent recycling is in direct contact with consumers and can keep up with the latest product trends and retain accurate information feedback, thus making the production and sale of products and reverse recycling more efficient while also maximizing residual value profits. For example, BYD independently recycles lithium power batteries in electric vehicles. There are also many cases of the manufacturer using online platforms or third parties for recycling. For example, Aihuishou, as one of the electronic product-recycling platforms, cooperates with Huawei, Xiaomi, Apple, oppo, and other mobile phone manufacturers to recycle waste electronic products. Haier, TCL、创维等家电企业利用第三方回收服务平台，结合自身销售渠道和网络，以“互联网”的经营理念，在全国范围内开展废旧产品回收和以旧换新服务。 + 回收”。与传统的线下回收不同，线上回收因为覆盖范围更广，更方便消费者，正成为制造商重要的回收方式。对于制造商而言，两种回收模式各有优势。但目前，制造商自行或通过平台回收的动机尚不明确，尤其是对环境污染和回收价值高的电子产品。因此，废旧电子产品回收模式的选择是本文讨论的重点之一。, Skyworth, and other home appliance companies use third-party recycling service platforms, combined with their own sales channels and networks, to carry out used-product recycling and trade-in services across the country with the operation idea of “Internet + recycling”. Unlike traditional offline recycling, online recycling is becoming an important recycling method for the manufacturer because it reaches a wider range of consumers and is more convenient for them. For the manufacturer, both recycling models have their advantages. At present, however, the incentive for the manufacturer to recycle themselves or through platforms remains unclear, especially for electronic products with environmental pollution and high recycling value. Therefore, the selection of a recycling model of waste electronic products is one of the key points discussed in this paper.
除了回收模式的选择，回收过程不透明、监管不严等问题也容易影响消费者对废品回收的信任。消费者退回使用过的产品，但并非全部到达制造商手中，废品的实际回收率远低于理论回收率。据悉，In addition to the choice of recycling model, the opaque recycling process, lax supervision, and other problems easily affect consumers’ trust in the recycling of waste products. Consumers returned used products, but not all of them reached the manufacturer, and the actual recycling of waste products was far less than the theoretical recycling. It is reported that, in 2020年中国市场锂离子电池理论回收量达到47.8万吨，但实际回收量仅为19.6万吨，仅占理论回收量的41%。此类虚假回收问题会导致消费者不再信任产品，从而影响产品的品牌商誉，降低消费者回收意愿。, the theoretical recycling amount of lithium ion batteries in the Chinese market reached 478,000 tons, but that the actual recycling amount was only 196,000 tons, accounting for only 41% of the theoretical recycling amount. Such false recycling problems will cause consumers to no longer trust the product, which can affect the brand goodwill of the product and reduce consumers’ willingness to recycle.
事实上，废旧电子产品的有效回收利用是制约废旧电子产品回收利用的关键瓶颈。区块链作为一种分布式记账技术，具有可见性、不可篡改、可追溯、去中心化、系统高可靠性等特点，可以在点对点网络上验证交易，实现安全、透明、交易成本低、以及交易的自动化In fact, the effective recycling of waste electronic products restricts the key bottleneck of recycling waste electronic products. As a distributed accounting technology, blockchain has the characteristics of visibility, tamper-proof, traceability, decentralization, and the high reliability of the system, which can verify transactions on peer-to-peer networks and achieve security, transparency, low transaction costs, and the automation of transactions [7–9] 7. We can increase the trust of consumers by using the visibility and traceability features of blockchain technology to enable the real and effective recycling of waste products. At present, some 8enterprises have applied blockchain technology in the recycling process of waste products. For example, 9]。我们可以通过使用区块链技术的可见性和可追溯性来增加消费者的信任，从而实现废品的真实有效回收。目前，一些企业已将区块链技术应用到废品回收过程中。例如，加拿大巴斯夫公司通过分布式账本区块链平台BASF ag in Canada has increased the recycling utilization of plastic products and improved the circularity of its supply chain through reciChain，提高了塑料制品的回收利用率，提高了供应链的循环性。此外，由于, a distributed ledger blockchain platform. Moreover, because of reciChain 的透明性，平台可以更好地向品牌所有者保证他们的回收证书是有效的，从而增加消费者的信任。废旧电子产品的回收处理主要涉及再生资源和环境保护两个领域。已形成较为完善的绿色设计和电子产品资源的制造、回收、处理、再制造、处置等管理体系，具有严格的参考标准。因此，废旧电子产品比其他产品更容易“上链”，“上链”的流程也会更加规范和规范。’s transparency, the platform can better assure brand owners that their recycling certificates are valid, thereby increasing consumer trust. The recycling and treatment of waste electronic products mainly involve two fields of renewable resources and environmental protection. A relatively perfect management system has been formed for green design and the manufacturing, recycling, treatment, remanufacturing, and disposal of the resources of electronic products, with strict reference standards. Therefore, waste electronic products are easier to “record on the chain” than other products, and the process of “recording to the chain” will be more standardized and standard.
2、电子产品供应链
2、Electronic Products Supply Chain
与其他耐用品不同，电子产品往往具有生命周期短、响应时间快、污染高、回收价值高等特点。由于回收率低以及政府和消费者缺乏参与Unlike other durable goods, electronic products tend to have a short life cycle, fast response time, high pollution, and high recycling value. With low recycling rates and a lack of government and consumer involvement [10], waste electronics have become one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world, with a significant impact on 10the earth’s environment. Therefore, the research on the recycling of waste electronics has high theoretical and practical ]，废弃电子产品已成为世界上增长最快的废物流之一，对地球环境产生重大影响。因此，对废旧电子产品的回收利用研究具有较高的理论和实用价值。value. 由于电子产品的上述特点，Due to the above characteristics of electronic products, Yang等人。[ et al. [11] argued that electronics will face the risk of rapidly increasing technological innovation, which will lead to a significant decrease in parts 11cost, sales price, and ]demand. 认为，电子产品将面临技术创新迅速增加的风险，这将导致零部件成本、销售价格和需求大幅下降。Tansel [12] 12also pointed out the challenges associated with the increase in the amount of waste electronics. Wang et al. [13] 还指出了与废弃电子产品数量增加相关的挑战。王等人。[studied how high-tech electronics companies can coordinate environmental protection and social responsibility while gaining profits in order to promote the sustainable development of the electronics supply chain in response to the problems of the rapid replacement of electronic products and high obsolescence rates, considering that precious metals in waste electronics can bring huge economic benefits to the recycling industry. Kumar et al. [14] 13highlighted the importance and benefits of recycling waste electronics and emphasized the importance of recycling facilities. Wang et al. [15] pointed out that the recycling of 针对电子产品更新换代快、报废率高的问题，研究了高科技电子企业如何在获取利润的同时协调环保和社会责任，以促进电子供应链的可持续发展，考虑到电子产品的宝贵废旧电子产品中的金属可以为回收行业带来巨大的经济效益。库马尔等人。[waste electronics has become a key bottleneck for the proper disposal of waste electronics for reuse and recycling and analyzed the barriers to waste electronics enterprises by various stakeholders in China. They showed that it is important for the government to provide some subsidies, tax breaks, and other support to formal recycling enterprises. Zlamparet et al. [16] 14confirmed various views on the feasibility of remanufacturing in the waste electronics industry and showed that the potential for buyback can be increased by implementing good management, eco-design, and the reuse of waste electronics, thus avoiding major barriers such ]as 强调了回收废旧电子产品的重要性和好处，并强调了回收设施的重要性。王等人。[environmental 15]指出，废旧电子产品的回收利用已成为妥善处理废旧电子产品再利用和回收利用的关键瓶颈，分析了中国各利益相关方对废旧电子产品企业的壁垒。他们表明，政府为正规回收企业提供一些补贴、税收减免和其他支持非常重要。兹兰帕雷特等人。[concerns 16and ]consumer 证实了关于废旧电子行业再制造可行性的各种观点，并表明通过实施良好的管理、生态设计和废旧电子的再利用可以增加回购的潜力，从而避免环境问题等主要障碍和消费者的接受度。acceptance. 综上所述，废旧电子产品的再生利用速度快、污染高、回收价值高，因此对其回收利用的研究至关重要。而且，高需求产品和平台等电子产品在销售特点上坚持In summary, research on the recycling of waste electronic products is crucial due to their rapid renewal, high pollution, and high recycling value attributes. Moreover, electronic products such as high demand products and the platform adhere to “没有时间、没有空间”的限制，所以大部分电子产品都会在平台上销售。我们拓展平台销售的优势，进一步将平台视为回收商，探讨废旧电子产品的回收模式选择问题。no time, no space” restrictions on the sales characteristics, so most of the electronic products will be sold on the platform. We expand on the advantages of platform sales and further consider the platform as a recycler to explore the issue of recycling model options for waste electronics.三3、废品回收模式的选择Selection of Recycling Model for Waste Products
近年来，随着可持续发展的提出，许多制造商通过回收和再制造活动来节省成本。目前关于废旧产品逆向回收的分析文献较多，在逆向回收模式选择问题上取得了一些成果。In recent years, with the proposal of sustainable development, many the manufacturer save costs by recycling and remanufacturing activities. At present, there are many litera- tures on the analysis of the reverse recycling of waste products, and some results have been achieved on the issue of reverse recycling model selection. 围绕这一主题，学者们考虑了影响回收模式选择的因素，如回收渠道的竞争、再制造的成本和收益，以及新的回收技术（平台）的采用。在考虑回收渠道竞争方面。萨瓦斯坎等人。Around this theme, scholars have considered factors affecting the choice of recycling model, such as competition in recycling channels, the costs and benefits of remanufacturing, and the adoption of new recycling technology (platform). In terms of considering recycling channel competition. Savaskan et al. [17] 17explored the issue of recycling channel selection for waste products and found that retailers recycled at a higher rate than the manufacturer and third parties when other conditions are the same. ]探讨了废品回收渠道选择问题，发现在其他条件相同的情况下，零售商的回收率高于制造商和第三方。Wu 和and Zhou [18] 18extended the ]model 扩展了of Savaskan 等人的模型。（2004）研究供应链竞争对制造商选择最佳回收渠道的影响。结果表明，制造商采用了制造商管理的回收策略。刘等人。 et al. (2004) to examine the influence of supply chain competition on the manufacturer’s choice of optimal recycling channels. The results showed that the manufacturer adopted a manufacturer-managed recycling strategy. Liu et al. [[ 1919] showed that the ]dual 表明，无论竞争激烈程度如何，制造商-零售商双回收模式都是制造商的最佳回收选择模式。黄等人。[manufacturer-retailer recycling model is the best recycling choice model for the manufacturer, regardless of the intensity of competition. Huang et al. [20] 20showed that, in the forward supply chain, the manufacturers sell products through retailers, while, in the reverse supply chain, retailers compete with third parties to recycle waste products. The results showed that a single recycling channel model for retailers is always better than the third party model. In terms of considering the costs and benefits of remanufacturing. Hong et al. [21]表明，在正向供应链中，制造商通过零售商销售产品，而在反向供应链中，零售商与第三方竞争回收废品。结果表明，零售商的单一回收渠道模式总是优于第三方模式。在考虑再制造的成本和收益方面。洪等人。[ considered the effect of advertising on consumers’ acceptance of re-products and compared the performance of a closed-loop supply chain under the mode of manufacturer, retailer, and third party recycling. He et al. [22] 21showed that retailers’ participation in recycling competition leads to an increase in the manufacturers’remanufacturing costs, which is not conducive to improving recycling efficiency. In considering new recycling technology (platform). Wang et al. [23]考虑了广告对消费者接受再产品的影响，并比较了制造商、零售商和第三方回收模式下闭环供应链的性能。他等人。 pointed out that platforms can increase consumers’ willingness to recycle online by publishing green information such as environmental knowledge about product recycling and corporate social responsibility online. Liu and Huang [ 2224 ]表明，零售商参与回收竞争导致制造商再制造成本增加，不利于提高回收效率。在考虑新的回收技术（平台）。王等人。[ considered the option of e-commerce platform recycling in the reverse recycling process and showed that the best strategy for the manufacturer and the platform is a separate recycling model for e-commerce platforms when the 23recycling ]指出，平台可以通过在线发布产品回收的环保知识、企业社会责任等绿色信息，提高消费者在线回收的意愿。刘和黄price [sensitivity 24]is 在逆向回收过程中考虑了电商平台回收的选择，表明当回收价格敏感性较低时，制造商和平台的最佳策略是电商平台单独回收模式。low.The research on the selection of a recycling model for waste electronics is as follows. Liu et al. [25] in the context of recycling waste batteries from new energy vehicles found that manufacturer recycling models can generate higher profits for closed-loop supply chain systems, though may create environmental burdens. Chuang et al. [26] studied the problem of recycling model selection for high-tech electronics, which are characterized by short life cycles and fluctuating demand. It was found that manufacturer recycling is optimal when recycling costs exhibit diseconomies of scale, and that retailer recycling outperforms manufacturer and third-party recycling when recycling costs exhibit economies of scale. Xue et al. [27], aiming at the inefficiency of recycling and management of electronics in China, examined and compared the impact of closed-loop supply chain recycling and
remanufacturing strategies on total supply chain revenue and the market share of two manufacturers, combined with the implementation of the Gree and Haier renewable energy projects. It was found that optimizing the incentive strategy between the manufacturer and retailers can effectively improve retailers’ motivation to recycle. Moreover, retailers can improve recycling efficiency by increasing recycling channels.
废旧电子产品回收模式选择研究如下。刘等人。[Most of the above studies are related to the offline recycling of waste products, and the recycling channels are mainly focused on the manufacturer, retailers, third parties, or online platforms for recycling; however, there are relatively few studies on recycling by the manufacturer with the help of online platforms. Particularly in the recycling of waste electronics, there is little research that considers both platform sales and recycling functions. This paper studies the selection of the recycling model of waste electronic products empowered by blockchain in a closed-loop supply chain on the basis of platform resale. This study aims to fill 25the ]在新能源汽车废旧电池回收的背景下发现，制造商回收模式可以为闭环供应链系统带来更高的利润，但可能会造成环境负担。庄等人。[gap 26of ]研究了高科技电子产品的回收模式选择问题，其特点是生命周期短，需求波动。研究发现，当回收成本表现出规模不经济时，制造商回收是最优的，而当回收成本表现出规模经济时，零售商回收优于制造商和第三方回收。薛等人。[such 27]，针对我国电子产品回收管理效率低下的问题，结合格力电器的实施，考察比较了闭环供应链回收再制造策略对两家厂商供应链总收入和市场份额的影响海尔可再生能源项目。研究发现，优化制造商和零售商之间的激励策略可以有效提高零售商的回收动机。此外，零售商可以通过增加回收渠道来提高回收效率。research.
以上研究大多与废品线下回收相关，回收渠道主要集中在生产商、零售商、第三方或线上回收平台；然而，制造商借助在线平台进行回收的研究相对较少。尤其是在废旧电子产品的回收方面，很少有同时考虑平台销售和回收功能的研究。本文研究了基于平台转售的闭环供应链中区块链赋能的废旧电子产品回收模式的选择。本研究旨在填补此类研究的空白。
remanufacturing strategies on total supply chain revenue and the market share of two manufacturers, combined with the implementation of the Gree and Haier renewable energy projects. It was found that optimizing the incentive strategy between the manufacturer and retailers can effectively improve retailers’ motivation to recycle. Moreover, retailers can improve recycling efficiency by increasing recycling channels.
四4、区块链技术在供应链中的应用Application of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain
区块链是一种独特的信息技术，具有去中心化结构、分布式存储机制、共识算法、智能合约、非对称加密等功能。具有可追溯、透明、信任、交易的Blockchain is a unique information technology with decentralized structure, dis- tributed storage mechanism, consensus algorithm, smart contract, asymmetric encryption, and other functions. It has the“4T”技术特性，确保网络信息的安全透明[technology features of traceability, transparency, trust, and transaction, ensuring the security and transparency of network information [28]. 28]。虽然区块链技术的开发和应用还处于起步阶段，但近年来已经被越来越多的团体和组织所接受，其应用潜力也被越来越多的行业所认可。我们回顾了近年来区块链技术在供应链中应用的相关文献，结合区块链的技术特点，分析总结了区块链技术在供应链中应用带来的好处和挑战。Although the development and application of blockchain technology is still in its infancy, it has been accepted by more and more groups and organizations in recent years, and its application potential has been recognized by more and more industries. We review the relevant literature on the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain in recent years and analyze and summarize the benefits and challenges brought by the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain combined with the technical characteristics of blockchain. Babich 和and Hilary [29] 29summarized five key advantages and five major weaknesses of blockchain technology in operations management. They also pointed out that blockchain technology improves supply chain operations through its advantages of transparency, information aggregation, information verification, automation, and system resilience, thereby creating a more stable, secure, efficient, ethical, and robust supply chain system. Lim et al. [30] 总结了区块链技术在运营管理中的五个关键优势和五个主要弱点。他们还指出，区块链技术通过其透明度、信息聚合、信息验证、自动化和系统弹性等优势改善了供应链运营，从而创造了一个更加稳定、安全、高效、道德和稳健的供应链系统。林等人。[ pointed out that blockchain enables supply chain information sharing, maintains traceability throughout the process, and improves the efficiency of supply chain operations. Moreover, blockchain technology will bring disruptive changes to supply chain operations. Wang et al. [7] 30stated that blockchain overcomes the barriers of distrust, privacy issues, data misuse, and information asymmetry in information sharing between upstream and downstream of the supply chain by creating a transparent, trustworthy, and fair mechanism for sharing supply chain information. With the transparent and trustworthy nature of blockchain ]指出，区块链使供应链信息共享，保持全过程可追溯性，提高供应链运作效率。此外，区块链技术将为供应链运营带来颠覆性变革。王等人。[technology, 7]表示，区块链通过创建透明、可信、公平的供应链信息共享机制，克服了供应链上下游信息共享中的不信任、隐私问题、数据滥用和信息不对称等障碍。Yu等人凭借区块链技术的透明和可信赖性。 et al. [31] 31showed that small- and medium-sized ]enterprises 表明中小企业（SMEs）可以使用自我担保从金融机构获得贷款，并表明与传统平台担保相比，借助区块链的平台担保更具效率和市场效益。沉等人。[(SMEs) can use self-guarantees to obtain loans from financial institutions and showed that platform guarantees with the help of blockchain are more efficient and market-effective compared to traditional platform guarantees. Shen et al. [32] 32]categorized consumers into professional and novice types and explored the market conditions for brands and manufacturers to effectively combat counterfeit products by using blockchain technology. 将消费者分为专业型和新手型，探索品牌和制造商利用区块链技术有效打击假冒产品的市场情况。Cai和Choi[ and Choi [33] 33analyzed a supply chain model with the presence of a platform and found that the presence of a platform leads to ]分析了存在平台的供应链模型，发现平台的存在导致a“三边际效应”，特别是标签合同可以协调供应链但可能导致道德风险问题为零售商。区块链的引入可以在协调供应链的同时有效避免道德风险。乔德等人。[triple marginal effect”, particularly that labeling con- tracts can coordinate the supply chain but may lead to moral hazard problems for retailers. The introduction of blockchain can effectively avoid moral hazard while coordinating the supply chain. Chod et al. [34] 34]调查了贷方到借方的信息不对称问题，特别是他们的运营能力，研究了反映借方运营能力的两类信息：贷方的申请信息和区块链记录的存货交易信息对融资的影响。研究发现，透明的库存交易信息会减少企业融资的扭曲。investigated the problem of asymmetric information from lenders to borrowers, specifically their operational capabilities, and studied the impact of two types of information reflecting borrowers’operational capabilities: lenders’ application information and blockchain-recorded inventory transaction information on financing. The study found that transparent inventory transaction information will produce less distortion in business financing. With the traceable characteristics of blockchain technology, Hastig 和and Sodhi [35] 35addressed the need for traceability systems in cobalt mining and pharmaceuticals industries, and presented the industry needs and critical success factors for blockchain implementation, laying the foundation for blockchain applications in the supply chain. Wu et al. [36] 凭借区块链技术的可追溯特性，解决了钴矿开采和制药行业对追溯系统的需求，提出了区块链实施的行业需求和关键成功因素，为区块链在供应链中的应用奠定了基础. 吴等人。[investigated the optimal strategy for different member-led blockchain construction in a fresh produce supply chain consisting of suppliers, third-party logistics service providers, and e-retailers, aiming at issues such as perishability and difficulty in the traceability of fresh produce. The study found that blockchain implementation was related to the consumer acceptance of products without blockchain technology, product spoilage rate, and the proportion of traceability costs borne by members when adopting blockchain. Liu et al. [37] 36]proposed a five-layer smart traceability platform based on blockchain and the Internet 针对生鲜产品易腐烂、溯源难等问题，研究了由供应商、第三方物流服务商、电子零售商组成的生鲜供应链中不同成员主导的区块链建设的最优策略。研究发现，区块链的实施与消费者对没有区块链技术的产品的接受程度、产品损坏率以及成员在采用区块链时所承担的追溯成本的比例有关。刘等人。[of 37]Things 提出基于区块链和物联网（(IoT）的五层智能溯源平台，为药品供应链提供药品溯源和可见性解决方案，以应对制药公司无法解决潜在的数据操纵和利益冲突的问题。使用传统的追溯平台来控制药品质量和提高透明度。) to provide drug traceability and visibility solutions for the drug supply chain in response to the inability of pharmaceutical companies to address potential data manipulation and conflicts of interest by using traditional traceability platforms for controlling drug quality and improving transparency. 综上所述，区块链在供应链管理中的应用主要集中在产品的正向销售过程中，多依靠区块链技术的可信、可追溯、可见性等特性，重点研究产品的溯源和防伪。区块链在废品逆向回收方面的理论研究成果鲜有报道，尤其是在电子行业。本文主要依靠区块链技术的透明性和可追溯性，加强对逆向回收过程的监管，推动废旧电子产品在闭环供应链中真正有效的回收利用。In summary, the application of blockchain in supply chain management mainly focuses on the forward sales process of products, mostly relying on the trust, traceability, visibility, and other characteristics of blockchain technology, focusing on the research of product traceability and anti-counterfeiting. The theoretical research results of blockchain in the reverse recycling of waste products are rarely reported, especially in the electronics industry. This paper mainly relies on the transparency and traceability of blockchain technology to strengthen the supervision of the reverse recycling process and promote the real and effective recycling of waste electronic products in the closed-loop supply chain. 为了梳理与本文相关的研究，突出本文的贡献，将部分代表性文章列于 表1中，进行比较和分析，如下所示。In order to sort out the studies related to this paper and highlight the contributions of this paper, some representative articles are listed, compared, and analyzed in Table 1, as follows.表Table 1. 文献中一些重要研究的比较。Comparison of some important studies in the literature.
| 作者Author | 平台Platform 转售Reselling |
平台Platform 回收Recycling |
区块链赋能Blockchain Empowerment | Triple Benefit Analysis in CLSC 中的三重效益分析 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经济的Economic | 环境Environment | 社会Society | ||||
| 刘和黄。Liu and Huang.[ 24 ] | √ | √ | ||||
| 庄等人。Chuang et al.[ 26 ] | √ | √ | ||||
| 沉等人。Shen et al.[ 32 ] | √（透明，值得信赖Transparency, Trustworthy） | √ | √ | |||
| 蔡和崔。Cai and Choi.[ 33 ] | √（透明，值得信赖Transparency, Trustworthy） | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 吴等人。Wu et al.[ 36 ] | √ | √（可追溯性Traceability） | √ | |||
| 这张纸This paper | √ | √ | √（透明度、可追溯性Transparency, Traceability） | √ | √ | √ |
