Dairy Sheep Milk Genes: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Yvaine Wei and Version 1 by Lin Jiang.

The dairy sheep industry is an important but lacking part of the small ruminant industry. For a sheep breeding program, in addition to wool and meat use, sheep milk can also be processed into high-end dairy products such as cheese and milk powder and bring high economic interests for businesses home and abroad. The nutritional value of sheep milk is found higher than that of goat milk and cow milk, with abundant fat yield, protein percentage, and mineral contents, which provide a good opportunity for the development of the sheep milk industry. 

  • dairy sheep
  • sheep milk
  • genes
  • milk traits
  • mastitis

1. Introduction

It is showed that sheep milk has higher fat content, protein content, lactose content, ash content, and total non-fat solids, which have higher nutritional value and can be processed into various delicious milk products and by-products. Moreover, the price of sheep milk products is two to three times that of cow milk products, and these advantages will bring high economic value for enterprises [4][1].
For all dairy species, milk yield and compositions are mainly determined by genetic factors, nutrients, and living conditions [5,6][2][3]. The genetic factors influence milk yield or milk composition to different extents.

2. Descriptions of Some Famous Dairy Sheep Breeds

2.1. East Friesian Sheep

Dairy sheep are mostly distributed in dry and warm regions with abundant herbage., and different environments have fostered different breeds of dairy sheep. East Friesian sheep are native to northeast Germany and are currently the world’s best milk sheep species [7][4]. The province of Friesian is the birthplace of both Holstein cows and East Friesian sheep. The two breeds both have the highest milk production among ruminants in the world. 

2.2. Lacaune Sheep

The Lacaune breed originates from the Roquefort area of Southern France. It is a main dairy sheep breed in French and has been selected for milk use during the last 40 years and now is a very important dairy sheep breed all over the world [11][5]. Lacaune ewes produce milk with higher total solids but in slightly less volume than the East Friesians. The milk produced from Lacaune was processed into the famous Roquefort cheese [12][6]. 

2.3. Sarda Sheep

The Sarda sheep is a domestic sheep from Italy and is also a famous milk sheep breed across the world. It is also known by some other names like Cagliari and Sardinian sheep. The breed is indigenous to the island of Sardinia, and raised throughout Italy and other Mediterranean countries, particularly in Tunisia. 

3. Comparison of Cow, Goat, and Sheep Milk Contents

Compared with other kinds of milk, the content of fat, protein, lactose percent, and vitamin and mineral contents of sheep milk are higher than those of goat milk and cow milk [29][7]. Park [30][8] found that the total fat content of sheep’s milk was 51% and 54% higher than that of goat’s milk and cow milk, respectively, and sheep’s milk was richer in unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids in food are the source of high-quality animal fat that is necessary to the human body and plays a very important role in regulating blood lipids, clearing thrombosis, enhancing immunity, improving eyesight, and strengthening the brain [31][9]. Moreover, the trans fatty acid content in sheep milk was 6 times of goat milk, and the unsaturated fatty acid content of sheep milk was also three times of other small ruminants in Schroeder. 

4. Genes Affecting Sheep Milk Performance

Sheep milk traits have many different phenotypic diversities that have attracted the attention of various researchers worldwide to investigate its hidden genetic and genomic determinism. More and more genomic-based investigation approaches have been used in genetic comparisons of different populations [34][10]. This can identify genes regulating the investigated traits, and with the advancement of agricultural technologies, the understanding of genetic bases underlying target traits has increased drastically [35,36][11][12]. Many studies with diverse breeds of dairy sheep have indicated casein gene (CSN) as a promising candidate gene for milk compositions traits [37,38][13][14]. Moreover, the SCD gene, SOCS2 and SLC2A2 gene were also chosen as significant candidate genes affecting milk fat, milk protein, or milk quality in recent studies [39,40,41][15][16][17]. 

5. SLC2A2 Gene—Transport Nutrition from Blood to Milk

SLC2A2 (Solute Carrier Family member 2) is a member of solute carrier (SLC) family. The solute carrier family is made up of different transporter families that include ion channels and exchangers, its passive transporters SLC2A2 is located on chromosomes 1 and belongs to the passive transporters, which are related to the biological process of carbohydrate metabolic process and insulin secretion regulation [42][18]. Many researchers have found this gene is related to milk synthesis and milk lactation [43,44,45][19][20][21].  Besides, in secretory tissues such as the mammary gland, Zn2+ transporters of SLC families are involved in specific functions like insulin synthesis and the secretion of some digestive proenzymes, transferring nutrients from blood to milk.

6. CSN2 Gene—Benefit for the Lactose Intolerance

Casein (CSN) is the main protein component of milk in most milking species and accounts for about 80% of total milk protein [51][22]. Its functions include transporting calcium and phosphate to milk to provide enough calcium and phosphorus for bone formation in young lambs and to meet amino acid requirements. Casein includes α S1-casein (CSN1S1), α S2-casein (CSN1S2), β-casein (CSN2), and k-casein (CSN3) [37,52,53][13][23][24]. Sheep casein contains 45% β-casein, represented by two phosphorylated forms, β1-casein and β2-casein, which have similar amino acid compositions as bovine β-caseins and have a significant effect on milk protein [54][25]. Interestingly, people also found that milk containing A2 β-casein (CSN2) only causes fewer and slighter symptoms in lactose intolerance (LI) than milk containing both A1 and A2 β-caseins [55,56][26][27].

7. SCD Gene—Promote Unsaturated Fatty Acids Yield

For many years, people have paid important attention to unsaturated fatty acids in preventing the risk of cancer. Fatty acids are one of the most important bioactive components in mammalian milk [59][28]. Due to their high nutritional value and function on the physicochemical processes of the body, they are necessary for the development of the nervous system and the growth of a young body. These discoveries increased the demand of sheep milk, as sheep milk fat contains several components that provide humans great health benefits, notably a large quantity of unsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) [60][29]. Most unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant milk are synthesized in the mammary gland by the action of an enzyme called stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) working on circulating vaccenic acid synthesis.

8. SOCS2—An Indicator of Mastitis in Mammary Gland

Mastitis is an infectious disease mainly caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus invading the mammary gland. Genetic control of susceptibility to mastitis has been widely proved in dairy ruminants, but the genetic basis underlying this disease is still largely unknown. Initially, Rachel Rupp et al. [64][30] found the identification of a mutation in the Suppressor of Cytokine Signal 2 gene (SOCS2) by implementing a genome-wide association study. This mutation was shown to cause a deficiency on functional activity of the SOCS2 protein, which suggested an impairment of negative control on the JAK/STAT signal pathways in mastitis animals [40,65][16][31]. 

9. Other Detected Genes Related to Milk Traits

Since 2017, various genomic-based studies have been conducted to figure out the genetic basis on sheep milk to find the specific genomic variant(s) contributing to sheep milk production [50,70,71][32][33][34]. For example, Sutera, A.M. carried out GWAS for milk production traits in 469 Valle del Belice sheep using repeated measures, and the research found SNP rs425417915, which is located in an intronic region of TTC7B (tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7B) gene, to be associated with both fat percent and protein percent, playing a critical role in lipid metabolism in cattle and was reported to be associated with fat yield (FY) composition in sheep [72][35]. 

References

  1. Legarra, A.; Ramon, M.; Ugarte, E.; Perez-Guzman, M.D. Economic weights of fertility, prolificacy, milk yield and longevity in dairy sheep. Animal 2007, 1, 193–203.
  2. Legarra, A.; Baloche, G.; Barillet, F.; Astruc, J.M.; Soulas, C.; Aguerre, X.; Arrese, F.; Mintegi, L.; Lasarte, M.; Maeztu, F.; et al. Within- and across-breed genomic predictions and genomic relationships for Western Pyrenees dairy sheep. breeds Latxa, Manech, and Basco-Bearnaise. J. Dairy Sci. 2014, 97, 3200–3212.
  3. Ogorevc, J.; Kunej, T.; Razpet, A.; Dovc, P. Database of cattle candidate genes and genetic markers for milk production and mastitis. Anim. Genet. 2009, 40, 832–851.
  4. Kessler, E.C.; Bruckmaier, R.M.; Gross, J.J. Immunoglobulin G content and colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds in Switzerland and Germany. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 5542–5549.
  5. Drouilhet, L.; Lecerf, F.; Bodin, L.; Fabre, S.; Mulsant, P. Fine mapping of the FecL locus influencing prolificacy in Lacaune sheep. Anim. Genet. 2009, 40, 804–812.
  6. Jimenez, L.E.R.; Hernandez, J.C.A.; Palacios, C.; Abecia, J.A.; Naranjo, A.; Avalos, J.O.; Gonzalez-Ronquillo, M. Milk Production of Lacaune Sheep with Different Degrees of Crossing with Manchega Sheep in a Commercial Flock in Spain. Animals 2020, 10, 520.
  7. Raynal-Ljutovac, K.; Lagriffoul, G.; Paccard, P.; Guillet, I.; Chilliard, Y. Composition of goat and sheep milk products: An update. Small Rumin. Res. 2008, 79, 57–72.
  8. Park, Y.W.; Juarez, M.; Ramos, M.; Haenlein, G.F.W. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Rumin. Res. 2007, 68, 88–113.
  9. Scintu, M.F.; Piredda, G. Typicity and biodiversity of goat and sheep milk products. Small Rumin. Res. 2007, 68, 221–231.
  10. Daetwyler, H.D.; Capitan, A.; Pausch, H.; Stothard, P.; Van Binsbergen, R.; Brondum, R.F.; Liao, X.P.; Djari, A.; Rodriguez, S.C.; Grohs, C.; et al. Whole-genome sequencing of 234 bulls facilitates mapping of monogenic and complex traits in cattle. Nat. Genet. 2014, 46, 858–865.
  11. Selvaggi, M.; Laudadio, V.; Dario, C.; Tufarelli, V. Investigating the genetic polymorphism of sheep milk proteins: A useful tool for dairy production. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014, 94, 3090–3099.
  12. Amigo, L.; Recio, I.; Ramos, M. Genetic polymorphism of ovine milk proteins: Its influence on technological properties of milk—A review. Int. Dairy J. 2000, 10, 135–149.
  13. Mohan, G.; Kumar, A.; Khan, S.H.; Kumar, N.A.; Kapila, S.; Lathwal, S.S.; Sodhi, M.; Niranjan, S.K. Casein (CSN) gene variants and parity affect the milk protein traits in crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) cows in sub-tropical climate. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2021, 53, 289.
  14. Brenaut, P.; Bangera, R.; Bevilacqua, C.; Rebours, E.; Cebo, C.; Martin, P. Validation of RNA isolated from milk fat globules to profile mammary epithelial cell expression during lactation and transcriptional response to a bacterial infection. J. Dairy Sci. 2012, 95, 6130–6144.
  15. Gu, M.; Cosenza, G.; Iannaccone, M.; Macciotta, N.P.P.; Guo, Y.; Di Stasio, L.; Pauciullo, A. The single nucleotide polymorphism g.133A>C in the stearoyl CoA desaturase gene (SCD) promoter affects gene expression and quali-quantitative properties of river buffalo milk. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 442–451.
  16. Tong, J.J.; Thompson, I.M.; Zhao, X.; Lacasse, P. Effect of 17beta-estradiol on milk production, hormone secretion, and mammary gland gene expression in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2018, 101, 2588–2601.
  17. Jacometo, C.B.; Zhou, Z.; Luchini, D.; Trevisi, E.; Correa, M.N.; Loor, J.J. Maternal rumen-protected methionine supplementation and its effect on blood and liver biomarkers of energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in neonatal Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 6753–6763.
  18. Sekhar, G.N.; Watson, C.P.; Fidanboylu, M.; Sanderson, L.; Thomas, S.A. Delivery of antihuman African trypanosomiasis drugs across the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. Adv. Pharm. 2014, 71, 245–275.
  19. Ma, X.Y.; Liang, S.S.; Liang, A.X.; Rushdi, H.E.; Deng, T.X. Evolutionary Analysis of OAT Gene Family in River and Swamp Buffalo: Potential Role of SLCO3A1 Gene in Milk Performance. Genes 2021, 12, 1394.
  20. Garcia-Lino, A.M.; Alvarez-Fernandez, I.; Blanco-Paniagua, E.; Merino, G.; Alvarez, A.I. Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2372.
  21. Hadsell, D.L.; Hadsell, L.A.; Rijnkels, M.; Carcamo-Bahena, Y.; Wei, J.; Williamson, P.; Grusak, M.A. In silico mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating the milk ionome in mice identifies a milk iron locus on chromosome 1. Mamm. Genome 2018, 29, 632–655.
  22. Flis, Z.; Molik, E. Importance of Bioactive Substances in Sheep’s Milk in Human Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4364.
  23. Cieslak, J.; Wodas, L.; Borowska, A.; Pawlak, P.; Czyzak-Runowska, G.; Wojtowski, J.; Puppel, K.; Kuczynska, B.; Mackowski, M. 5’-flanking variants of equine casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2, CSN3) and their relationship with gene expression and milk composition. J. Appl. Genet. 2019, 60, 71–78.
  24. Becerril-Perez, C.M.; Alvarez-Cepeda, A.A.; Rosendo-Ponce, A.; Alonso-Morales, R.A.; Gayosso-Vazquez, A.; Torres-Hernandez, G.; Rosales-Martinez, F. Kappa-casein genotyping in tropical milking Criollo and its association to milk production and composition. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2020, 52, 3885–3888.
  25. Zhou, C.H.; Li, C.; Cai, W.T.; Liu, S.L.; Yin, H.W.; Shi, S.L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S.L. Genome-Wide Association Study for Milk Protein Composition Traits in a Chinese Holstein Population Using a Single-Step Approach. Front. Genet. 2019, 10, 72.
  26. Pal, S.; Woodford, K.; Kukuljan, S.; Ho, S. Milk Intolerance, Beta-Casein and Lactose. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7285–7297.
  27. Sun, J.Q.; Xu, L.M.; Lu, X.; Yelland, G.W.; Ni, J.Y.; Clarke, A. Effects of milk containing only A2 beta casein versus milk containing both A1 and A2 beta casein proteins on gastrointestinal physiology, symptoms of discomfort, and cognitive behavior of people with self-reported intolerance to traditional cows’ milk. Nutr. J. 2016, 15, 35.
  28. Li, C.; Sun, D.; Zhang, S.; Liu, L.; Alim, M.A.; Zhang, Q. A post-GWAS confirming the SCD gene associated with milk medium- and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in Chinese Holstein population. Anim. Genet. 2016, 47, 483–490.
  29. Li, C.; Sun, D.; Zhang, S.; Wang, S.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, L.; Li, Y.; Qiao, L. Genome wide association study identifies 20 novel promising genes associated with milk fatty acid traits in Chinese Holstein. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e96186.
  30. Rupp, R.; Senin, P.; Sarry, J.; Allain, C.; Tasca, C.; Ligat, L.; Portes, D.; Woloszyn, F.; Bouchez, O.; Tabouret, G.; et al. A Point Mutation in Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling 2 (Socs2) Increases the Susceptibility to Inflammation of the Mammary Gland while Associated with Higher Body Weight and Size and Higher Milk Production in a Sheep Model. PLoS Genet. 2015, 11, e1005629.
  31. Fujimoto, M.; Naka, T. Regulation of cytokine signaling by SOCS family molecules. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24, 659–666.
  32. Sanchez, M.P.; Ramayo-Caldas, Y.; Wolf, V.; Laithier, C.; El Jabri, M.; Michenet, A.; Boussaha, M.; Taussat, S.; Fritz, S.; Delacroix-Buchet, A.; et al. Sequence-based GWAS, network and pathway analyses reveal genes co-associated with milk cheese-making properties and milk composition in Montbeliarde cows. Genet. Sel. Evol. 2019, 51, 34.
  33. Marina, H.; Reverter, A.; Gutierrez-Gil, B.; Alexandre, P.A.; Porto-Neto, L.R.; Suarez-Vega, A.; Li, Y.T.; Esteban-Blanco, C.; Arranz, J.J. Gene Networks Driving Genetic Variation in Milk and Cheese-Making Traits of Spanish Assaf Sheep. Genes 2020, 11, 715.
  34. Garcia-Gamez, E.; Gutierrez-Gil, B.; Sahana, G.; Sanchez, J.P.; Bayon, Y.; Arranz, J.J. GWA Analysis for Milk Production Traits in Dairy Sheep and Genetic Support for a QTN Influencing Milk Protein Percentage in the LALBA Gene. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e47782.
  35. Sutera, A.M.; Riggio, V.; Mastrangelo, S.; Di Gerlando, R.; Sardina, M.T.; Pong-Wong, R.; Tolone, M.; Portolano, B. Genome-wide association studies for milk production traits in Valle del Belice sheep using repeated measures. Anim. Genet. 2019, 50, 311–314.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback