3.2. Aerogels for Anode Material of Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density and voltage, which can store and supply electricity, have a wide range of applications with the development of modern electronic devices. Currently, the biggest challenge is to develop durable, nontoxic, and inexpensive materials for electrodes.
Owing to the synergetic effect of the super-flexible coating provided by graphene nanosheets and reversible Li+ storage capacity by metal oxide nanoparticles, the composite aerogel has improved performance more suitable for the anode material of LIBs. The high surface area and continuous porous structure of GA is attributed to its superior specific capacitance, making it attractive as advanced electrode materials
[89][90][91][92][93][94][86-91].
3.3. Aerogels with Mechanical Stability for Novel Devices
Two-dimensional graphene/GO with outstanding tensile and compressive strength, high flexibility, and elasticity
[95][96][92,93] is commonly considered as the most promising building block to fabricate 3D aerogel with mechanical stability. Such an aerogel can be widely employed in flexible electronics, sensors, wearable devices, and smart manufacturing
[30][31]. However, monolithic graphene aerogels formed by random assembly of graphene sheets directly via weak connection often exhibit obvious brittleness in compression as well as stretch
[97][94], and has difficulties meeting the application demands.
There are two main strategies to overcome brittleness to pursue 3D aerogels with mechanical robustness. The predominant approach is to introduce elastic polymers and small molecules acting as cross-linkers or barriers into the matrix
[98][99][95,96], which is less stable in severe chemical or physical conditions
[100][97]. Another approach is to enhance the interconnection of aerogels to produce a hierarchical structure by adopting freeze-shaping, 3D ink-printing, and other synergistic assembly techniques
[101][102][103][98-100].
3.4. Aerogels for Fire-Warning Material
The existing commercial fire-warning equipment, including temperature, smoke, and infrared flame detectors, is usually unsatisfactory
[104][101], as they are commonly located at a certain distance from the combustion source and are triggered only when the smoke concentration or temperature reaches a critical value
[105][102]. Consequently, the fire-warning is insensitive, with a response time of more than 100 s
[106][103], which is too late to curb the fire spread and misses the best time for evacuation.
With the increase of temperature, the electrical resistance of GO decreases dramatically, which endows it an attractive application prospect in fire-warning materials
[104][107][108][101,104,105]. However, because of its unique porous network structure, aerogel inevitably encounters difficulties in reducing electrical resistance during being burned, which remains a challenge to fabricate sensitive fire-warning aerogels
[109][110][106,107].
The GO modified aerogel with excellent flame retardancy, thermal isolation, and intrinsic fire warning performance broadens its application territory to cover the drawbacks in delayed response and restricted application scenarios of traditional fire detectors. Therefore, the aerogel that can be triggered in the precombustion stage to offer favorable opportunities for firefighting and emergency rescue is endowed with enticing prospects in chemical industries, pipeline transportation, and high-rise building.
3.5. Aerogels for Catalysis
A 3D network structure provides multidimensional electron transport pathways and large accessible surface area, which is conducive to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the adsorption of reactants. Such intrinsic hierarchical porous structure characteristics and properties make GAs endowed with potential as promising and efficient photocatalysts for practical applications in solar energy conversion
[111][108], such as pollutant elimination
[112][109], water splitting
[113][110], CO
2 reduction
[114][111], and chemical reaction progress
[115][112].