The main fields in which mushroom cultivation could improve soil quality may include (1) soil erosion control, (2) improving soil aggregates, (3) increasing soil organic matter, (4) enhancing soil nutrition, (5) promoting C, and NPK cycling, and (6) the bioremediation of polluted soils.
Cultivated Plant or Used Mushroom for SMS |
Soil Properties or Used Substrate |
Main Purpose of the Application | Refs. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I. Applied SMS under cultivated soils | ||||||||
Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) | Silty loam, pH (5.58), SOM (1.2 g kg | −1 | ), and Cd (72.87 mg kg | −1 | ) | SMS of both P. eryngii and A. bisporus decreased soil content of Cd by 99% and increased rice yield by 38.8% | [100] | [18] |
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifa L.) | Loamy sand, pH (7.98), SOM (0.25%) | Applied SMS to improve plant growth, soil fertility, and its quality as a biofertilizer | [101] | [19] | ||||
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) | Silty, pH (6.12), TOC (11.1 g kg | −1 | ) | SMS enhanced soil microbial diversity and the activity of enzymes for long-term cultivated cucumber in greenhouse | [102] | [20] | ||
Barely (Hordeum vulgare L.) | Clayey, pH (5.40), initial soil 60 kg N ha | −1 | and fertilized up to 200 kg N ha | −1 | Applied SMS (50%) caused a strong shift in soil-rhizosphere microbiota due to release enzymes as root exudates, depending on the kind of applied organic fertilizers | [103] | [21] | |
Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ssp.) | Sandy loam, pH (8.0), N (6.0 mg kg | −1 | ) | Applied SMS as organic fertilizer is promising under organic farming | [104] | [22] | ||
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | Modified paddy straw as substrate | Paddy straw based-silica rich SMS of P. ostreatus is effective for plant disease and nutrient management | [105] | [23] | ||||
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) | Composted SMS, vermiculite, coir, and perlite at (3:1:1:1) | Microbial agents can inhibit potentially pathogenic microbes of plants and increase the efficient utilization of SMS | [106] | [24] | ||||
Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) | Soil (dystro-ferric red latosol) | Co-cultivation at the same bucket tomato and A. bisporus reduced by 60 days and continuous producing mushroom prolonged by 120 days | [107] | [25] | ||||
II. Applied SMS under non-cultivated soils | ||||||||
SMS provided by Xiangfang edible fungi factory, Harbin, China | Sandy, pH (6.83), SOM (38.64 g kg | −1 | ) | SMS was compared to biochar and lime on reducing Cd-bioavailability by 66.47% and increased soil enzyme activities | [108] | [26] | ||
Organic amendment (SMS and its biochar) | Soil pH (6.83), SOM (38.64 g kg | −1 | ), ava. N (115.7 mg kg | −1 | ) | Applied amendment alleviated Cd and N damage on soil, by increasing microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the soil | [109] | [27] |
SMS-derived biochar | Soil pH (4.62), TOC and TN (57.2 and 3.9 g kg | −1 | , resp.) | Spent mushroom substrate derived biochar was pyrolyzed at 450 °C can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions | [110] | [28] | ||
Applied SMS, bacteria of Paracoccus sp., and humic acid | PAHs in soil was 1.97 mg kg | −1 | , soil pH (6.71) | Bio-degradation of PAHs by humic acid and SMS via soil laccase activity as bioremediation | [111] | [29] |