Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. is used in traditional medicine and has various established biological activities, however, the species is considered to be a potentially invasive alien tree species for Bulgarian flora. However, there is still much to be studied about the phytochemical and biological characteristics of the species.
Peak | RT | RI | calc | RI | lit | Compound | K. paniculata | , % of TIC | Compounds Identification |
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Flower | Leaf | Stem Bark |
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1 | 4.49 | 1174 | 1170 | Furfuryl butanoate | nd | nd | nd | ||||||
2 | 4.68 | 1190 | 1186 | (3Z)-Hexenyl butanoate | 0.81 ± 0.0 | 0.49 ± 0.0 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | GMD | |||||
3 | 4.79 | 1197 | 1199 | γ | -terpineol | 3.78 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | 0.55 ± 0.0 | GMD | ||||
4 | 5.10 | 1206 | 1202 | (2E,4E)-Hexadienol isobutanoate | 0.13 ± 0.0 | 2.00 ± 0.07 | 2.66 ± 0.08 | GMD | |||||
5 | 5.20 | 1218 | 1217 | (2E,4E)-Nonadienol | 0.20 ± 0.0 | 3.53 ± 0.09 | 4.68 ± 0.11 | GMD | |||||
6 | 5.26 | 1225 | 1223 | Methyl nonanoate | 0.58 ± 0.0 | 0.22 ± 0.0 | 0.44 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||
Methyl eudesmate | |||||||||||||
nd | |||||||||||||
0.45 ± 0.0 | |||||||||||||
1.18 ± 0.02 | |||||||||||||
GMD | |||||||||||||
48 | |||||||||||||
11.93 | |||||||||||||
1826 | |||||||||||||
1825 | |||||||||||||
(E)-Nerolidyl isobutyrate | |||||||||||||
nd | |||||||||||||
0.39 ± 0.0 | |||||||||||||
nd | |||||||||||||
GMD | |||||||||||||
49 | |||||||||||||
14.49 | |||||||||||||
1953 | |||||||||||||
1948 | |||||||||||||
Phytol | |||||||||||||
nd | |||||||||||||
nd | 0.14 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||||||||
50 | 14.61 | 1971 | 1966 | Palmitic acid | 1.85 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.0 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | GMD | |||||
51 | 14.73 | 1992 | 1990 | Ethyl palmitate | 0.29 ± 0.0 | nd | nd | GMD | |||||
52 | 16.67 | 2018 | 2019 | (6E,10Z)-Pseudo phytol | nd | nd | 0.42 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||
53 | 16.85 | 2026 | 2024 | Isopropyl hexadecanoate | nd | 0.79 ± 0.0 | 0.25 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||
54 | 16.94 | 2029 | 2030 | (6E,10E)-Pseudo phytol | nd | nd | 0.81 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||
55 | 18.05 | 2133 | 2132 | Linoleic acid | 0.16 ± 0.0 | 4.32 ± 0.04 | 1.55 ± 0.02 | GMD | |||||
56 | 18.28 | 2142 | 2141 | Oleic acid | 0.23 ± 0.0 | nd | nd | GMD | |||||
57 | 21.58 | 2400 | 2400 | Tetracosane | 0.10 ± 0.0 | nd | nd | GMD | |||||
Total identified, % | 98.70 | 97.83 | 98.63 |
IC | 50 | of Mean ± SD (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HT-29 | PC3 | |||||
Flower extract | 21.44 ± 0.20 | 58.76 ± 0.53 | ||||
Leaf extract | 23.63 ± 0.22 | 80.56 ± 0.75 | ||||
Stem Bark extract | 339.4 ± 1.31 | 182.8 ± 1.65 | ||||
Cisplatin | 2.5 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.03 |
Test-Microorganism | QF | FE | LE | SBE | CH | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gram-negative bacteria | ||||||||||||||||||||
Escherichia coli | ATCC 8739 |
150 μL | - * | 9.02 | a | ± 0.01 | - | 28.05 | b | ± 0.01 | ||||||||||
100 μL | - | 6.02 | a | ± 0.01 | - | |||||||||||||||
Salmonella enterica | NCTC 6017 | 150 μL | - | - | - | 24.04 ± 0.03 | ||||||||||||||
100 μL | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||
Klebsiella | (clinical isolate) |
150 μL | - | - | - | 21.03 ± 0.03 | ||||||||||||||
7 | 5.30 | 1233 | 1228 | Nerol | nd | 0.49 ± 0.0 | 1.71 ± 0.05 | GMD | ||||||||||||
100 μL | - | - | - | 8 | 5.41 | 1231 | 1229 | (3Z)-Hexenyl 2-methyl butanoate | 0.36 ± 0.0 | 3.78 ± 0.10 | 8.15 ± 0.20 | GMD | ||||||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ATCC 6027 | 150 μL | - | - | 14.02 | c | ± 0.01 | 21.03 | c | ± 0.03 | 9 | 5.60 | 1288 | 1288 | Lavandulol acetate | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 3.40 ± 0.09 | 2.02 ± 0.06 | GMD | |
100 μL | - | - | 5.03 | c | ± 0.01 | 10 | 6.11 | 1316 | 1315 | δ | -terpinyl acetate | 0.12 ± 0.0 | 0.71 ± 0.0 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | GMD | |||||
Proteus vulgaris | ATCC 6380 | 150 μL | 10.04 | d | ± 0.02 | - | 8.04 | d | ± 0.01 | - | 11 | 6.23 | 1345 | 1346 | α | -terpinyl acetate | 16.42 ± 0.51 | 20.24 ± 0.07 | 3.56 ± 0.09 | GMD |
100 μL | 6.05 | d | ± 0.04 | - | 6.02 | d | ± 0.01 | 12 | 6.35 | 1359 | 1360 | Neryl acetate | 0.15 ± 0.0 | 0.33 ± 0.0 | 12.37 ± 0.40 | GMD | ||||
Gram-positive bacteria | 13 | 6.40 | 1362 | 1361 | Pyrogallol | 20.86 ± 0.70 | 2.02 ± 0.07 | |||||||||||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 1.91 ± 0.05 | NIST’08 | ||||||||||||||||||
ATCC 25093 | 150 μL | - | - | - | 25.03 ± 0.03 | 14 | 6.55 | 1366 | 1363 | α | -methyl benzyl butyrate | nd | 0.30 ± 0.0 | 0.82 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||
100 μL | - | - | - | 15 | 6.64 | 1375 | ||||||||||||||
Bacillus subtilis | ATCC 6633 |
150 μL | 1378 | 14.03 | (3Z)-Hexenyl hexanoate | e | nd | 0.79 ± 0.0 | 0.78 ± 0.0 | GMD | ||||||||||
± 0.03 | - | 18.04 | e | ± 0.02 | 39.04 | f | ± 0.03 | 16 | 6.82 | 1386 | 1386 | Isobutyl phenylacetate | nd | |||||||
100 μL | 1.13 ± 0.04 | 1.69 ± 0.04 | GMD | |||||||||||||||||
11.03 | e | ± 0.04 | - | 11.03 | e | ± 0.02 | 17 | 6.94 | ||||||||||||
Bacillus cereus | 1394 | NCTC 10320 | 1395 | Ethyl decanoate | 5.85 ± 0.12 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | 1.47 ± 0.04 | GMD | ||||||||||||
150 μL | 14.0 6 | g | ± 0.03 | - | 14.03 | g | ± 0.02 | - | 18 | 7.01 | 1401 | 1400 | n-tetradecane | 2.13 ± 0.07 | 1.08 ± 0.04 | 2.65 ± 0.07 | GMD | |||
100 μL | - | - | 6.02 | g | ± 0.01 | 19 | 7.08 | 1416 | 1417 | β | -caryophyllene | 2.61 ± 0.07 | ||||||||
Listeria monocytogenes | 3.86 ± 0.08 | 2.91 ± 0.07 | GMD | |||||||||||||||||
NCTC 11994 |
150 μL | - | - | - | 21.06 ± 0.02 | 20 | 7.12 | 1432 | 1433 | α | - | trans- | bergamotene | 2.45 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | GMD | |||
100 μL | - | - | - | 21 | 7.16 | 1439 | 1438 | Phenyl ethyl butanoate | 3.89 ± 0.08 | 2.94 ± 0.08 | 2.89 ± 0.08 | GMD | ||||||||
22 | 7.26 | 1453 | 1453 | Geranyl acetone | nd | 1.80± | 2.53 ± 0.07 | GMD | ||||||||||||
23 | 7.41 | 1465 | 1466 | Linalool isovalerate | nd | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 1.42 ± 0.03 | GMD | ||||||||||||
24 | 7.47 | 1469 | 1468 | n-dodecanol | 2.21 ± 0.07 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.90 ± 0.04 | GMD | ||||||||||||
25 | 7.51 | 1472 | 1471 | α | -terpinyl isobutanoate | 10.32 ± 0.40 | 4.77 ± 0.10 | 3.56 ± 0.09 | GMD | |||||||||||
26 | 7.55 | 1476 | 1479 | α | -curcumene | nd | 0.45 ± 0.0 | nd | GMD | |||||||||||
27 | 7.64 | 1481 | 1482 | γ | -curcumene | nd | 0.58 ± 0.0 | nd | GMD | |||||||||||
28 | 7.72 | 1486 | 1485 | Phenyl ethyl 2-methylbutanoate | 0.75 ± 0.0 | 3.21 ± 0.08 | 3.84 ± 0.09 | GMD | ||||||||||||
29 | 7.76 | 1488 | 1489 | β | -selinene | 3.01 ± 0.07 | 2.60 ± 0.07 | 2.63 ± 0.07 | GMD | |||||||||||
30 | 7.97 | 1497 | 1498 | α | -selinene | 3.36 ± 0.08 | 0.66 ± 0.0 | 0.72 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||||||||
31 | 8.15 | 1511 | 1514 | β | -curcumene | nd | 0.33 ± 0.0 | 0.15 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||||||||
32 | 8.26 | 1556 | 1552 | Lauric acid | 1.93 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.0 | 0.36 ± 0.0 | NIST’08 | ||||||||||||
33 | 8.41 | 1562 | 1560 | Geranyl butanoate | 0.81 ± 0.0 | 0.55 ± 0.0 | 0.78 ± 0.0 | GMD | ||||||||||||
34 | 8.50 | 1568 | 1570 | Octyl hexanoate | 0.40 ± 0.0 | 0.62 ± 0.0 | 0.51 ± 0.0 | NIST’08 | ||||||||||||
35 | 8.56 | 1576 | 1573 | Decyl butyrate | 0.64 ± 0.0 | 0.37 ± 0.0 | 0.44 ± 0.0 | NIST’08 | ||||||||||||
36 | 8.71 | 1611 | 1611 | Tetradecanal | 0.20 ± 0.0 | 0.74 ± 0.0 | 0.82 ± 0.0 | GMD | ||||||||||||
37 | 8.83 | 1623 | 1622 | Isobutyl cinnamate | nd | 1.22 ± 0.02 | 1.50 ± 0.02 | GMD | ||||||||||||
38 | 9.07 | 1640 | 1639 | Phenyl ethyl hexanoate | 1.71 ± 0.03 | 9.05 ± 0.10 | 8.67 ± 0.07 | GMD | ||||||||||||
39 | 9.17 | 1649 | 1650 | β | -eudesmol | 0.42 ± 0.0 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.69 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||||||||
40 | 9.26 | 1654 | 1652 | α | -eudesmol | 0.27 ± 0.0 | 0.72 ± 0.0 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | GMD | |||||||||||
41 | 9.37 | 1662 | 1661 | Dihydro-eudesmol | 0.35 ± 0.0 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.93 ± 0.03 | GMD | ||||||||||||
42 | 9.61 | 1671 | 1670 | Epi | -β- | bisabolol | 2.19 ± 0.07 | 3.03 ± 0.07 | 1.51 ± 0.02 | GMD | ||||||||||
43 | 9.67 | 1675 | 1674 | β | -bisabolol | 2.88 ± 0.07 | 1.44 ± 0.02 | 1.66 ± 0.02 | GMD | |||||||||||
44 | 9.86 | 1690 | 1691 | (Z)- | α | - | trans | -Bergamotol | 2.00 ± 0.06 | 2.52 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | GMD | ||||||||
45 | 10.21 | 1699 | 1698 | (2Z,6Z)-Farnesol | 0.84 ± 0.0 | 0.51 ± 0.0 | 0.72 ± 0.0 | GMD | ||||||||||||
46 | 10.50 | 1706 | 1704 | δ | -dodecalactone | 0.97 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.0 | 0.57 ± 0.0 | GMD | |||||||||||
47 | 10.82 | 1718 | 1718 |