Epigenetic Associations between lncRNA/circRNA, miRNA

Epigenetic Associations between lncRNA/circRNA, miRNA: Comparison

Please note this is a comparison between Version 3 by Bruce Ren and Version 2 by Bruce Ren.

The three major members of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), named microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Recently, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation model described lncRNA/circRNA as a sponge for miRNAs to indirectly regulate miRNA downstream target genes. Accumulating evidence has indicated that ceRNA regulatory networks are associated with biological processes in HCC, including cancer cell growth, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and chemoresistance.

microRNA
long non-coding RNA
circular RNA
competing endogenous RNA
hepatocellular carcinoma

1. Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and highly lethal malignancies. There have been 42,810 new cases and 30,160 deaths in the United States in 2020 ^[1]. Risk factors for HCC are hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and hereditary diseases ^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}. HCC patients are treated with potentially curative resection in approximately 30–40% of cases; however, these patients still have a poor prognosis because of the high frequency of metastasis and recurrence ^[8][9][10]. During HCC progression, cellular changes, including inflammation, hypoxia, and the tumor microenvironment are important as various molecular events can occur. There are major signal transduction pathways that promote HCC, including Myc, MAPK, PI3K, WNT, and JAK ^{[11][12][13][14]}. Despite these well-known signaling pathways, there is still inadequate information to understand HCC progression. Thus, novel target molecules are urgently required for the application of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) were traditionally considered “junk genes.” Recently, various ncRNAs have been identified by developing next-generation sequencing techniques and found to play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression by binding to promoters or directly interacting with proteins ^[15][16][17] Accumulating evidence has shown that ncRNAs are involved in normal cellular processes, but their dysregulation is associated with disease progression, including cancer ^[18][19]. Furthermore, dysregulated non-coding RNAs are associated with HCC initiation, progression, and metastasis ^[20].

Long ncRNAs are longer than 200 nucleotides, generally do not code for proteins, and function as master regulators. Numerous studies have revealed the biological contributions of lncRNAs as regulators of transcription, modulators of mRNA processing, and organization of nuclear domains ^[21][22]. However, dysregulated lncRNAs are involved in the pathological processes of cancers, including cell growth, survival, and differentiation by functioning as oncogenes or tumor suppressors ^[23][24].

Circular RNAs are endogenous ncRNAs that lack 5′ and 3′ ends and are products of backsplicing on precursor mRNAs ^[25]. CircRNAs are evolutionarily conserved and have high stability because of their circular structure; thus, they are inherently resistant to RNase activity. In addition, several studies have shown that there are specific miRNA binding sites in circRNA sequences. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the ability of miRNA sponges to regulate gene expression. Furthermore, increasing evidence shows that aberrant expression of circRNAs can be mediated in cancer progression due to its important biological function, as a miRNA sponge ^[26][27].

Short ncRNAs include microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), snoRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) ^[28][29]. Among them, most studies have focused on miRNAs. Most miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II; however, small groups of miRNAs are transcribed by polymerase III. Micro RNAs are single-stranded RNAs and play a role as negative gene regulators by base pairing to partially complementary sites on the target mRNA 3′-untranslated region (UTR) ^[30][31]. When miRNAs bind to target mRNAs, target genes undergo translation repression or decay (Figure 1) ^[32][33]. A single miRNA can regulate multiple targets containing specific miRNA response elements (MREs). In addition, a single RNA contains multiple MREs; therefore, multiple miRNAs can regulate a single RNA ^[34]. Abnormal expression of miRNAs can affect cancer development, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell motility ^{[35][36][37][38][39][40]}. Several researchers have found that molecular mechanisms influence carcinogenesis ^[41][42]. There are two types of miRNAs that play roles in cancer (including HCC), tumor suppressor miRNAs and onco-miRs ^[43][44][45].

Figure 1. MicroRNA biogenesis. The primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) is transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). The microprocessor complex, Drosha and DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region 8 (DGCR8), cleaves the pri-miRNA to produce the precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA). The pre-miRNA translocates to the cytoplasm in an Exportin-5/RnaGTP-dependent manner. TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP) and Dicer1 cleave the pre-miRNA to produce the mature miRNA duplex. The 5p or 3p of the miRNA duplex is loaded into the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC). Finally, the miRISC binds to target mRNAs to induce translational repression or mRNA decay.

In the past few years, most miRNA studies have focused on the unidirectional regulation of target transcripts; however, competitive miRNA binding has been observed using artificial miRNA sponges, which act as inhibitors of multiple miRNAs ^[46][47][48]. The first natural miRNA sponge was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, in which it sequestered miR-399 and inhibited its activity by “target mimicry.” Most miRNA targets are cleaved by miRNAs in plants owing to their almost perfect miRNA match. However, the miR-399 motif on IPS1 contains a mismatched loop at the miRNA binding site that eliminates cleavage. Therefore, IPS1 can act as a miR-399 sponge and change the stability of its target, PHO2 mRNA ^[49][50]. In animal cells, Ebert et al. observed similar phenomena: artificial overexpression of miRNA binding sites leads to upregulation of miRNA targets acting as RNA sponges ^[51]. Since 2011, this kind of post-transcriptional regulation has been described by the “competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)” model, which describes competitive binding between sponge RNA and miRNA target genes and regulation of miRNA target gene activity (Figure 2) ^[52]. Importantly, numerous studies have shown that lncRNAs or circRNAs can act as ceRNAs containing miRNA-binding sites. Therefore, miRNAs can be suppressed by increasing the stability of miRNA target mRNAs. Notably, this ceRNA mechanism has been discovered in diverse diseases, including multiple cancers ^[53][54].

Figure 2. Biogenesis of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA, top left), circular RNA (circRNA, bottom left), microRNA (miRNA, right), and the role of lnc/circRNA as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs, center). Different types of ceRNAs including lncRNA and circRNA regulate the miRNA target mRNA expression by competing for miRNA binding.

2. Long Non-Coding RNA and microRNA Networks in HCC

Although most lncRNA functions are unknown, several functional studies have shown that they are closely associated with cancer progression. Growing evidence indicates that their tumorigenicity may be mediated by ceRNA regulatory mechanisms. In this section, we present the details of the regulatory network between miRNAs and lncRNAs in HCC from recent and prominent studies (Table 1).

Table 1. Long non-coding RNA and microRNA networks in HCC.

lncRNAs	Target miRNA	Target Genes of miRNA	Function	Reference
Overexpression of lncRNAs in HCC
SNHG11	miR-184	AGO2	HCC proliferation, migration, autophagy	[55]
CCAT1	let-7	HMGA2, c-MYC	HCC proliferation, migration	[56]
SNHG16	let-7b-5p	CDC25B	Cell cycle, migration/invasion	[57]
HOXA-AS2	miR-520c-3p	GPC3	Cell cycle, apoptosis, migration/invasion	[26]
CDKN2B-AS1	let-7c-5p	NAP1L1	Cell cycle, apoptosis, migration/invasion	[58]
FEZF1-AS1	miR-4443		HCC proliferation, metastasis	[59]
H19	miR-326	TWIST	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[60]
MALAT1	miR-30a-5p miR-146b-5p	Vimentin TRAF6	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[61] [62]
FOXD2-AS1	miR-206	ANXA2	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[63]
TINCR	miR-214-5p	ROCK1	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[64]
SNHG15	miR-490-3P	HDAC2	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[65]
SNHG8	miR-149-5p	PPM1F	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[66]
FLVCR1-AS1	miR-513c	MET	HCC proliferation, metastasis	[67]
ROR	miR-145	ZEB2	HCC metastasis	[68]
LINC00460	miR-485-5p	PAK1	HCC proliferation, angiogenesis	[69]
LINC00488	miR-330-5p	TLN1	HCC proliferation	[70]
DSCR8	miR-485-5p	FZD7	Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	[71]
DBH-AS1	miR-138		FAK/Src/ERK pathway	[72]
TUG1	miR-144		JAK2/STAT3 pathway	[73]
SNHG12	miR-199a/b-5p	MLK3	NF-κB pathway	[74]
SNHG6-003	miR-26a/b	TAK1	p38 pathway	[75]
UCA1	miR-216b	FGFR1	FAFR1/ERK signaling pathway	[76]
NEAT1	miR-204	ATG3	HCC autophagy process	[77]
CCAT1	miR-181a-5p	ATG7	HCC autophagy process	[78]
PVT1	miR-365	ATG3	HCC autophagy process	[79]
MIAT	miR-22-3P miR-520d-3p	SIRT1 EPHA2	Cellular senescence HCC proliferation, metastasis	[80] [81]
Downregulation of lncRNAs in HCC
GAS5	miR-21	PTEN	Tumor suppressor	[82]
SNHG16	has-miR-93		Tumor suppressor, 5-FU chemoresistance	[83]
XIST	miR-497-5p	PDCD4	Tumor suppressor	[84]
EPB41L4A-AS2	miR-301a-5p	FOXL1	Tumor suppressor	[85]
DGCR5	miR-346	KLF14	Tumor suppressor	[86]
MIR31HG	miR-575	ST7L	Tumor suppressor	[87]
LINC00657	miR-106a-5p	PTEN	Tumor suppressor	[88]
TUSC7	miR-10a	EPHA4	Tumor suppressor	[89]

2.1. Overexpression of lncRNAs Promotes HCC Proliferation and Metastasis via Sponging of Tumor Suppressing miRNAs

In a lncRNA microarray assay, SNHG11 was overexpressed and associated with poor prognosis in HCC. To regulate HCC proliferation, SNHG11 was negatively regulated by miR-184, which directly targets AGO2. In HCC tissues, SNHG11 was negatively correlated with miR-184 and positively correlated with AGO2 expression ^[55]. The lncRNA CCAT1 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and sponged miRNA let-7 leading to upregulation of HMGA2 and c-MYC expression ^[56]. To regulate the cell cycle, lncRNA SNHG16 absorbed miRNA let-7b-5p, and SNHG16 promoted the G2/M transition via regulation of the let-7b-5p/CDC25B axis ^[57]. In addition, knockdown of lncRNAs HOXA-AS2 and CDKN2B-AS1 induced cell apoptosis via G1 arrest. HOXA-AS2 sponged miR-520c-3p and let-7c-5p, and upregulated GPC3 and NAP1L1 expression by downregulating miR-520c-3p and let-7c-5p ^[58]. In addition, overexpression of FEZF1-AS1 and H19 in HCC sponged miR-4443 and miR-326 leading to HCC growth and metastasis, respectively. MiR-326 directly targeted the transcription factor TWIST. Subsequently, downregulation of miR-326 by H19 induced TWIST expression leading to HCC development and metastasis ^[59][60].

In HCC metastasis, high levels of MALAT1 and FOXD2-AS1 increase vimentin and ANXA2 expression by sponging miR-30a-5p and miR-206, respectively. In a migration/wound healing assay, siMALAT1 and siFOXD2-AS1 treatment reduced the migration and wound healing rate compared to the siNegative control by reduction of TWIST1/ANXA2 expression and upregulation of miR-30a-5p and miR-206 ^[61][62]. In addition, lncRNA MALAT1 sponged miR-146b-5p to induce TRAF6 expression leading to HCC metastasis ^[63]. Moreover, lncRNA TINCR is a sponge for miR-214-5p. TINCR overexpression sponged miR-214-5p to upregulate ROCK1 in HCC metastasis ^[64]. Knockdown of lncRNA SNHG15 and SNHG8 suppressed HCC metastasis and proliferation via regulation of the miR-490-3P/ HDAC2 axis and miR-149-5p/ PPM1F axis, respectively. HDAC2 and PPM1F were direct targets of miR-490-3P and miR-149-5p, and overexpression of SNHG15 and SNHG8 in HCC showed a correlation between HDAC2 and PPM1F expression via the absorption of miR-490-3P and miR-149-5p, respectively ^[65][66]. The lncRNA FLVCR1-AS1 sponged miR-513c to modulate HCC metastasis and proliferation via up-regulation of MET expression ^[67]. In addition, overexpression of lncRNA ROR induced ZEB2 expression by sponging miR-145, and increased EMT and HCC metastasis ^[68]. The lncRNA MIAT sponged miR-520d-3p, upregulating EPHA2 expression leading to HCC proliferation and metastasis. In addition, knockdown of LINC00460 and LINC00488 induced cell apoptosis and reduced angiogenesis via downregulation of PAK1 and TLN1, respectively, which are direct targets of miR-485-5p and miR-330-5p. LINC00460 and LINC00488 sponged miR-485-5p and miR-330-5p leading to HCC tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, respectively ^[69][70].

To regulate the HCC signaling pathway, lncRNA DSCR8 acts as a sponge for miR-485-5p and regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway resulting in upregulation of FZD7. Statistical analysis of DSCR8 and miR-485-5p showed a close relationship between malignant clinicopathological features and survival rate ^[71]. In addition, lncRNAs DBH-AS1 and TUG1 up-regulated the FAK/Src/ERK and JAK2/STAT3 pathways by sponging miR-138 and miR-144 resulting in HCC tumorigenesis ^[72][73]. The lncRNAs SNHG12 and SNHG6-003 upregulated the NF-κB and p38 pathways via induction of MLK3 and TAK1 expression by sponging miR-199a/b-5p and miR-26a/b, respectively ^[74][75]. Moreover, lncRNA UCA1 activated the FAFR1/ERK signaling pathway by regulating FGFR1 expression by sponging miR-216b ^[76].

During autophagy, upregulation of lncRNAs NEAT1 and CCAT absorbed miR-204 and miR-181a-5p to induce HCC autophagy via upregulation of ATG3 and ATG7, respectively ^[77][78]. In addition, lncRNA PVT1 induced HCC autophagy via regulation of the miR-365/ATG3 axis. Overexpression of PVT1 sponged miR-365 in HCC; consequently, ATG3 expression was increased by HCC autophagy induction ^[79].

Moreover, lncRNA MIAT is associated with senescence in HCC. Knockdown of MIAT induced cellular senescence and HCC growth. The target of miR-22-3P is Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and overexpression of MIAT downregulated miR-22-3P via the sponge effect, and SIRT1 expression increased. Downregulation of MIAT resulted in senescence-associated secretory phenotype and suppressed HCC tumorigenesis ^[80]. Overall, overexpressed lncRNAs are critically involved in HCC proliferation and metastasis via regulation of the cell cycle, autophagy, apoptosis, and several signaling pathways. Thus, overexpressed lncRNAs are recognized as HCC biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

2.2. Tumor Suppressor lncRNAs Inhibit HCC Tumorigenesis by Sponging Onco-miRNAs

In HCC cell lines and tissues, lncRNA GAS5 expression decreased. Knockdown of GAS5 induced doxorubicin resistance and promoted cell proliferation via upregulation of PTEN. Although miR-21 directly downregulated PTEN expression in HCC, overexpression of GAS5 was sponged by miR-21. Consequently, PTEN expression increased and inhibited HCC ^[81][82]. In addition, lncRNA SNHG16 overexpression inhibited HCC proliferation and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemoresistance in in vivo/in vitro assays via absorption of has-miR-93 in Hep3B and Huh7 cell lines ^[83]. The lncRNA XIST was downregulated in HCC. Upregulation of miR-497-5p inhibits the expression of PDCD4 (programmed cell death 4). In a cell growth assay, overexpression of XIST inhibited the growth of HepG2 cell lines via upregulation of PDCD4 and absorption of miR-497-5p ^[84]. Downregulation of lncRNA EPB41L4A-AS2 in HCC is clearly associated with negative regulation of HCC proliferation and metastasis. Overexpression of EPB41L4A-AS2 sponged miR-301a-5p and inhibited cell growth and migration/invasion via upregulation of FOXL1 by miR-301a-5p downregulation. In an in vivo study, EPB41L4A-AS2 suppressed lung metastasis via regulation of the miR-301a-5p/FOXL1 axis ^[85]. The expression of lncRNAs DGCR5 and MIR31HG was negatively correlated with HCC proliferation and metastasis. Overexpression of DGCR5 and MIR31HG sponged miR-346 and miR-575, and suppressed HCC cell growth and migration/invasion via upregulation of KLF14 and ST7L expression, respectively ^[86][87]. In addition, LINC00657 and TUSC7 were positively correlated with PTEN and EPHA4 expression in HCC. Overexpression of LINC00657 and TUSC7 suppressed HCC proliferation, migration, and invasion by sponging of miR-106a-5p and miR-10a, and upregulation of PTEN and EPHA4 expression ^[88][89]. Collectively, the study of tumor suppressor lncRNAs in HCC helps to provide an understanding of HCC proliferation and metastasis, and lncRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis.

3. Circular RNA and microRNA Networks in HCC

An increasing number of studies have revealed that circRNAs play important roles in cancer development, including HCC. CircRNA can be used as a ceRNA to decrease cytoplasmic levels of target miRNAs by abolishing miRNAs. Thus, gene expression levels of target mRNAs can be maintained. In this section, we describe how individual circRNAs may participate as ceRNAs in the regulatory network of HCC.

3.1. Overexpression of Circrnas Induces HCC Progression by Sponging Tumor-suppressive miRNAs

To date, several studies have found that circRNAs exert oncogenic effects by sponging miRNAs in HCC progression. In HCC tissues and cell lines, circ-PVT1 derived from the PVT1 gene locus is markedly elevated and acts as a sponge of miR-3666 ^[90]. Knockdown of circ-PVT1 resulted in the reduction of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by upregulating miR-3666 in HCC cells. A molecular mechanism has been identified in which circ-PVT1 induces HCC proliferation by enhancing SIRT7, a target gene of miR-3666. In addition, various miRNAs including miR-125, miR-145, and miR-497 have been reported as sponge targets of circ-PVT1 in gastric cancer ^[91], colorectal cancer ^[92], and non-small cell lung cancer ^[93], respectively.

A study by Xiao et al. demonstrated that circRNA plays a role in the estrogen receptor (ER) α-mediated decrease of HCC cell invasion ^[94]. ERα inhibited circ-SMG.172 expression by binding to the 5′ promoter region, and expression of the tumor suppressor miR-141-3p increased by disruption of the sponging function of circ-SMG.172. miR-141-3p subsequently suppressed the expression of Gelsolin by binding to the mRNA 3′UTR. In HBV-related HCC, circ-100338 also acts as a sponge for miR-141-3p ^[95]. In silico analysis suggests that MTSS1 is a potential target of miR-141-3p that regulates metastasis of HCC.

A bioinformatics analysis study found that upregulated circRNA and downregulated miRNA in HCC provided information about miRNA sponging circRNA ^[96]. From the qRT-PCR validation, has-circ-0009910 was found to be a sponge of miR-1261, which resulted in the enhancement of UBE2L3 expression and HCC progression.

In the early stages of HCC, various circRNAs have been identified as important regulators involved in HCC progression. Circ-CDYL is upregulated in early stage HCC and induces expression of HDGF and HIF1AN by sponging miR-892a and miR-328-3p, respectively ^[97]. Circ-CDYL-induced HDGF activates PI3K-AKT signaling by binding to its receptor NCL, which results in enhanced expression of c-MYC and survivin. Circ-CDYL-mediated HIF1AN also upregulates survivin expression via inhibition of Notch2 signaling.

In HCC cells, circ-PRKCI functions as a miRNA-545 sponge and disrupts its inhibitory activity against the E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7) ^[98]. Higher expression of E2F7 is observed in HCC and correlated with a lower survival rate. In HCC, enhanced expression of has-circ-0078710 is correlated with the promotion of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It was found that has-circ-0078710 functions as a sponge of miR-31, which results in the induction of HDAC and CDK2 target genes ^[99]. In HCC tissues, the upregulated expression of circ-001569 and circ-0005075 is correlated with increased HCC proliferation and metastasis. It was hsown that circ-001569 and circ-0005075 act as sponges of miR-411-5p and miR-432-5p ^[100], and miR-431 ^[101], respectively. However, their target genes in HCC have not been mentioned.

A study by Bai et al. reported that circ-FBLIM1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to induce HCC progression ^[102]. The molecular mechanism is such that circ-FBLIM1 is the sponge of miR-346, and FBLIM1 is a direct target of miR-346. In HCC, overexpression of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) promotes cell proliferation and migration, and circ-HIPK3 expression is positively correlated with AQP3 expression by sponging miR-124 ^[103]. Knockdown of circ-HIPK3 reduced tumor growth via the miR-124-AQP3 axis in the Huh7 xenograft model. Therefore, these circRNAs functioning as sponges for mi-RNAs could be used as a biomarker for diagnosis and as targets for HCC therapy. The circRNAs, miRNAs, and their target genes are summarized in Table 2.

3.2. Tumor Suppressor Circrnas Inhibit HCC Tumorigenesis by Sponging Onco-miRNAs

Several circRNAs that function as tumor suppressors in HCC have been reported. A study on HCC tumorigenesis found that circRNA is involved in the regulatory mechanism of oncogenic miR-191 ^[104]. In HCC Hep3B and HepG2 cells, elevated miR-191 was sponged by has-circ-0000204, and the expression of tumor suppressor KLF6 increased via binding reduction of miR-191 to the 3′UTR region of KLF6 mRNA.

A study by Wang et al. reported the roles of circRNA hippocampus abundant transcript 1 (circ-HIAT1) in HCC and its tumor suppressive mechanism ^[105]. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that circ-HIAT1-mediated upregulation of PTEN expression via miR-3171 sponging resulted in HCC cell proliferation.

In HCC tissues, circ-SETD3 is another tumor suppressive circRNA that acts as a sponge of miRNA. Circ-SETD3 reduces the proliferation of Huh7 HCC cells by sponging miR-421 and enhancing expression of its target gene, MAPK14 ^[106]. In addition, overexpression of circ-SETD3 reduced tumor growth in a Huh7 xenograft mouse model.

circ-ADAMTS13 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor circRNA, and acts as a sponge of miR-484; however, its target gene is unknown ^[107]. Circ-MTO1 is another tumor suppressive circRNA that acts as a sponge of miRNA in HCC. Circ-MTO1 inhibits HCC progression by sponging oncogenic miR-9 to promote target gene p21 expression ^[108]. Has-circ-0005986 exerts tumor suppressive effects by sponging miR-129-5p in HCC cell lines. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that Notch1 is the direct target gene of miR-129-5p ^[109]. These studies suggest that circRNAs function as tumor suppressors and by sponging oncogenic miRNA, might be good HCC biomarkers. Tumor suppressive circRNAs and target miRNAs are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Circular RNA and microRNA networks in HCC.

CircRNAs	Target miRNA	Target Genes of miRNA	Function	Reference
Overexpression of lncRNAs in HCC
circ-PVTa	miR-3666	SIRTUIN 7	HCC proliferation	^[90]
circ-SMG1.72	miR-141-3p	GELSOLIN	HCC invasion	^[94]
circ-100338	miR-141-3p	MTSS1	hepatitis B-related HCC progression	^[95]
has-circ-0009910	miR-1261	UBE2L3	HCC progression	^[96]
circ-CDYL	miR-892a, miR-328-3p	HDGF, HIF1AN	Early stage HCC progression	^[97]
circ-PRKCI	miRNA-545	E2F7	HCC proliferation	^[98]
has-circ-0078710	miR-31	HDAC, CDK2	HCC progression	^[99]
circ-001569	miR-411-5p miR-432-5p	unknown	HCC proliferation, metastasis	^[100]
has-circ-0005075	miR-431	unknown	HCC proliferation, metastasis	^[101]
circ-FBLIM1	miR-346	FBLIM1	HCC progression	^[102]
circ-HIPK3	miR-124	AQP3	HCC proliferation, metastasis	^[103]
Downregulation of lncRNAs in HCC
has-circ-0000204	miR-191	KLF6	HCC proliferation	^[104]
circ-HIAT1	miR-3171	PTEN	HCC proliferation	^[105]
circ-SETD3 (has-circ-0000567)	miR-421	MAPK14	HCC proliferation	^[106]
circ-ADAMTS13	miR-484	unknown	HCC proliferation	^[107]
circ-MTO1	miR-9	P21	HCC progression	^[108]
has-circ-0005986	miR-129-5p	NOTCH1	HCC biomarker	^[109]

Figure 3. Schematic representation of lnc/circRNAs serving as ceRNAs in HCC. The upregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) sponge target microRNAs (miRNAs), which results in increased expression of target genes. The downregulated lncRNAs and circRNAs sponge target miRNAs, which results in decreased expression of target genes.

References

Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2020, 70, 7–30, doi:10.3322/caac.21590.
Parikh, S.; Hyman, D. Hepatocellular cancer: A guide for the internist. Am. J. Med. 2007, 120, 194–202, doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.11.020.
Liu, C.J.; Kao, J.H. Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology and pathogenic role of viral factors. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2007, 70, 141–145, doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70346-6.
Turati, F.; Galeone, C.; Rota, M.; Pelucchi, C.; Negri, E.; Bagnardi, V.; Corrao, G.; Boffetta, P.; La Vecchia, C. Alcohol and liver cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann. Oncol. 2014, 25, 1526–1535, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu020.
Younossi, Z.M.; Koenig, A.B.; Abdelatif, D.; Fazel, Y.; Henry, L.; Wymer, M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016, 64, 73–84, doi:10.1002/hep.28431.
Yu, M.W.; Lin, C.L.; Liu, C.J.; Yang, S.H.; Tseng, Y.L.; Wu, C.F. Influence of Metabolic Risk Factors on Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver-Related Death in Men With Chronic Hepatitis B: A Large Cohort Study. Gastroenterology 2017, 153, 1006–1017, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.001.
Torres, H.A.; Shigle, T.L.; Hammoudi, N.; Link, J.T.; Samaniego, F.; Kaseb, A.; Mallet, V. The oncologic burden of hepatitis C virus infection: A clinical perspective. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2017, 67, 411–431, doi:10.3322/caac.21403.
Nakagawa, S.; Wei, L.; Song, W.M.; Higashi, T.; Ghoshal, S.; Kim, R.S.; Bian, C.B.; Yamada, S.; Sun, X.; Venkatesh, A.; et al. Molecular Liver Cancer Prevention in Cirrhosis by Organ Transcriptome Analysis and Lysophosphatidic Acid Pathway Inhibition. Cancer Cell 2016, 30, 879–890, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.004.
Parikh, N.D.; Singal, A.G.; Hutton, D.W. Cost effectiveness of regorafenib as second-line therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2017, 123, 3725–3731, doi:10.1002/cncr.30863.
Goossens, N.; Sun, X.; Hoshida, Y. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential therapeutic implications. Hepat. Oncol. 2015, 2, 371–379, doi:10.2217/hep.15.26.
Cao, Z.; Fan-Minogue, H.; Bellovin, D.I.; Yevtodiyenko, A.; Arzeno, J.; Yang, Q.; Gambhir, S.S.; Felsher, D.W. MYC phosphorylation, activation, and tumorigenic potential in hepatocellular carcinoma are regulated by HMG-CoA reductase. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 2286–2297, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-3367.
Yang, P.M.; Liu, Y.L.; Lin, Y.C.; Shun, C.T.; Wu, M.S.; Chen, C.C. Inhibition of autophagy enhances anticancer effects of atorvastatin in digestive malignancies. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 7699–7709, doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1626.
Sutter, A.P.; Maaser, K.; Hopfner, M.; Huether, A.; Schuppan, D.; Scherubl, H. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Synergistic antiproliferative action with ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. J. Hepatol. 2005, 43, 808–816, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.04.010.
Hoshida, Y.; Fuchs, B.C.; Tanabe, K.K. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential targets, experimental models, and clinical challenges. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2012, 12, 1129–1159.
Eddy, S.R. Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2001, 2, 919–929, doi:10.1038/35103511.
Uszczynska-Ratajczak, B.; Lagarde, J.; Frankish, A.; Guigo, R.; Johnson, R. Towards a complete map of the human long non-coding RNA transcriptome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2018, 19, 535–548, doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0017-y.
Li, W.; Notani, D.; Rosenfeld, M.G. Enhancers as non-coding RNA transcription units: Recent insights and future perspectives. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2016, 17, 207–223, doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.4.
Anastasiadou, E.; Jacob, L.S.; Slack, F.J. Non-coding RNA networks in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2018, 18, 5–18, doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.99.
Slack, F.J.; Chinnaiyan, A.M. The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Oncology. Cell 2019, 179, 1033–1055, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.017.
Wong, C.M.; Tsang, F.H.; Ng, I.O. Non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular functions and pathological implications. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 15, 137–151, doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.169.
Quinn, J.J.; Chang, H.Y. Unique features of long non-coding RNA biogenesis and function. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2016, 17, 47–62, doi:10.1038/nrg.2015.10.
Yao, R.-W.; Wang, Y.; Chen, L.-L. Cellular functions of long noncoding RNAs. Nat. Cell Biol. 2019, 21, 542–551, doi:10.1038/s41556-019-0311-8.
Wang, X.; Sun, W.; Shen, W.; Xia, M.; Chen, C.; Xiang, D.; Ning, B.; Cui, X.; Li, H.; Li, X.; et al. Long non-coding RNA DILC regulates liver cancer stem cells via IL-6/STAT3 axis. J. Hepatol. 2016, 64, 1283–1294, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.019.
Schmitt, A.M.; Chang, H.Y. Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways. Cancer Cell 2016, 29, 452–463, doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.010.
Li, X.; Yang, L.; Chen, L.L. The Biogenesis, Functions, and Challenges of Circular RNAs. Mol. Cell 2018, 71, 428–442, doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.034.
Yu, J.; Xu, Q.G.; Wang, Z.G.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Ma, J.Z.; Sun, S.H.; Yang, F.; Zhou, W.P. Circular RNA cSMARCA5 inhibits growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2018, 68, 1214–1227, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.012.
Zhang, X.; Wang, S.; Wang, H.; Cao, J.; Huang, X.; Chen, Z.; Xu, P.; Sun, G.; Xu, J.; Lv, J.; et al. Circular RNA circNRIP1 acts as a microRNA-149-5p sponge to promote gastric cancer progression via the AKT1/mTOR pathway. Mol. Cancer 2019, 18, 20, doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0935-5.
Huang, X.; Toth, K.F.; Aravin, A.A. piRNA Biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Trends Genet. 2017, 33, 882–894, doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.09.002.
Kim, V.N.; Han, J.; Siomi, M.C. Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10, 126–139, doi:10.1038/nrm2632.
Ha, M.; Kim, V.N. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2014, 15, 509–524, doi:10.1038/nrm3838.
Bartel, D.P. MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004, 116, 281–297, doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5.
Jonas, S.; Izaurralde, E. Towards a molecular understanding of microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2015, 16, 421–433, doi:10.1038/nrg3965.
Hausser, J.; Zavolan, M. Identification and consequences of miRNA-target interactions—Beyond repression of gene expression. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2014, 15, 599–612, doi:10.1038/nrg3765.
Bassett, A.R.; Azzam, G.; Wheatley, L.; Tibbit, C.; Rajakumar, T.; McGowan, S.; Stanger, N.; Ewels, P.A.; Taylor, S.; Ponting, C.P.; et al. Understanding functional miRNA-target interactions in vivo by site-specific genome engineering. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4640, doi:10.1038/ncomms5640.
Bracken, C.P.; Scott, H.S.; Goodall, G.J. A network-biology perspective of microRNA function and dysfunction in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2016, 17, 719–732, doi:10.1038/nrg.2016.134.
Han, T.S.; Hur, K.; Xu, G.; Choi, B.; Okugawa, Y.; Toiyama, Y.; Oshima, H.; Oshima, M.; Lee, H.J.; Kim, V.N.; et al. MicroRNA-29c mediates initiation of gastric carcinogenesis by directly targeting ITGB1. Gut 2015, 64, 203–214, doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306640.
Han, T.S.; Voon, D.C.; Oshima, H.; Nakayama, M.; Echizen, K.; Sakai, E.; Yong, Z.W.E.; Murakami, K.; Yu, L.; Minamoto, T.; et al. Interleukin 1 Up-regulates MicroRNA 135b to Promote Inflammation-Associated Gastric Carcinogenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, 1140–1155, doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.059.
Hwang, J.S.; Jeong, E.J.; Choi, J.; Lee, Y.J.; Jung, E.; Kim, S.K.; Min, J.K.; Han, T.S.; Kim, J.S. MicroRNA-1258 Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells through Suppressing CKS1B Expression. Genes 2019, 10, 912, doi:10.3390/genes10110912.
Law, P.T.; Qin, H.; Ching, A.K.; Lai, K.P.; Co, N.N.; He, M.; Lung, R.W.; Chan, A.W.; Chan, T.F.; Wong, N. Deep sequencing of small RNA transcriptome reveals novel non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2013, 58, 1165–1173, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.032.
Sandbothe, M.; Buurman, R.; Reich, N.; Greiwe, L.; Vajen, B.; Gurlevik, E.; Schaffer, V.; Eilers, M.; Kuhnel, F.; Vaquero, A.; et al. The microRNA-449 family inhibits TGF-beta-mediated liver cancer cell migration by targeting SOX4. J. Hepatol. 2017, 66, 1012–1021, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.004.
Peng, Y.; Croce, C.M. The role of MicroRNAs in human cancer. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2016, 1, 15004, doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2015.4.
Jansson, M.D.; Lund, A.H. MicroRNA and cancer. Mol. Oncol. 2012, 6, 590–610, doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2012.09.006.
Han, T.S.; Ban, H.S.; Hur, K.; Cho, H.S. The Epigenetic Regulation of HCC Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3978, doi:10.3390/ijms19123978.
Bae, H.J.; Jung, K.H.; Eun, J.W.; Shen, Q.; Kim, H.S.; Park, S.J.; Shin, W.C.; Yang, H.D.; Park, W.S.; Lee, J.Y.; et al. MicroRNA-221 governs tumor suppressor HDAC6 to potentiate malignant progression of liver cancer. J. Hepatol. 2015, 63, 408–419, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.019.
Liu, S.; Guo, W.; Shi, J.; Li, N.; Yu, X.; Xue, J.; Fu, X.; Chu, K.; Lu, C.; Zhao, J.; et al. MicroRNA-135a contributes to the development of portal vein tumor thrombus by promoting metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatol. 2012, 56, 389–396, doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.008.
Rybak, A.; Fuchs, H.; Smirnova, L.; Brandt, C.; Pohl, E.E.; Nitsch, R.; Wulczyn, F.G. A feedback loop comprising lin-28 and let-7 controls pre-let-7 maturation during neural stem-cell commitment. Nat. Cell Biol. 2008, 10, 987–993, doi:10.1038/ncb1759.
Sayed, D.; Rane, S.; Lypowy, J.; He, M.; Chen, I.Y.; Vashistha, H.; Yan, L.; Malhotra, A.; Vatner, D.; Abdellatif, M. MicroRNA-21 targets Sprouty2 and promotes cellular outgrowths. Mol. Biol. Cell 2008, 19, 3272–3282, doi:10.1091/mbc.E08-02-0159.
Horie, T.; Ono, K.; Nishi, H.; Iwanaga, Y.; Nagao, K.; Kinoshita, M.; Kuwabara, Y.; Takanabe, R.; Hasegawa, K.; Kita, T.; et al. MicroRNA-133 regulates the expression of GLUT4 by targeting KLF15 and is involved in metabolic control in cardiac myocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2009, 389, 315–320, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.136.
Franco-Zorrilla, J.M.; Valli, A.; Todesco, M.; Mateos, I.; Puga, M.I.; Rubio-Somoza, I.; Leyva, A.; Weigel, D.; Garcia, J.A.; Paz-Ares, J. Target mimicry provides a new mechanism for regulation of microRNA activity. Nat. Genet. 2007, 39, 1033–1037, doi:10.1038/ng2079.
Chitwood, D.H.; Timmermans, M.C. Target mimics modulate miRNAs. Nat. Genet. 2007, 39, 935–936, doi:10.1038/ng0807-935.
Ebert, M.S.; Sharp, P.A. MicroRNA sponges: Progress and possibilities. RNA 2010, 16, 2043–2050, doi:10.1261/rna.2414110.
Salmena, L.; Poliseno, L.; Tay, Y.; Kats, L.; Pandolfi, P.P. A ceRNA hypothesis: The Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell 2011, 146, 353–358, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.014.
Zhao, L.; Han, T.; Li, Y.; Sun, J.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Y.; Shan, B.; Zheng, D.; Shi, J. The lncRNA SNHG5/miR-32 axis regulates gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration by targeting KLF4. FASEB J. 2017, 31, 893–903, doi:10.1096/fj.201600994R.
Zhong, Y.; Du, Y.; Yang, X.; Mo, Y.; Fan, C.; Xiong, F.; Ren, D.; Ye, X.; Li, C.; Wang, Y.; et al. Circular RNAs function as ceRNAs to regulate and control human cancer progression. Mol. Cancer 2018, 17, 79, doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0827-8.
Huang, W.; Huang, F.; Lei, Z.; Luo, H. LncRNA SNHG11 Promotes Proliferation, Migration, Apoptosis, and Autophagy by Regulating hsa-miR-184/AGO2 in HCC. Onco Targets Ther. 2020, 13, 413–421, doi:10.2147/OTT.S237161.
Deng, L.; Yang, S.B.; Xu, F.F.; Zhang, J.H. Long noncoding RNA CCAT1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by functioning as let-7 sponge. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2015, 34, 18, doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0136-7.
Li, S.; Peng, F.; Ning, Y.; Jiang, P.; Peng, J.; Ding, X.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, T.; Xiang, S. SNHG16 as the miRNA let-7b-5p sponge facilitates the G2/M and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating CDC25B and HMGA2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 2020, 121, 2543–2558, doi:10.1002/jcb.29477.
Huang, Y.; Xiang, B.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Kan, H. LncRNA CDKN2B-AS1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting let-7c-5p/NAP1L1 axis. Cancer Lett. 2018, 437, 56–66, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.024.
Gong, J.; Wang, J.; Liu, T.; Hu, J.; Zheng, J. lncRNA FEZF1AS1 contributes to cell proliferation, migration and invasion by sponging miR4443 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol. Med. Rep. 2018, 18, 5614–5620, doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9585.
Wei, L.Q.; Li, L.; Lu, C.; Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Wu, H. Involvement of H19/miR-326 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma development through modulating TWIST1. J. Cell. Physiol. 2019, 234, 5153–5162, doi:10.1002/jcp.27319.
Pan, Y.; Tong, S.; Cui, R.; Fan, J.; Liu, C.; Lin, Y.; Tang, J.; Xie, H.; Lin, P.; Zheng, T.; et al. Long Non-Coding MALAT1 Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Regulate Vimentin Expression by Sponging miR-30a-5p in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 50, 108–120, doi:10.1159/000493962.
Chang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, C.; Qiu, G.; Wang, G.; Wang, S.; Chang, X.; Li, X.; Fan, L. Long non-coding RNA FOXD2-AS1 plays an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting miR206. Oncol. Rep. 2018, 40, 3625–3634, doi:10.3892/or.2018.6752.
Li, C.; Miao, R.; Liu, S.; Wan, Y.; Zhang, S.; Deng, Y.; Bi, J.; Qu, K.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C. Down-regulation of miR-146b-5p by long noncoding RNA MALAT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma promotes cancer growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 28683–28695, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15640.
Hu, M.; Han, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Ye, L. lncRNA TINCR sponges miR-214-5p to upregulate ROCK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med. Genet. 2020, 21, 2, doi:10.1186/s12881-019-0940-6.
Dai, W.; Dai, J.L.; Tang, M.H.; Ye, M.S.; Fang, S. lncRNA-SNHG15 accelerates the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting miR-490-3p/ histone deacetylase 2 axis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 5789–5799, doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i38.5789.
Dong, J.; Teng, F.; Guo, W.; Yang, J.; Ding, G.; Fu, Z. lncRNA SNHG8 Promotes the Tumorigenesis and Metastasis by Sponging miR-149-5p and Predicts Tumor Recurrence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 51, 2262–2274, doi:10.1159/000495871.
Zhang, K.; Zhao, Z.; Yu, J.; Chen, W.; Xu, Q.; Chen, L. LncRNA FLVCR1-AS1 acts as miR-513c sponge to modulate cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 2018, 119, 6045–6056, doi:10.1002/jcb.26802.
Li, C.; Lu, L.; Feng, B.; Zhang, K.; Han, S.; Hou, D.; Chen, L.; Chu, X.; Wang, R. The lincRNA-ROR/miR-145 axis promotes invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB2. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 4637, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04113-w.
Tu, J.; Zhao, Z.; Xu, M.; Chen, M.; Weng, Q.; Ji, J. LINC00460 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development through sponging miR-485-5p to up-regulate PAK1. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 118, 109213, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109213.
Gao, J.; Yin, X.; Yu, X.; Dai, C.; Zhou, F. Long noncoding RNA LINC00488 functions as a ceRNA to regulate hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and angiogenesis through miR-330-5. Dig. Liver Dis. 2019, 51, 1050–1059, doi:10.1016/j.dld.2019.03.012.
Wang, Y.; Sun, L.; Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Li, Q.; Yao, B.; Wang, C.; Chen, T.; Tu, K.; Liu, Q. Long non-coding RNA DSCR8 acts as a molecular sponge for miR-485-5p to activate Wnt/beta-catenin signal pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2018, 9, 851, doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0937-7.
Bao, J.; Chen, X.; Hou, Y.; Kang, G.; Li, Q.; Xu, Y. LncRNA DBH-AS1 facilitates the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting miR-138 via FAK/Src/ERK pathway. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 107, 824–833, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.079.
Lv, J.; Kong, Y.; Gao, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, P.; Yu, Z. LncRNA TUG1 interacting with miR-144 contributes to proliferation, migration and tumorigenesis through activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2018, 101, 19–28, doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2018.05.010.
Lan, T.; Ma, W.; Hong, Z.; Wu, L.; Chen, X.; Yuan, Y. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting miR-199a/b-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2017, 36, 11, doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0486-9.
Cao, C.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, D.; Xie, L.; Zou, X.; Lei, L.; Wu, D.; Liu, L. The long non-coding RNA, SNHG6-003, functions as a competing endogenous RNA to promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2017, 36, 1112–1122, doi:10.1038/onc.2016.278.
Wang, F.; Ying, H.Q.; He, B.S.; Pan, Y.Q.; Deng, Q.W.; Sun, H.L.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.K. Upregulated lncRNA-UCA1 contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of miR-216b and activation of FGFR1/ERK signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 7899–7917, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3219.
Li, X.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, L.; Ma, Y.; Peng, X.; Yang, S.; Li, H.; Liu, J. LncRNA NEAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating miR-204/ATG3 and enhanced cell resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 2020, 235, 3402–3413, doi:10.1002/jcp.29230.
Guo, J.; Ma, Y.; Peng, X.; Jin, H.; Liu, J. LncRNA CCAT1 promotes autophagy via regulating ATG7 by sponging miR-181 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 2019, 120, 17975–17983, doi:10.1002/jcb.29064.
Yang, L.; Peng, X.; Jin, H.; Liu, J. Long non-coding RNA PVT1 promotes autophagy as ceRNA to target ATG3 by sponging microRNA-365 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gene 2019, 697, 94–102, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.036.
Zhao, L.; Hu, K.; Cao, J.; Wang, P.; Li, J.; Zeng, K.; He, X.; Tu, P.F.; Tong, T.; Han, L. lncRNA miat functions as a ceRNA to upregulate sirt1 by sponging miR-22-3p in HCC cellular senescence. Aging 2019, 11, 7098–7122, doi:10.18632/aging.102240.
Xiang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Sun, H.; Pan, Y.; Wu, M.; Zhang, J. Deregulation of miR-520d-3p promotes hepatocellular carcinoma development via lncRNA MIAT regulation and EPHA2 signaling activation. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 109, 1630–1639, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.014.
Wang, C.; Ke, S.; Li, M.; Lin, C.; Liu, X.; Pan, Q. Downregulation of LncRNA GAS5 promotes liver cancer proliferation and drug resistance by decreasing PTEN expression. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2020, 295, 251–260, doi:10.1007/s00438-019-01620-5.
Xu, F.; Zha, G.; Wu, Y.; Cai, W.; Ao, J. Overexpressing lncRNA SNHG16 inhibited HCC proliferation and chemoresistance by functionally sponging hsa-miR-93. Onco Targets Ther. 2018, 11, 8855–8863, doi:10.2147/OTT.S182005.
Zhang, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Huang, S.; Zhao, Q.; Huang, C.; Tang, Y.; Sun, C.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, L.; Chen, H.; et al. lncRNA XIST regulates proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by acting as miR-497-5p molecular sponge and targeting PDCD4. Cancer Cell. Int. 2019, 19, 198, doi:10.1186/s12935-019-0909-8.
Wang, Y.G.; Wang, T.; Shi, M.; Zhai, B. Long noncoding RNA EPB41L4A-AS2 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma development by sponging miR-301a-5p and targeting FOXL1. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 38, 153, doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1128-9.
Wang, Y.G.; Liu, J.; Shi, M.; Chen, F.X. LncRNA DGCR5 represses the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the miR-346/KLF14 axis. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018, 234, 572–580, doi:10.1002/jcp.26779.
Yan, S.; Tang, Z.; Chen, K.; Liu, Y.; Yu, G.; Chen, Q.; Dang, H.; Chen, F.; Ling, J.; Zhu, L.; et al. Long noncoding RNA MIR31HG inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and metastasis by sponging microRNA-575 to modulate ST7L expression. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 37, 214, doi:10.1186/s13046-018-0853-9.
Hu, B.; Cai, H.; Zheng, R.; Yang, S.; Zhou, Z.; Tu, J. Long non-coding RNA 657 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-106a-5p to regulate PTEN expression. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2017, 92, 34–42, doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.008.
Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Yao, B.; Dou, C.; Xu, M.; Xue, Y.; Ding, L.; Jia, Y.; Zhang, H.; Li, Q.; et al. Long non-coding RNA TUSC7 acts a molecular sponge for miR-10a and suppresses EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor Biol. 2016, 37, 11429–11441, doi:10.1007/s13277-016-4892-6.
Li, Y.; Shi, H.; Yuan, J.; Qiao, L.; Dong, L.; Wang, Y. Downregulation of circular RNA circPVT1 restricts cell growth of hepatocellular carcinoma through downregulation of Sirtuin 7 via microRNA-3666. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2020, doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13273.
Chen, J.; Li, Y.; Zheng, Q.; Bao, C.; He, J.; Chen, B.; Lyu, D.; Zheng, B.; Xu, Y.; Long, Z.; et al. Circular RNA profile identifies circPVT1 as a proliferative factor and prognostic marker in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 2017, 388, 208–219, doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.006.
Wang, Z.; Su, M.; Xiang, B.; Zhao, K.; Qin, B. Circular RNA PVT1 promotes metastasis via miR-145 sponging in CRC. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2019, 512, 716–722, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.121.
Qin, S.; Zhao, Y.; Lim, G.; Lin, H.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X. Circular RNA PVT1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-497 in promoting non-small cell lung cancer progression. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 111, 244–250, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.007.
Xiao, Y.; Liu, G.; Sun, Y.; Gao, Y.; Ouyang, X.; Chang, C.; Gong, L.; Yeh, S. Targeting the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-mediated circ-SMG1.72/miR-141-3p/Gelsolin signaling to better suppress the HCC cell invasion. Oncogene 2020, 39, 2493–2508, doi:10.1038/s41388-019-1150-6.
Huang, X.Y.; Huang, Z.L.; Xu, Y.H.; Zheng, Q.; Chen, Z.; Song, W.; Zhou, J.; Tang, Z.Y.; Huang, X.Y. Comprehensive circular RNA profiling reveals the regulatory role of the circRNA-100338/miR-141-3p pathway in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 5428, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05432-8.
Wu, J.; Liu, S.; Xiang, Y.; Qu, X.; Xie, Y.; Zhang, X. Bioinformatic Analysis of Circular RNA-Associated ceRNA Network Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BioMed Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 8308694, doi:10.1155/2019/8308694.
Wei, Y.; Chen, X.; Liang, C.; Ling, Y.; Yang, X.; Ye, X.; Zhang, H.; Yang, P.; Cui, X.; Ren, Y.; et al. A Noncoding Regulatory RNAs Network Driven by Circ-CDYL Acts Specifically in the Early Stages Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatology 2020, 71, 130–147, doi:10.1002/hep.30795.
Qi, S.X.; Sun, H.; Liu, H.; Yu, J.; Jiang, Z.Y.; Yan, P. Role and mechanism of circ-PRKCI in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 2019, 25, 1964–1974, doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i16.1964.
Xie, B.; Zhao, Z.; Liu, Q.; Wang, X.; Ma, Z.; Li, H. CircRNA has_circ_0078710 acts as the sponge of microRNA-31 involved in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Gene 2019, 683, 253–261, doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.043.
Liu, H.; Xue, L.; Song, C.; Liu, F.; Jiang, T.; Yang, X. Overexpression of circular RNA circ_001569 indicates poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma and promotes cell growth and metastasis by sponging miR-411-5p and miR-432-5p. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2018, 503, 2659–2665, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.020.
Li, M.F.; Li, Y.H.; He, Y.H.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X.F.; Meng, X.M.; Huang, C.; Li, J. Emerging roles of hsa_circ_0005075 targeting miR-431 in the progress of HCC. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018, 99, 848–858, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.150.
Bai, N.; Peng, E.; Qiu, X.; Lyu, N.; Zhang, Z.; Tao, Y.; Li, X.; Wang, Z. circFBLIM1 act as a ceRNA to promote hepatocellular cancer progression by sponging miR-346. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 37, 172, doi:10.1186/s13046-018-0838-8.
Chen, G.; Shi, Y.; Liu, M.; Sun, J. circHIPK3 regulates cell proliferation and migration by sponging miR-124 and regulating AQP3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2018, 9, 175, doi:10.1038/s41419-017-0204-3.
Tian, F.; Yu, C.; Wu, M.; Wu, X.; Wan, L.; Zhu, X. MicroRNA-191 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by has_circ_0000204/miR-191/KLF6 axis. Cell Prolif. 2019, 52, e12635, doi:10.1111/cpr.12635.
Wang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, C. Circular RNA circHIAT1 inhibits cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating miR-3171/PTEN axis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019, 116, 108932, doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108932.
Xu, L.; Feng, X.; Hao, X.; Wang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Li, L.; Ren, S.; Zhang, M.; Xu, M. CircSETD3 (Hsa_circ_0000567) acts as a sponge for microRNA-421 inhibiting hepatocellular carcinoma growth. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2019, 38, 98, doi:10.1186/s13046-019-1041-2.
Qiu, L.; Huang, Y.; Li, Z.; Dong, X.; Chen, G.; Xu, H.; Zeng, Y.; Cai, Z.; Liu, X.; Liu, J. Circular RNA profiling identifies circADAMTS13 as a miR-484 sponge which suppresses cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol. Oncol. 2019, 13, 441–455, doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12424.
Han, D.; Li, J.; Wang, H.; Su, X.; Hou, J.; Gu, Y.; Qian, C.; Lin, Y.; Liu, X.; Huang, M.; et al. Circular RNA circMTO1 acts as the sponge of microRNA-9 to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Hepatology 2017, 66, 1151–1164, doi:10.1002/hep.29270.
Fu, L.; Chen, Q.; Yao, T.; Li, T.; Ying, S.; Hu, Y.; Guo, J. Hsa_circ_0005986 inhibits carcinogenesis by acting as a miR-129-5p sponge and is used as a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 43878–43888, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.16709.