Energy consumption in the industrial sector can be significantly reduced by improving heat transfer rates in heat exchanger circuits, pool boiling, metal cutting industries, etc. Numerous energy-related issues can be overcome to a large extent by improving heat flow properties by utilizing nanofluids. As to the improvement in thermophysical properties of metal oxide-based nanofluids, key parameters affecting the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, such as particle volume fraction, temperature, particle size and various stabilizers, were involved. The importance of DLVO theory and zeta potential to control the electrostatic repulsion and pH values of nanofluids for stable nanofluid formulations were highlighted. It has been observed that classical theories of thermal conductivity and viscosity cannot predict exact values for a wide range of variables. Therefore, various extensive correlations have been introduced to predict the thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
Models/Correlations | Author |
---|---|
Maxwell | |
[ | 13] |
Burggeman | |
[ | 2533] |
Timoofeva | |
[ | 2934] |
Sujith et al. | |
[ | 2735] |
for cylindrical particles, for spherical particles |
You and Choi |
You and Choi | |
[ | 2836] |
Hamilton-crosser | |
[ | 2437] |
|
Koo and Kleinstreuer |
Koo and Kleinstreuer | |
[ | 3038] |
Sadik et al. | |
[ | 3139] |
Liu and Lin | |
[ | 3240] |
Author | Nanoparticles | Base Fluid | Temperature-Range (°C) | Relative Viscosity (Maximum) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xichen et al. | [3626] | Al2O3 | Engine oil (SN 5W−40 | Ambient | 1.12 |
Mostafizur et al. | [3727] | TiO2 | Methanol | 1–20 | 1.65 |
Chiam et al. | [3842] | Al2O3 | 60:40 (W:EG) | 30–70 | 1.67 |
Fedele et al. | [3943] | TiO2 | Bidistilled water | 10–70 | 2.8 |
Sujith et al. | [9] | Al2O3 | Coconut oil | 30–140 | 2.5 |
Georgiana et al. | [4044] | Al2O3/SiO2 | Distilled water | Ambient | 2.7 |
Suhaib et al. | [4145] | ZnO | Paraffin oil | 25–55 | 1.62 |
Yan et al. | [4246] | TiO2/MWCNT | Ethylene glycol | 25–55 | 1.94 |
Kole et al. | [4347] | CuO | Gearoil | 10–80 |
Models/Correlations | Author |
---|---|
Pak and Cho | |
[ | 1923] |
| |
A, B and C are correlation coefficients | |
Vajjha and Das | |
[ | 2024] |
Zhou et al. | |
[ | 2125] |
Shekar and Sharma | |
[ | 2226] |
Donghyun and Debjyoti | |
[ | 2327] |