Encyclopedia
Corrosion is generally viewed as the destructive consequence of chemical reaction between a metal or metal alloy and its environment that contains corrosive agents. General corrosion or uniform corrosion is the most prevalent form of corrosion that takes place on an entirely exposed metal surface via the electrochemical reactions in atmospheric or aqueous media and continues uniformly to cause the greatest destruction of that metal. As a matter of consequence of the aggressiveness of acidic media, corrosion inhibitors are frequently used to reduce the corrosive attack on metal-containing materials.
Corrosion inhibitors should be chosen based on the particular characteristics of the system, the type of the acidic medium, temperature of the solution, concentration, the presence of dissolved inorganic or organic substances, and in particular the type of metallic materials. There are many types and compositions of corrosion inhibitors. For instance, orpared to inorganic compounds are adsorption-type inhibitors that adsorb onto the metal and prevent metal dissolution and reduction reactions. Compared to inorganic corrosion inrrosion inhibitors, the organic ones are less toxic, can be also used at low concentrations, and have a better film-forming ability. The adsorption properties of organic corrosion inhibitors are primarily linked to the presence of both π-electrons from aromatic rings and heteroatoms in the molecular structures. Indeed, organic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen atoms have been extensively investigated as corrosion inhibitors of metals and their alloys in acidic environments. In this respect, triazole derivatives are the most used nitrogen-containing organic inhibitors, in particular the family of 1,2,3-triazoles prepared under click chemistry regime by the prolific copper-catalyzed azide cycloaddition reactions. The interest in this class of heterocyclic compounds as structurally well-defined inhibitors of corrosion is justified by the increasing interest in their application in corrosion science.
- triazoles
- click chemistry
- corrosion inhibitor
- metal
- metal alloys
- mechanism of inhibition.
1. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
The [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between organic azides and alkynes catalyzed by copper(I) (CuAAC) is the most applicable and best known synthetic method for the selective preparation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The first described preparative route to obtain triazole compounds was reported in the 1960s by Huisgen. This process requires high temperatures, typically solvent (toluene or carbon tetrachloride) reflux conditions, and prolonged reaction periods generally between 12 and 60 hours. Under these thermal conditions, the two possible regioisomers (1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives) are formed in an equimolar proportion (top route in Fig. 1). All this changed in 2002 when Sharpless, Fokin and their colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute (at La Jolla) and Meldal's group at the Carlsberg Laboratory (at Copenhagen) worked in parallel on this reaction and independently discovered that copper(I) catalyzed the azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), providing a regioselectivity synthesis of only 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in very high yields (bottom route in Fig. 1).The [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between organic azides and alkynes catalyzed by copper(I) (CuAAC) is the most applicable and best known synthetic method for the selective preparation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives. The first described preparative route to obtain triazole compounds was reported in the 1960s by Huisgen et al. [50]. This process requires high temperatures, typically solvent (toluene or carbon tetrachloride) reflux conditions, and prolonged reaction periods generally between 12 and 60 h. Under these thermal conditions, the two possible regioisomers (1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives) are formed in an equimolar proportion (top route in Figure 1). All this changed in 2002 when Sharpless, Fokin, and their colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute (at La Jolla) and Meldal’s group at the Carlsberg Laboratory (at Copenhagen) [21,51,52] worked in parallel on this reaction and independently discovered that copper(I) catalyzed the azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), providing a regioselectivity synthesis of only 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in very high yields (bottom route in Figure 1).
Figure 1. Non-regioselective (a) and regioselective (b) preparative routes of disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives by azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction.
The continued research and development of new corrosion inhibitors is a matter of great importance and interest, both commercially and scientifically. Within this frame, several types of inhibitors have been developed and used to effectively inhibit the corrosion of metals; they can be classified as either inorganic or organic compounds. Typically, inorganic corrosion inhibitors have either anodic or cathodic action [73], while organic corrosion inhibitors have both anodic and cathodic roles (mixed -type), as well as a protective action by film adsorption (Fig. 2Figure 2). It is well established that the organic corrosion inhibitors are more effective and less expensive than the inorganic ones [74]. In this context, 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, which were initially studied as biologically active compounds and relevant medicinal compounds [55,56,75,76,77,78], have been reported as corrosion inhibitors for steels [79], copper, aluminum, and their alloys in corrosive media [80,81].
Figure 2. Classification of organic and inorganic corrosion inhibitors.
2. Mechanism of Corrosion Inhibition
The mechanism of corrosion inhibition involves two steps. The first step consists of the transfer of the corrosion inhibitors over the metallic surface whereas the second one includes the interactions between the adsorbed inhibitor molecules and the metal surface, which can be electrostatic or chemical type interactions. These steps are primarily driven by the electronic structure of the inhibitor molecules and the charges on the metallic surface. The electrostatic interaction (physisorption) mainly results from the interaction between charges of opposite sign over the metal surface and the inhibitor molecule, whereas the chemisorption is due to the direct contact of the metal surface with the inhibitor molecules, sharing electrons between them. The net charge on the surface of the metal is zero at the potential of zero charges (PZC). For a negative charge surface with respect to PZC, the adsorption of the cationic moiety occurs (protonated inhibitor molecules), while the adsorption of the anionic moiety (Cl- and SO
The mechanism of corrosion inhibition involves two steps. The first step consists of the transfer of the corrosion inhibitors over the metallic surface, whereas the second step includes the interactions between the adsorbed inhibitor molecules and the metal surface, which can be electrostatic or chemical type interactions [134,135,136,137]. These steps are primarily driven by the electronic structure of the inhibitor molecules and the charges on the metallic surface. The electrostatic interaction (physisorption) mainly results from the interaction between charges of opposite sign over the metal surface and the inhibitor molecule, whereas the chemisorption is due to the direct contact of the metal surface with the inhibitor molecules, sharing electrons between them. The net charge on the surface of the metal is zero at the potential of zero charges (PZC) [138]. For a negative charge surface with respect to PZC, the adsorption of the cationic moiety occurs (protonated inhibitor molecules), while the adsorption of the anionic moiety (Cl− and SO42-) takes place at the positive charge surface with respect to PZC.
−) takes place at the positive charge surface with respect to PZC.Triazoles are among the most efficient corrosion inhibitors and their adsorption onto the surface of the metal involves the heteroatoms and the π-electrons of the aromatic system, which have an important role in the adsorption process. In fact, the triazole derivatives interact with the metal surface through donor-acceptor interactions between the –N=N-, –C=N–, and (-C=C-) π-electrons of the benzene rings and the empty-orbitals of the metal atoms. The adsorption mechanisms of triazole molecules at the metal surfaces are classified into four types: chemisorption, electrostatic adsorption (physisorption), retrodonation (involving the d-orbitals of the surface metal atoms and the unoccupied molecular orbitals of the inhibitor molecules) and the formation of the complex metal-inhibitor (Fig. 3).
Triazoles are among the most efficient corrosion inhibitors and their adsorption onto the surface of the metal involves the heteroatoms and the π-electrons of the aromatic system, which have an important role in the adsorption process. In fact, the triazole derivatives interact with the metal surface through donor-acceptor interactions between the –N=N–, –C=N–, and (–C=C–) π-electrons of the benzene rings and the empty-orbitals of the metal atoms. The adsorption mechanisms of triazole molecules at the metal surfaces are classified into four types: chemisorption, electrostatic adsorption (physisorption), retrodonation (involving the d-orbitals of the surface metal atoms and the unoccupied molecular orbitals of the inhibitor molecules), and the formation of the complex metal-inhibitor [105,137,139,140]. (Figure 3).
