Hypertension is well known to alter the structure and function of cerebral blood vessels not only through its haemodynamics effects but also for its relationships with endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation.
Regulation of Vascular Tone |
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Balanced Blood Fluidity/Thrombosis |
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Vascular Inflammation and Immunological Process Control |
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ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
BBB | brain–blood barrier |
CBF | cerebral blood flow |
CCL5 | chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 |
cGMP | cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
cSVD | cerebral small vessel disease |
CX3CL1 | chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 |
CXCL4 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 |
CXCL7 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 |
CXCL8 | chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
DAMPs | damage-associated molecular patterns |
DKK-3 | Dickkopf WNT Signalling Pathway Inhibitor 3 |
ECs | endothelial cells |
ERF | endothelial releasing factors |
IL | interleukine |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IFN-α | interferone-α |
IRS-1 | insulin receptor substrate 1 |
ITAMs | immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs |
miRNAs | microRNAs |
MyD88 | myeloid differentiation primary response gene88-dependent pathway |
mtDNA | mitochondrial DNA |
mtNOS | mitochondrial isoform of nitric oxide synthase |
NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NLR | neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio |
NLRP3 | NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 |
NO | nitric oxide |
OXPHOS | mitochondria mediate oxidative phosphorylation |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SHRs | spontaneously hypertensive rats |
SYK | spleen tyrosine kinase |
TIR | Toll/interleukin-1 receptor |
TIRAP | Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein |
TLRs | Toll-like receptors |
TNF-α | tumour necrosis factor-alfa |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor-beta |
sICAM-1 | soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
sVCAM-1 | soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 |
VSMCs | vascular smooth muscle cells |
ADP adiphosphate
ATP adenosine triphosphate
BBB brain–blood barrier
CBF cerebral blood flow
CCL5 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate
cSVD cerebral small vessel disease
CX3CL1 chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1
CXCL7 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7
CXCL8 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8
COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
DAMPs damage-associated molecular patterns
DKK-3 Dickkopf WNT Signalling Pathway Inhibitor 3
ECs endothelial cells
iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
IFN-α interferone-α
IRS-1 insulin receptor substrate 1
ITAMs immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs
miRNAs microRNAs
MyD88 myeloid differentiation primary response gene88-dependent pathway
mtNOS mitochondrial isoform of nitric oxide synthase
NLR neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3
NO nitric oxide
OXPHOS mitochondria mediate oxidative phosphorylation
ROS reactive oxygen species
SHRs spontaneously hypertensive rats
SYK spleen tyrosine kinase
TIR Toll/interleukin-1 receptor
TIRAP Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein
TLRs Toll-like receptors
TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta
sICAM-1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1
sVCAM-1 soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules-1