Logistics Efficiency under Carbon Constraints: Comparison
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With the increase of resources and environmental constraints in the world, the environmental cost has become a problem affecting the sustainable development of the logistics industry in all countries. Carbon emissions are an important part of any environmental cost assessment. How to evaluate the impact of green GDP and regional efficiency of the logistics industry, especially under the constraint of carbon emissions, is of great significance for realizing green and sustainable development.

  • logistics efficiency
  • technological efficiency

1. Introduction

Logistics are an important way to promote the effective allocation of productive forces and the means of production across regions, and efficient logistics capabilities are an accelerator for regional economic development [1]. With rapid advancements in e-commerce, the logistics industry has also advanced significantly in recent years. Its development has coordinated the advancements in related industries and injected new vitality into economic development [2,3,4]. The logistics industry is a composite service industry integrating transportation, warehousing, freight forwarding, information, and other industries. The development level of the logistics industry has become one of the key indicators for the comprehensive strength of a country or region [5]. However, the logistics industry is a high-carbon emission industry, which is subject to resource and environmental constraints, and energy consumption and environmental pollution are relatively serious [6]. Carbon restriction has helped to improve logistics efficiency and achieve sustainable improvements [7,8,9] and efficiency in the industry [10,11,12,13,14], and countries have been researching logistics technology and innovation.
This paper provides an overview of the relevant literature on the challenges and technological advancements of sustainable logistics, and the role of logistics systems in addressing these challenges [13,14]. Kechagias et al. suggested that the use of systems thinking and system dynamics could identify and optimize key factors, achieve effective and efficient interconnection operations, and significantly improve the process [15]. Hahn used the theoretical perspective of supply chain innovation (SCI) to study the impact of Industry 4.0 on supply chain management. The SCI-supported i4.0 has been reflected in three aspects: process, technology, and business architecture. The tenets of i4.0 have enabled SCIs to extend the focus on process productivity improvements to scalability and flexibility [16]. Gayialis et al. analyzed the development of information systems to support the efficient delivery of goods within urban areas. The system utilizes a set of OR algorithms enabled by information technology to efficiently support logistics operations [17]. Gayialis proposed a way to create blockchain traceability and a labeling platform. The platform uses several advanced technologies such as blockchain, anti-counterfeiting labels, smart contracts, and sensors to provide effective traceability for all stages of the product supply chain [18]. All of these show that, in order to improve the sustainable development capability of the logistics industry, that is, to improve the efficiency of green logistics, we must start from the aspects of people, systems, processes, and technologies. The logistics industry may achieve green, low-carbon, and sustainable development.
At this stage, China’s logistics industry has incurred a relatively large sum while promoting economic development. The logistics industry is characterized by the large-scale and high costs. The logistics cost of the whole society in China continued to grow, with a year-on-year increase of 7.3% in 2019 to CNY 14.6 trillion [19]. On the other hand, the environmental cost in the development of the logistics industry is also increasing, and energy efficiency and environmental pollution have become the limiting factors for the sustainable development of the industry. In 2011, the carbon emission of China’s logistics industry was 1.6299 tons, which was 3.8 times that of 2000, and the average growth rate was as high as 12.9% [20]. With the development plan for green logistics and its efficiency, China’s logistics industry has entered a transition period of high quality, low energy consumption, and low pollution from extensive development. Therefore, when studying the current sustainable development of the logistics industry, it is very important to consider the environmental costs and calculate the green production efficiency. In addition, China, as a large country, has different levels of economic development in different regions; therefore, the green production efficiency of the logistics industry may also vary. Therefore, it may be more meaningful to study this issue at a regional level [21]. After considering the environmental costs, what kind of regional characteristics affect the efficiency, and what are the causes of any differences? Answering this question may provide support for differentiated policy recommendations for different regions.

2. Efficiency Spatial Pattern and Analysis of China’s Logistics

2.1. Efficiency Spatial Pattern of China’s Logistics

The tree diagram of system clustering showed the classification of regional logistics efficiency in China. According to the results of system clustering, the logistics in 30 regions were divided into three categories: Category I included 13 regions, namely Hainan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Tianjin, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Anhui, Shaanxi, Guangxi, Chongqing, and Yunnan; Category II included 4 regions, namely Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hubei, and Inner Mongolia; and Hebei and the other 13 areas belonged to Category III. The statistical method of mean comparison was used to determine the classification characteristics. The specific values are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of mean values.
Groups and Mean L E C G Ca
1 12.75 22.44 480.35 338.40 162.23
N 13 13 13 13 13
2 23.23 241.82 708.19 599.22 317.14
N 4 4 4 4 4
3 33.48 30.83 998.87 1128.5 396.39
N 13 13 13 13 13
Total 23.13 55.32 735.42 715.53 284.35
N 30 30 30 30 30
 
The logistics in Category I was relatively low in terms of labor input, energy input, capital input, value-added output, and carbon dioxide emissions, which were far lower than the average. Most of the Category I regions are located inland, except Anhui, Jiangxi, Tianjin, and Hainan. The rest were underdeveloped areas in the West. The category II regions were close to the regional average in terms of labor input, capital input, industrial added value, and carbon dioxide emissions, but the energy input was far higher than the regional average. Except for Hebei, these areas are all distributed in the northeast. Their energy consumption was higher than the average level in China. For the Category III regions, except for the energy input, the other areas were higher than average. These areas are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta of China, and they are more economically developed.

2.2. Evaluation and Analysis of the Efficiency of China’s Regional Logistics Industry

To gain a deeper understanding of the logistics efficiency of each region, we used MAXDEA ultra 7.9 to measure the logistics efficiency of 30 regions in China from 2003 to 2016. After our calculations, we obtained the average value and ranking of the comprehensive efficiency and created a thermodynamic diagram. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the comprehensive efficiency and means values in 30 regions.
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Figure 1. Heat map of logistics technological efficiency: Darker red indicates a higher level of efficiency, and darker green indicates a lower level of efficiency.

2.2.1. Analysis of the Comprehensive Efficiency of China’s Regional Logistics

Firstly, the comprehensive efficiency of China’s logistics was not high, but it showed a slow upward trend. In general, considering the carbon constraints, the average efficiency of China’s logistics from 2003 to 2016 was 0.56. The highest results were in 2010 and 2015 when it was 0.62. More than one-half of the samples have never reached an industrial efficiency of 1, and among the regions that have, it had not been maintained over a long period. Concerning the national average, the logistics efficiency hovered around 0.5, which means that under this model, the actual output of the logistics in most regions of the sample did not reach 50% year-over-year. Other research during earlier periods under the same conditions did not reach 0.3, so, overall, it has improved, and the mean value of the research interval efficiency showed an upward trend, indicating that the efficiency was gradually increasing. Secondly, the proportion of effective years of regional logistics efficiency was low, but the efficiency of regional logistics was quite different. Of the 420 technological efficiency samples, only 99 were effective (i.e., technological efficiency was greater or equal to 1, marked in red on the thermal diagram), shown in Figure 2. That is, the proportion of technological efficiency in 30 regions was only 23.57% from 2003 to 2016. There were four regions with average effective comprehensive efficiency in the study area, accounting for 13.33%, which were Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Hebei. Only Fujian and Zhejiang achieved technological efficiency every year from 2003–to 2016. There were 8 regions that achieved or exceeded 50% technological efficiency, accounting for 26.67%; there were 14 regions that never achieved the technological efficiency, accounting for 46.67%; the remaining 8 regions only achieved the technological efficiency in 1–3 years, accounting for 26.67%. The proportion of units that had not achieved technological efficiency for more than half of the years from 2003 to 2016 reached 73.33%, which indicated that these areas continued to have significant issues in resource allocation capacity and resource utilization efficiency.
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Figure 2. Heat map of logistics technological efficiency (Red means technological efficiency is ≥1).

2.2.2. Analysis of the Spatial Pattern Evolution of Regional Logistics Efficiency

The top 10 efficiency rankings were two Category I regions, zero Category II regions, and eight Category III regions; in the 11–20 rankings, there were five Category I regions, one Category II region, and four Category III regions. In the last 10 rankings, there were six Category I regions, three Category II regions, and one Category III region. The overall level of logistics efficiency in Category III was relatively high. Half of the Category I had a medium level of efficiency while the other half, similar to the Category II region, was low. Based on the spatial distribution of regional logistics efficiency, among the 13 regions of Category III, 2 regions (Fujian and Zhejiang) achieved technological efficiency, 6 regions (Guangdong, Hebei, Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Shandong) achieved technological efficiency more than half of the time, and the proportion of technological efficiency for more than one year was 61.54%; 3 regions (Henan, Hunan, and Liaoning) only achieved DEA effectiveness in 1–3 years, and the remaining 2 regions (Shanxi and Sichuan) never reached technology effectiveness. While four regions (Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Heilongjiang, and Jilin) in Category II never achieved technology effectiveness, the most effective years in Category I regions were few as well. Tianjin had the most, with an average annual value of 0.71, and for 5 out of 14 years, they achieved technology efficiency. The regions that achieved partial efficiency during the study period were: Guangxi, 4 years; Hainan and Guizhou, 2 years; and Hunan and Ningxia, 1 year. Regions such as Jiangxi, Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Qinghai did not achieve this level in any year. Among the three types of regions, the effective proportion of logistics efficiency in the Category III region was the highest, which basically achieved half of the effective years. In the Category I region, only a few years were effective, while in the other half of the region, similar to the Category II region, the logistics efficiency had not reached technological efficiency. Therefore, there was a significant gap in the technological efficiency of logistics. During the statistical period, the technological efficiency in the Category III region was higher than both the average level of the Category II region and the Category I region taken together, and it was also higher than the national average.

2.2.3. Time Evolution Analysis on Comprehensive Efficiency of Regional Logistics

To clearly observe the time evolution of regional logistics efficiency, the efficiency trend-charts during the research period are provided. The categories were grouped and sorted in descending order according to their logistics efficiency score based on the results from the system clustering analysis. As shown in Figure 3, the areas with obvious upward trends in logistics efficiency included Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Guizhou, Anhui, and Beijing; Shanghai and Jiangsu had a more obvious upward trend of efficiency, among which Beijing maintained a stable upward direction since 2008. Whereas Shanghai had a relatively large upward trend in 2003–2006 and then a steady upward state, Jiangsu maintained an 8% efficiency increase rate prior to 2012. There were a few regions showing a downward trend: Guangdong, Shandong, and Henan. Guangdong and Shandong had an efficiency decline, but they began to stabilize and maintain an increasing trend after 2014. The logistics efficiency of the other regions showed a slight increase in fluctuations.
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Figure 3. Efficiency trend of China’s regional logistics from 2003 to 2016.
Generally speaking, the logistics efficiency in both the Category I and Category III high-efficiency areas was on the rise the fluctuation. After 2010, it continued rising to different degrees. However, the lower efficiency areas of all the categories showed either a minor deterioration or remained at low levels without much change. Taking Beijing, Hubei, and Sichuan as examples, the GDP of these three provinces has exceeded CNY 800 billion, and the efficiency of logistics in Beijing was far higher than that in Hubei and Sichuan. This was due to the energy consumption and pollution emissions from logistics in Hubei and Sichuan being significantly higher than in Beijing: The average carbon emission of Beijing was 86.9 million tons while that of Hubei and Sichuan was 235.05 and 247.81 million tons, respectively. In addition, by building an “eco-city” in order to host the Olympic Games, Beijing made many improvements and innovations in carbon emissions. Resource input, a low utilization rate, and high emissions affect the growth of logistics efficiency, and technology and management levels also affect the change in industrial efficiency by varying degrees. To further study the variations in regional logistics efficiencies, we decomposed and analyzed the data.

3 Conclusions and Policy Implications

The comprehensive technological efficiency (TE) of each region from 2003 to 2016 was decomposed into pure technological efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE). And analyze its change trend and regional differences. At the same time, the input redundancy ratio of various elements in each region is analyzed. By projecting the production frontier of the logistics in each region, we could not only understand the use of its factor input, but we could also analyze the reasons for its ineffectiveness and determine the degree of its attribute value for improvement and the ideal value of input-output.

The results show that: The proportion of effective years of regional logistics in comprehensive efficiency was low, and there were obvious deficiencies between regions due to the low level of PTE and low SE in most areas. During the studied time period, the efficiency of logistics in most regions showed an upward trend. In a few areas, there was a slight deterioration inefficiency, or little change whatsoever. However, the comprehensive efficiency of logistics has gradually been improving. According to the technological efficiency decomposition, approximately one-third of China’s logistics achieved PTE optimization, and two-thirds of China’s logistics was lagging behind in terms of logistics management techniques and methods. This has led to wasted logistics resources and inefficient logistics output, with varying degrees of redundancy in labor, capital, and energy inputs. The other 10% of the regions were in the stage of diminishing returns to scale, but they had achieved super-efficient output. At the same time, we found that in the process of logistics development, the low-carbon operations had not been realized. High efficiency, low efficiency, and high emissions existed simultaneously, and the input-output factors need to be balanced.

Therefore, China’s logistics should further encourage the coordinated development of inter-regional logistics. The government should consider the factors involved in high-efficiency and low-emission areas, provide national and regional logistics nodes for the surrounding areas, and promote the interconnection of logistics infrastructure and information-resource sharing. The local government should provide corresponding industrial support policies to improve the developmental environment of logistics, further encourage industrial technology innovation, and accelerate the progress of cutting-edge technology. However, under carbon constraints, the efficiency of the Category III regional logistics was generally high while other regions were relatively low. The difference in technological efficiency between regions continues to deteriorate. It indicates that there are strong mobile barriers between China’s logistics regions. Only a few economically developed regions have benefited from technological progress and efficiency improvements. The transition process has had a stronger divergent trend than the technological progress. If the region cannot break through development barriers such as ineffective government policies, technological efficiency will continue to decline. Therefore, we should encourage innovation while promoting inter-regional industrial technology education and knowledge sharing, which would not only improve the productivity level of logistics in other regions but also increase the return of innovation and generate stronger innovation incentives. By improving the developmental ability of regional logistics, the regional economy will inevitably be improved with complementary advantages and mutual benefits. Therefore, for the areas that have not optimized their technological efficiency and have insufficiently integrated their resource utilization, they should consider the potential existing logistics resources, improve the level of logistics operation, and raise their management level. After the management and technical levels have been addressed, the scale of logistics can be expanded. For areas with low scale efficiency, it may be possible to increase capital and energy input, expand the industrial scale and achieve scale efficiency, and pay attention to the role of management and technology in scale operation, according to the needs of regional development. At the same time, they should focus on the role of management and technology in scale operations. Therefore, the rational use of various elements, the coordination of capital and technology, the reduction in investment redundancy, and the acceleration of the application and development of energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies should be the key turning points for the change from extensive to intensive.

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