Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental respirable particles. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Affected horses present with cough, nasal discharge and increased respiratory effort at rest. Although a complex diversity of genetic and immunological pathways contribute to the disease, these remain to be fully understood.
Th2 | Th17 | Th1/Th2 | Th1/Th17 | Th2/Th17 | Undefined | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↑ IL-4 | 1(r) | ↑ CXCL13 | 2(r) | ↑ IL-4 | 1(r) | ↑ IL-1β | 1(r) | ↓ miR-197 | 2(r) | ↓ IFN-γ | 1(r) |
↑ IL-5 | 1(r) | ↑ IFN-γ | 1(r) | ↑ IL-8 | 1(r); 3(r); 3(p) | ↑ miR-744 | 2(r) | ↓ IL-4 | 1(r) | ||
↓ IFN-γ | 1(r) | ↑ IFN-γ | 1(r) | ↓ miR-26a | 4(r) | ↓ IL-5 | 1(r) | ||||
↑ TNF-α | 1(r) | ↑ miR-31 | 4(r) | ↓ IL-13 | 1(r) | ||||||
↑ IL-17 | 1(r) | ↓ TNF-α | 4(r) | ||||||||
↑ IL-4R | 4(r) |