Nanofibers in Agriculture and Water Treatment: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 3 by Vicky Zhou and Version 2 by Vicky Zhou.

Natural fibers are an important source for producing polymers, which are highly applicable in their nanoform and could be used in very broad fields such as filtration for water/wastewater treatment, biomedicine, food packaging, harvesting, and storage of energy due to their high specific surface area. These natural nanofibers could be mainly produced through plants, animals, and minerals, as well as produced from agricultural wastes. For strengthening these natural fibers, they may reinforce with some substances such as nanomaterials. Natural or biofiber-reinforced bio-composites and nano–bio-composites are considered better than conventional composites. The sustainable application of nanofibers in agricultural sectors is a promising approach and may involve plant protection and its growth through encapsulating many bio-active molecules or agrochemicals (i.e., pesticides, phytohormones, and fertilizers) for smart delivery at the targeted sites. The food industry and processing also are very important applicable fields of nanofibers, particularly food packaging, which may include using nanofibers for active–intelligent food packaging, and food freshness indicators. The removal of pollutants from soil, water, and air is an urgent field for nanofibers due to their high efficiency. Many new approaches or applicable agro-fields for nanofibers are expected in the future, such as using nanofibers as the indicators for CO and NH3. The role of nanofibers in the global fighting against COVID-19 may represent a crucial solution, particularly in producing face masks.

  • natural fibers
  • cellulose
  • nano-medicine
  • agro-wastes
  • pollution
  • wastewater

1. Introduction

Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising research fields at the beginning of the 21st century due to its leading technology of the new industrial revolutions. Due to the growing environmental concerns of natural fibers, they have occupied a great position in the research community, which have many advantages such as recyclability, cheaper, high specific properties, lower density or lightweight, and biodegradability [1][2]. Natural fibers also are considered renewable raw materials, which has become an obligatory issue for safe living [3]. The synthetic material-based composites should be replaced by natural ones in several manufacturing industries, such as the field of textiles, which flax was used in ancient Egypt nearly 7000 years ago [3]. The cellulose is the most important component of the lignocellulosic natural fibers, which many plants could order their content of cellulose (%) as follows straw of rice (41–57), leaf of date palm (46), leaf of abaca (56–63), bast of jute (61–71), leaf of banana (63–83), leaf of sisal (65), bast of hemp (68), bast of ramie (68.6–76.2), bast of flax (71), bast of kenaf (72), leaf of curaua (73.6), leaf of pineapple (81), bast of nettle (81–83), and seeds of cotton (83–91) [2][3].
Nanofibers, as nanoproducts, have been used in several sectors, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial fields. Nanofibers could be found in natural and synthetic form, whereas nanocellulose and its derivative materials are common natural fibers. Nanofibers have many advantages, such as large specific surface area, high porosity, and high size uniformity, which allow applying nanofibers in many environmental issues such as wastewater treatment and removing pollutants from soils [1]. Nanofibers could be defined as nanostructures that may be fabricated using several methods such as the drawing method, template method, thermal-induced phase separation method, self-assembly, and electrospinning [4]. The electrospinning method is considered the best method (simple and easy) to fabricate non-woven nanofibers, which could be used due to the high-molecular-weight polymers [4]. Several applications of nanofibers have been confirmed, such as 3D printing of fiber-reinforced nanocomposites [5], suitable nanocomposite materials and fiber-reinforced polymer for airplane manufacture [6][7], fiber nano–bio-compositions for cranioplasty, and other orthopedic applications [8][9], replacing conventional rubber by the fiber-reinforced nanocomposites [10], using nano–coconut shell filler mixed jute mat-reinforced epoxy composites for reducing the weight of the structures [11].

2. Applications of Nanofibers in Agriculture

Recently, many researchers studied the main applications of nanofibers in agriculture because of their tailoring properties, including the biocompatible and biodegradable features, high surface area and porosity, ease of active ingredient additions (i.e., fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, hormones, and pheromones), and flexibility of electrospun nanofibers [12]. Nanofibers can apply for plant protection (through applying pesticides for pest control), plant growth (through applying hormones and/or fertilizers), pollution and contamination controls, and irrigation systems (through water filtration), as reported in Table 1 by Meraz-Dávila et al. [13], Raja et al. [14], and [15].
Table 1. The main applications of nanofibers in the agricultural sectors as reported by the literature.
Main Applications of Nanofibers in Agricultural Sectors References
 1—Nanofibers for good germination by coating seeds [16][17][18][19]
 2—Agro-wastes for production nanofibers [20][21]
 3—Nanofibers-based filters for irrigation systems [22]
 4—Nanofibers for plant protection [
]. Several nanomaterials such as graphene oxide could be used for water purification because of its multi-functionality, such as an antibacterial agent, excellent adsorption property, and photocatalytic abilities [36]. Thus, nanofibers could be sustainably applied in many agricultural processes that lead to reduce the loss in used agrochemicals pesticides, hormones, and/or fertilizers [14][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][29][30][31][32], and to increase the productivity of crops through innovative management of phytopathogens or nutrients [28].

3. Nanofibers for Water/Wastewater Treatment

Nanofibers are considered promising tools that are applied for diverse environmental conditions, especially polysaccharide-based electrospun nanofibers. The groups of polysaccharides are suitable materials for these environmental issues because of their biobased origins, variety of types, eco-friendly, and renewable nature [37]. In general, the nanofibers have been applied for many environmental problems such as removing pollutants from the air by filtration [38], water treatment [39], antimicrobial treatment [40], environmental sensing [41], for heavy metal removing as adsorbents [42][43], and agricultural/environmental remediation [37][44]. The environmental sustainability of water using cellulose nanofibers-based green nanocomposites is considered one of the most important environmental issues [45].
Based on the potential of water treatments under the global water crisis in a pure and safe case, using nanofibers in this review in water/wastewater treatment and removing the pollutants is discussed in more detail as an urgent environmental task (Table 2). The pollution of water causes an imbalance in different ecological environments and directly also affects human health. Thus, there is a great need for researchers to develop effective technology in wastewater purification [46]. The main strategies in wastewater treatment may include filtration, adsorption, catalysis, centrifugation, biological treatment, and electro-coalescence [47]. More than 200 natural and synthetic polymers were successfully electrospun into nanofiber membranes, such as polyimide (PI), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly/vinyl alcohol (PVA), poly/vinylidene-fluoride (PVDF), polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose acetate (CA), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and polycaprolactone (PCL) [46].
Table 2. Using of nanofibers in water/wastewater treatments for removing heavy metal pollutants.
Nanofibers and Their Average Diameter Max. Adsorption Capacity Pollutant References
Polyvinylidene fluoride–polyacrylonitrile-ZnO nanofiber membranes (200 nm) 350 mg g−1 Cd [48]
Amidoxylated polyacrylonitrile/Poly-vinylidene fluoride (AOPAN/PVDF) (235–314 nm) 89.29 mg g−1 Pb (II) [49]
Nitro-oxidized carboxy-cellulose nanofibers obtained from moringa plants (0.22 µm) 257.07 mg g−1 Hg [50]
13]
   4.1 Encapsulation of fungicides [23][24]
   4.2 Encapsulation of herbicides [25]
   4.3 Detecting trace pesticides in water [26]
 5—Nano-silica grafted fiber [27]
 6—Smart nanotextiles for sustainable agriculture [28]
 7—Nanofibers for encapsulation of agrochemicals [29][30]
   7.1 Fertilizer application [31]
   7.2 Plant hormones (e.g., indole acetic acid) [14][32]
The main applications of nanofibers in the agricultural field may include coating seeds [17][18][19], nanofibers-based filters for irrigation systems [22], nanofibers for plant protection [13] through encapsulation of fungicides [23][24], or detecting trace some pesticides in water [26], nano-silica grafted fiber [27], smart nanotextiles for sustainable agriculture [28], nanofibers for encapsulation of agrochemicals including fertilizer [33], and phytohormones [29][30]. Nanofibers can be used as a smart and sustained delivery of agricultural inputs through seed to improve germination and seedling growth in rice [16][34] and cowpea [17], groundnut [14], and sesame [19].
Nanofibers were applied for plant protection through encapsulation of pesticides [13], including fungicides [23][24], herbicides [25], nano-silica grafted fiber [27], and smart nanotextiles for sustainable agriculture [28]. The use of nanofibrous filters in irrigation systems may involve functionalization (i.e., adsorption, filtration, and sterilization) by bioactive compounds, which could be achieved by interfacial polymerization, doping nanoparticles, self-assembly, and surface coating cross-linking or grafting, layer-by-layer [35
Electrospun chitosan–polyethylene oxide-oxidized cellulose biobased composite (159.3 nm and 21.7 µm, resp.)
15.72 mg g−1 Cu [51]
Modified poly butylene succinate nanofibers (10 µm) 91.2 and 122 mg g−1, respectively Ag (I) and Hg (II) [52]
TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (diameter 6.15 nm) 56.50 mg g−1 Cu (II) [53]
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVP)-octa-amino-POSS nanofibers (21 µm) 37.4 and 120 mg g−1, respectively Cu (II), Pb (II) [54]
Starch-g-poly(acrylic acid)-cellulose nanofiber bio-nanocomposite hydrogel (10 µm) 40.65 mg g−1 Cd (II) [55]
Oxidized regenerated cellulose nanofiber membrane (10 µm) 20.78 and 206.1 mg g−1, respectively Cu (II), Pb (II) [56]
polyvinylidene fluoride–amidoximized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (20.7 µm) 30.1, 25.8, and 72.5 mg g−1, respectively Cu (II), Ni (II), Pb (II) [57]
Modified prepared polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (320 nm) 22.95 and 12.36 mmol g−1, respectively Cu and Pb [58]
Centrifugal spinning of lignin amine/cellulose acetate nanofiber (756 nm) 50.08 and 31.17 mg g−1, respectively Cu (II), Co (II) [42]
Visualized chitosan–polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membrane 164.3 mg g−1 Cu (II) [59]
Zn/Al/gallate layered double hydroxide–polystyrene nanofibers (2–5 µm) 190 mg g−1 Cu (II) [60]
Polyacrylonitrile–polyetherimide nanofibers (0.84 mm) 242.7, 214.1, 258.3 mg g−1, respectively Cu (II), Cr (VI), As (V) [61]
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS); 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO); Amidoxylated polyacrylonitrile (AOPAN).
 
Concerning the mechanism of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in water purification, CNFs can make a link with carboxylic surface functional groups by oxidation and chemically bonded nanocomposites based on modified CNFs with various metal–organic or metal pillars frameworks in order to create a robust and high-efficiency material [45]. The mechanism of water purification using nanofibers consists of both physical and chemical methods that could be explained based on the chemical and physical bases (Figure 1). Chemically, the formation of stable chemical bonds between nanofibers and metal ions and relevant oxidation-reduction is involved. Physically, the surface area and pore volume of nanofibers are key parameters determining the fiber adsorption capacity and, therefore, water treatment performance. This mechanism was confirmed by many researchers, such as Agrawal et al. [62] and Uddin et al. [63]. Many recent reviews were published on the removing of hazardous pollutants (i.e., both organic and inorganic materials) from water/wastewater using nanofibers such as Chen et al. [64], Cui et al. [46], Ibrahim et al. [65], Jahan and Zhang [66], Marinho et al. [67], Sakib et al. [39], Sjahro et al. [68], and El-Aswar et al. [69]. These previous studies confirmed that electrospun nanofiber membranes could be easily used for achieving different water treatments by combining multifunctional materials due to their high specific surface area and unique interconnected structure [64].
Sustainability 14 00464 g001
Figure 1. The mechanism of water purification using nanofibers consists of both physical and chemical methods, which illustrates electrostatic and intermolecular forces between nanofibers and pollutants in water.

4. Conclusions

A comparison between natural fibers and nanofibers was discussed in this review, besides different sustainable applications of nanofibers in fields of biomedicine, agriculture, and the environment. Producing nanofibers from different agro-wastes and applying nanofibers for food packaging were also the main topics in this manuscript. Based on the environmental problems of synthetic nanofibers, particularly petroleum-based fiber composites, natural nanofibers are recommended especially after reinforcement, along with the matrix, for more performance and strength of the composites. The nano–bio-composites could produce by coupling matrix of nanoparticles into bio-reinforcer, which converted into the biofiber-reinforced polymer matrix. Nano-based reinforced polymeric composites can be applied for sophisticated applications, mainly in agriculture (irrigation system, seed coating, for plant protection, agrochemical encapsulation), environmental (removing pollutants from the air by filtration, antimicrobial treatment, environmental sensing, for heavy metal removing as adsorbents, and agricultural/environmental remediation, and wastewater treatment), and food sectors (food packaging, beverage industry, encapsulation of food materials, food preservation, and nanofibers for electrochemical DNA biosensors). From the previous applications, using nanofibers in water treatment and food packaging are important areas for research and development.

References

  1. Thyavihalli Girijappa, Y.G.; Mavinkere Rangappa, S.; Parameswaranpillai, J.; Siengchin, S. Natural fibers as sustainable and renewable resource for development of eco-friendly composites: A comprehensive review. Front. Mater. 2019, 6, 226.
  2. Zindani, D.; Kumar, S.; Maity, S.R.; Bhowmik, S. Mechanical characterization of bio-epoxy green composites derived from sodium bicarbonate treated punica granatum short fiber agro-waste. J. Polym. Environ. 2021, 29, 143–155.
  3. Mahmud, S.; Hasan, K.M.F.; Jahid, M.A.; Mohiuddin, K.; Zhang, R.; Zhu, J. Comprehensive review on plant fiber-reinforced polymeric biocomposites. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 7231–7264.
  4. Gundloori, R.V.; Singam, A.; Killi, N. Nanobased intravenous and transdermal drug delivery systems,” in applications of targeted nano drugs and delivery systems. Appl. Target. Nano Drugs Deliv. Syst. 2019, 551–594.
  5. Dikshit, V.; Goh, G.D.; Nagalingam, A.P.; Goh, G.L.; Yeong, W.Y. Recent progress in 3D printing of fiber-reinforced composite and nanocomposites. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appls 2020, 371–394.
  6. Behera, A.; Mallick, P. Application of nanofibers in aerospace industry. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appl. 2020, 449–457.
  7. Hasan, K.M.F.; Horváth, P.G.; Alpár, T. Potential natural fiber polymeric nanobiocomposites: A review. Polymers 2020, 12, 1072.
  8. Barua, P.; Mahato, A.; Datta, P.; Sen, R.; Nandi, S.K.; Kundu, B. Fiber nanobiocompositions for cranioplasty and other orthopedic applications. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appl. 2020, 525–558.
  9. Patil, A.Y.; Banapurmath, N.R.; Kotturshettar, B.B.; Lekha, K.; Roseline, M. Limpet teeth-based polymer nanocomposite: A novel alternative biomaterial for denture base application. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appl. 2020, 477–523.
  10. Hallad, S.A.; Banapurmath, N.R.; Hunashyal, A.M.; Shravansa, S.S.; Shettar, A.S. Nanofiber-reinforced nanocomposites for structural applications. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appl. 2020, 559–567.
  11. Sathishkumar, T.P.; Ramakrishnan, S. Mechanical properties of nanococonut shell filler mixed jute mat-reinforced epoxy composites for structure application. Fiber-Reinf. Nanocomp. Fundam. Appl. 2020, 459–476.
  12. Asmatulu, R.; Khan, W.S. Electrospun nanofibers for agriculture and food industries, in Synthesis and Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers. Synth. Appl. Electrospun Nanofibers 2019, 89–109.
  13. Meraz-Dávila, S.; Pérez-García, C.E.; Feregrino-Perez, A.A. Challenges and advantages of electrospun nanofibers in agriculture: A review. Mater. Res. Express 2021, 8, 042001.
  14. Raja, K.; Prabhu, C.; Subramanian, K.S.; Govindaraju, K. Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers as carriers for hormones (IAA and GA3) delivery in seed invigoration for enhancing germination and seedling vigor of agricultural crops (groundnut and black gram). Polym. Bull. 2021, 78, 6429–6440.
  15. Saito, H.; Yamashita, Y.; Sakata, N.; Ishiga, T.; Shiraishi, N.; Usuki, G.; Nguyen, V.T.; Yamamura, E.; Ishiga, Y. Covering soybean leaves with cellulose nanofiber changes leaf surface hydrophobicity and confers resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 726565.
  16. Castañeda, L.M.; Genro, C.; Roggia, I.; Bender, S.D.S.; Bender, R.; Pereira, C. Innovative rice seed coating (Oryza sativa) with polymer nanofibres and microparticles using the electrospinning method. J. Res. Updates Polym. Sci. 2014, 3, 33–39.
  17. Krishnamoorthy, V.; Elumalai, G.; Rajiv, S. Environment friendly synthesis of polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers and their potential use as seed coats. New J. Chem. 2016, 40, 3268–3276.
  18. Farias, B.V.; Pirzada, T.; Mathew, R.; Sit, T.L.; Opperman, C.; Khan, S.A. Electrospun polymer nanofibers as seed coatings for crop protection. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 19848–19856.
  19. Sivalingam, S.; Kunhilintakath, A.; Nagamony, P.; Paspulathi Parthasarathy, V. Fabrication, toxicity and biocompatibility of Sesamum indicum infused graphene oxide nanofiber—A novel green composite method. Appl. Nanosci. 2021, 11, 679–686.
  20. Urbina, L.; Corcuera, M.Á.; Gabilondo, N.; Eceiza, A.; Retegi, A. A review of bacterial cellulose: Sustainable production from agricultural waste and applications in various fields. Cellulose 2021, 28, 8229–8253.
  21. Bose, P. Agricultural Applications of Nanofibers. AZoNano. 2021. Available online: https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5834 (accessed on 10 November 2021).
  22. Espinoza Márquez, E.; Soto Zarazúa, G.M.; de Pérez Bueno, J.J. Prospects for the use of electrooxidation and electrocoagulation techniques for membrane filtration of irrigation water. Environ. Process. 2020, 7, 391–420.
  23. Latha, M.; Raja, K.; Subramanian, K.; Karthikeyan, M.; Lakshmanan, A. Fabrication and characterization of tebuconazole loaded PVA nanofiber. Int. J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 10, 8514–8517.
  24. Osanloo, M.; Arish, J.; Sereshti, H. Developed methods for the preparation of electrospun nanofibers containing plant-derived oil or essential oil: A systematic review. Polym. Bull. 2020, 77, 6085–6104.
  25. Mehrani, Z.; Ebrahimzadeh, H.; Moradi, E. Use of aloin-based and rosin-based electrospun nanofibers as natural nanosorbents for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenoxyacetic acid herbicides by microextraction in packed syringe method prior to GC-FID detection. Microchim. Acta 2020, 187, 401.
  26. Ma, J.; Yu, Z.; Liu, S.; Chen, Y.; Lv, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lin, C.; Ye, X.; Shi, Y.; Liu, M.; et al. Efficient extraction of trace organochlorine pesticides from environmental samples by a polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofiber membrane modified with covalent organic framework. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 424, 127455.
  27. Dilfi, A.K.F.; Che, Z.; Xian, G. Grafting of nano-silica onto ramie fiber for enhanced mechanical and interfacial properties of ramie/epoxy composite. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 2019, 20, 660–674.
  28. De Jorge, B.C.; Gross, J. Smart nanotextiles for application in sustainable agriculture. Nanosens. Nanodev. Smart Multifunct. Text. 2021, 203–227.
  29. Liu, S.; Wu, Q.; Sun, X.; Yue, Y.; Tubana, B.; Yang, R.; Cheng, HN. Novel alginate-cellulose nanofiber-poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for carrying and delivering nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium chemicals. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 172, 330–340.
  30. Mirheidari, F.; Hatami, M.; Ghorbanpour, M. Effect of different concentrations of IAA, GA3 and chitosan nano-fiber on physio-morphological characteristics and metabolite contents in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). S. Afr. J. Bot 2021, S0254629921002805.
  31. Natarelli, C.V.L.; Lopes, C.M.S.; Carneiro, J.S.S.; Melo, L.C.A.; Oliveira, J.E.; Medeiros, E.S. Zinc slow-release systems for maize using biodegradable PBAT nanofibers obtained by solution blow spinning. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 4896–4908.
  32. Tamilarasan, C.; Raja, K.; Subramanian, K.; Selvaraju, P. Synthesis and development of nano formulation for hastening seed quality in groundnut. Res. J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 10, 50–57.
  33. Nooeaid, P.; Chuysinuan, P.; Pitakdantham, W.; Aryuwananon, D.; Techasakul, S.; Dechtrirat, D. Eco-friendly polyvinyl alcohol/polylactic acid core/shell structured fibers as controlled-release fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. J. Polym. Environ. 2021, 29, 552–564.
  34. Itroutwar, P.D.; Govindaraju, K.; Tamilselvan, S.; Kannan, M.; Raja, K.; Subramanian, K.S. Seaweed-based biogenic zno nanoparticles for improving agro-morphological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Plant Growth Regul. 2020, 39, 717–728.
  35. Badgar, K.; Prokisch, J.; El-Ramady, H. Nanofibers for sustainable agriculture: A short communication. Egypt. J. Soil. Sci. 2021, 61, 3.
  36. Sundaran, S.P.; Reshmi, C.R.; Sagitha, P.; Manaf, O.; Sujith, A. Multifunctional graphene oxide loaded nanofibrous membrane for removal of dyes and coliform from water. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 240, 494–503.
  37. Raza, Z.A.; Munim, S.A.; Ayub, A. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based electrospun nanofibers for environmental applications. Carbohydr. Res. 2021, 510, 108443.
  38. Naragund, V.S.; Panda, P.K. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes for air filtration application. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021.
  39. Sakib, M.N.; Mallik, A.K.; Rahman, M.M. Update on chitosan-based electrospun nanofibers for wastewater treatment: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 2021, 2, 100064.
  40. Yavari Maroufi, L.; Ghorbani, M.; Mohammadi, M.; Pezeshki, A. Improvement of the physico-mechanical properties of antibacterial electrospun poly lactic acid nanofibers by incorporation of guar gum and thyme essential oil. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2021, 622, 126659.
  41. Sonwane, N.D.; Kondawar, S.B. Enhanced room temperature ammonia sensing of electrospun nickel cobaltite/polyaniline composite nanofibers. Mater. Lett. 2021, 303, 130566.
  42. Xia, L.; Feng, H.; Zhang, Q.; Luo, X.; Fei, P.; Li, F. Centrifugal spinning of lignin amine/cellulose acetate nanofiber for heavy metal ion adsorption. Fibers Polym. 2021.
  43. Yadav, P.; Farnood, R.; Kumar, V. HMO-incorporated electrospun nanofiber recyclable membranes: Characterization and adsorptive performance for Pb(II) and As(V). J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 106507.
  44. Zhang, W.; He, Z.; Han, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Zhan, C.; Zhang, K.; Li, Z.; Zhang, R. Structural design and environmental applications of electrospun nanofibers. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2020, 137, 106009.
  45. Li, J.; Bendi, R.; Malla, R.; Shah, K.J.; Parida, K.; You, Z. Cellulose nanofibers-based green nanocomposites for water environmental sustainability: A review. Emergent Mater. 2021, 4, 1259–1273.
  46. Cui, J.; Li, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Ma, W.; Huang, C. Electrospun nanofiber membranes for wastewater treatment applications. Separat. Purif. Technol. 2020, 250, 117116.
  47. Salehi, M.; Sharafoddinzadeh, D.; Mokhtari, F.; Esfandarani, M.S.; Karami, S. Electrospun nanofibers for efficient adsorption of heavy metals from water and wastewater. CTR 2021, 1, 1–33.
  48. Assaifan, A.K.; Aijaz, M.O.; Luqman, M.; Drmosh, Q.A.; Karim, M.R.; Alharbi, H.F. Removal of cadmium ions from water using coaxially electrospun PAN/ZnO-encapsulated PVDF nanofiber membranes. Polym. Bull. 2021.
  49. Chen, Y.; Jiang, L. Preparation of flexible electrospun AOPAN/PVDF membranes for removing Pb2+ from water. Appl. Water Sci. 2021, 11, 51.
  50. Chen, H.; Sharma, S.K.; Sharma, P.R.; Chi, K.; Fung, E.; Aubrecht, K.; Keroletswe, N.; Chigome, S.; Hsiao, B.S. Nitro-oxidized carboxycellulose nanofibers from moringa plant: Effective bioadsorbent for mercury removal. Cellulose 2021, 28, 8611–8628.
  51. Cárdenas Bates, I.I.; Loranger, É.; Mathew, A.P.; Chabot, B. Cellulose reinforced electrospun chitosan nanofibers bio-based composite sorbent for water treatment applications. Cellulose 2021, 28, 4865–4885.
  52. Fan, M.; Zhang, B.; Fan, L.; Chen, F.; Fu, Q. Adsorbability of Modified PBS nanofiber membrane to heavy metal ions and dyes. J. Polym. Environ. 2021, 29, 3029–3039.
  53. Fiol, N.; Tarres, Q.; Vasquez, M.G.; Pereira, M.A.; Mendonca, R.T.; Mutje, P.; Delgado-Aguilar, M. Comparative assessment of cellulose nanofibers and calcium alginate beads for continuous Cu(II) adsorption in packed columns: The influence of water and surface hydrophobicity. Cellulose 2021, 28, 4327–4344.
  54. He, Y.; Tian, H.; Xiang, A.; Wang, H.; Li, J.; Luo, X.; Rajulu, AV. Fabrication of PVA nanofibers grafted with octaamino-poss and their application in heavy metal adsorption. J. Polym. Environ. 2021, 29, 1566–1575.
  55. Heidarzadeh-Samani, M.; Behzad, T.; Mehrabani-Zeinabad, A. Development of a continuous fixed-bed column to eliminate cadmium(II) ions by starch-g-poly(acrylic acid)/cellulose nanofiber bio-nanocomposite hydrogel. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021, 28, 57902–57917.
  56. Juntadech, T.; Nantasenamat, C.; Chitpong, N. Oxidized regenerated cellulose nanofiber membranes for capturing heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Cellulose 2021, 28, 11465–11482.
  57. Mohammed, Y.A.Y.A.; Ma, F.; Liu, L.; Zhang, C.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q.; Xu, X.; Al Wahbi, A.A. Preparation of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride/amidoximized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for trace metal ions removal from contaminated water. J. Porous Mater. 2021, 28, 383–392.
  58. Rajabi, S.; Shaki, H. Efficient removal of lead and copper from aqueous solutions by using modified polyacrylonitrile nanofiber membranes. Fibers Polym. 2021, 22, 694–702.
  59. Zhang, H.; Yao, C.; Qin, X. A visually observable copper ion adsorption membrane by electrospinning combined with copper ion probe. Fibers Polym. 2021, 22, 1844–1852.
  60. Mahmoud, R.K.; Kotp, A.A.; El-Deen, A.G.; Farghali, A.A.; Abo El-Ela, F.I. Novel and effective Zn-Al-GA LDH anchored on nanofibers for high-performance heavy metal removal and organic decontamination: Bioremediation approach. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2020, 231, 363.
  61. Xue, L.; Ren, J.; Wang, S.; Qu, D.; Wei, Z.; Yang, Q.; Li, Y. Preparation of nanofiber aerogels by electrospinning and studying of its adsorption properties for heavy-metal and dyes. J. Porous Mater. 2020, 27, 1589–1599.
  62. Agrawal, S.; Ranjan, R.; Lal, B.; Rahman, A.; Singh, S.P.; Selvaratnam, T.; Nawaz, T. Synthesis and Water Treatment Applications of Nanofibers by Electrospinning. Processes 2021, 9, 1779.
  63. Uddin, Z.; Ahmad, F.; Ullan, T.; Nawab, Y.; Ahmad, S.; Azam, F.; Rasheed, A.; Zafar, M.S. Recent trends in water purification using electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021.
  64. Chen, H.; Huang, M.; Liu, Y.; Meng, L.; Ma, M. Functionalized electrospun nanofiber membranes for water treatment: A review. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 739, 139944.
  65. Ibrahim, H.; Sazali, N.; Salleh, W.N.W.; Ismail, A.F. Nanocellulose-based materials and recent application for heavy metal removal. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2021, 232, 305.
  66. Jahan, I.; Zhang, L. Natural polymer-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes for wastewater treatment: A review. J. Polym. Environ. 2021.
  67. Marinho, B.A.; de Souza, S.M.A.G.U.; de Souza, A.A.U.; Hotza, D. Electrospun TiO2 nanofibers for water and wastewater treatment: A review. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 5428–5448.
  68. Sjahro, N.; Yunus, R.; Abdullah, L.C.; Rashid, S.A.; Asis, A.J.; Akhlisah, Z.N. Recent advances in the application of cellulose derivatives for removal of contaminants from aquatic environments. Cellulose 2021, 28, 7521–7557.
  69. El-Aswar, E.I.; Ramadan, H.; Elkik, H.; Taha, A.G. A comprehensive review on preparation, functionalization and recent applications of nanofiber membranes in wastewater treatment. J. Environ. Manag. 2022, 301, 113908.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Video Production Service
Feedback