An effective Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework helps vaccination programme managers determine progress and effectiveness for agreed indicators against clear benchmarks and targets. Improving national vaccination programme implementation requires collection and analysis of data on relevant vaccination components. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) or more recent Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning (MEAL) frameworks support decision-making by consolidating available information on agreed indicators, benchmarked targets, and methods to collect, analyse, and report necessary data to strengthen vaccination programmes.