Circular Economy and Financial Aspects: Comparison
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The study proposes an investigation of empirical evidence of economic-financial gains resulting from the adoption of circular production practices, and also analyze the pre-existing studies that investigate the link between the circular economy and financial aspects in order to understand the evolution of the circular economy literature and its relationship with finance. The methodology used to achieve this goal was a systematic review of the literature and bibliometric analysis.

Thus,arriers faced by the barriers faced by companies adopting the circular economy in relation to financial performance are defined by (i) the size of the business and the initial investment cost, (ii) difficulties for micro and small companies, (iii) to a more complex structuring of the business, and (iv) greater exposure to risk, as the circular economy is a new concept and is and not as representative as a linear standard system. Thus, there is a need for accounting control of process costs, since resources for different products can have different life cycles. Therefore, factors like financial incentives, subsidies for the projects, and the awareness of nations, companies and consumers are of great importance for the evolution of the circular economy.

  • circular economy
  • finance
  • accounting
  • organization
  • financial performance
  • sustainability

1. Introduction

The current economic system is mainly based on a linear logic for obtaining capital: extraction of natural resources, production, consumption, and, finally, disposal [1,2][1][2]. As long as wpeople live in an economy based on linear production and consumption processes, the destruction of ecosystems, the loss of biodiversity, and consequences such as climate change and water and air pollution will continue causing irreversible changes that render it difficult to sustain life on Earth [3].
An alternative to this model is a system that guarantees a continuous material flow, i.e., a closed loop. In this logic, the concept of circular economy comes into play, as it establishes a connection between the use of resources and waste disposal, thus converting the linear system into a circular system [4]. The circular economy can be defined as an economic system based on business models that replace the concept of linear logic through alternatives such as recycling, reuse, use of renewable energy, and product design, operating from the micro sphere to a macro perspective (eco-industrial parks, cities, governments), thus creating a balance between the environment and economic prosperity [5].
A circular economy has been a current practice in several countries. It has been implemented by nations such as China, Germany, Japan, and members of the European Union (EU), through laws that guarantee good waste management, recycling targets, and directives against waste [10,11,12,13][6][7][8][9]. In addition to the benefits to society as a whole, the practice of the circular economy may also result in economic gains to the companies, thus having positive social, environmental, and financial effects [14,15][10][11]. Adopting sustainable practices is an attractive action; however, many studies report that strategies to implement a circular economy are still in their infancy [16,17,18][12][13][14]. In addition, few studies clarify how to develop a circular business model, making it difficult to replicate it in other companies [19][15]. Likewise, the relationship between the circular economy and finance has not yet been fully studied [20][16], demonstrating the pressing need to analyze the impact of circular economy practices on the companies’ economic and financial performance indicators, such as profitability, market value, capital cost, return on investment, production cost, etc. [21,22][17][18].

2. Theoretical Foundation

Some ecological economists are frequently cited in the debate about the origin of the term “circular economy” due to their strong influence on the construction of the concept over time. Boulding [25][19] points out that humans need to find their place in a cyclic ecological system, even if they are capable of continuously reproducing material, thus proposing a closed-loop system. Pearce and Turner [8][20] base their thoughts on Boulding [25][19] when developing their idea of a cyclical production and consumption system, citing the term “circular economy” when they explain that the term points to the environmental limits of extracting natural resources. The concept of a circular economy is composed of different fragments, and it is possible to say that it relates to and/or derives from influential ecological concepts, such as cradle to cradle, industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis, sustainable supply chain management, performance-based economy, and blue economy [26,27][21][22]. As such, it can contain different interpretations. For Yuan, Bi, and Moriguich [13][9], the three pillars of the circular economy are industrial ecology, clean production, and ecological modernization. The origin of the concept itself comes from the collaboration of several reseauthorchers and has a range of meanings. However, it is correct to state that all associations to the term have the understanding of a closed-loop system [7][23]. As the concept of a circular economy does not have a single definition—it is based on a collection of biases from different areas of study, such as environmental engineering, business, environmental sciences, among others [6,7][24][23]—it is still much debated and can be implemented in many ways. As well as the concept, the origin of the term is also studied and cannot be attributed to just one reseauthorcher or date. Although the momentum acquired in the 1970s can be registered, it has its own dynamics in different spheres [2].

3. Circular Economy and Financial Aspects

Studies that analyze the impact of adopting circular economy practices on the financial performance of companies are still incipient [20,23][16][25]. Measuring the financial benefits of the circular economy and the financial profitability of companies that adhere to it are some of the barriers identified with regard to the adoption of the closed system by organizations [35][26] The current state of circular business models conveys the idea of a risky venture, in which the main issue is the added value of implementing the system. However, in the long term, a shortage in the supply of natural resources is expected to happen, forcing large companies to adapt to a circular system [36][27]. Corporate sustainability, a long-debated topic, has received more in-depth attention than the circular economy. Sustainable conducts are expected to add value to brands and increase market competitiveness. However, studies that compared the sustainable indexes of stock exchanges in some countries and analyzed the relationships between financial and environmental performance showed that there is no significant financial advantage between companies that adopt socially responsible attitudes and the ones that do not [37,38,39][28][29][30]. So, since profit maximization is one of the companies’ objectives to create value and attract investors, would it be feasible to exercise social responsibility and reduce returns? [40][31]. Other works, however, highlight positive aspects between the association of socially responsible investments, corporate sustainability and finance, stating that this factor does not harm investors’ interests. Instead, the reseauthorchers state that it provides long-term financial leverage even if it is more sensitive to market variations and has a tendency for financial risks [41,42][32][33]. It’s important to mention that socially responsible investments are still under investigation, as studies show conflicting results. The results of these surveys depend on the location of the object studied, as the performance of different companies depends on macroeconomic aspects and also on the profile of the investor [41][32] and/or consumer. To that end, the study sought to analyze the most relevant articles in the literature in relation to the theoretical pillars, study trends and dimensions of the circular economy in different areas. The circular economy can be used in different ways and at different levels, in industrial processes, organizations, governments, and legislation. It does not have only one form of applicability. When implementing the circular economy in organizations, it is necessary that circular principles are aligned with the company’s strategic objectives and organizational culture. In addition, an important point that hinders the implementation of the circular economy is the lack of financial, organizational, and national indicators to assess the development of different circular businesses. It is important to point out that prior to financial success, the analysis of the product’s costs in all its production phases needs to take into consideration resources from different sources (reuse, recycling, product design, etc.). Thus, there is a need for accounting control of process costs, since resources for different products can have different life cycles. Therefore, factors like financial incentives, subsidies for the projects, and the awareness of nations, companies and consumers are of great importance for the evolution of the circular economy. Once related to the beneficial impact of the circular economy, they can potentially be a catalyst for its development and more widespread adoption.

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