EGCG |
In vivo
6–8-week-old male LLC-tumor-bearing mice (C57BL/6) |
Low dose (0.2 mg/kg/day), high dose (0.6 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage; |
↓ NF-κB |
[9] | [34] |
↓ NF-κB-mediated ubiquitin–
proteasome proteolysis |
12 days pre-treatment or 30 days post-tumor
treatment |
↓ atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression |
↓ tumor-induced muscle atrophy |
Resveratrol |
In vivo
6–10-week-old female
C-26 tumor-bearing mice (CD2F1) |
200 mg/kg/day via oral gavage for 11 days |
↓ NF-κB |
[14] | [56] |
↓ atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression |
↓ tumor-induced muscle atrophy |
No effect on tumor growth |
In vivo
5-week-old male Wistar AH-130 tumor-bearing rats |
1 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to AH-130 tumor bearing rats for 7 days |
No effect on skeletal muscle and whole body mass |
[15] | [57] |
12-week-old male LLC-tumor-bearing mice (C57BL/6) |
5 or 25 mg/kg/day via i.p. injection to LLC-tumor bearing mice for 15 days |
Failed to attenuate cancer cachexia in different tumor-bearing rodents |
In vivo
10-week-old female BALB/c mice |
20 mg/kg/day via i.p.
injection for 15 days |
↓ muscle wasting |
[16] | [58] |
↑ gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass |
↓ tumor growth |
↑ limb strength gain |
↑ muscle fiber (I & II) cross-sectional area, ↓ muscle abnormalities |
↑ sirtuin-1 protein expression |
↓ atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression |
↓ forkhead box O3 (FoxO3) |
↓ signaling markers NF-κB and p50 |
Curcumin |
In vivo
10-week-old female LP07 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice |
1 mg/kg/day via i.p.
injection for 15 days |
↓ muscle wasting |
[16] | [58] |
↑ gastrocnemius and soleus muscle mass |
↑ limb strength gain |
No effect on tumor growth |
↑ muscle fiber (I & II) cross-sectional area, ↓ muscle abnormalities |
↑ sirtuin-1 protein expression |
↓ atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression |
↓ FoxO3 |
↓ signaling markers NF-κB and p50 |
In vivo
MAC16-colon tumor-bearing mice |
Low dose (100 mg/kg/day), high dose (250 mg/kg/day) via oral gavage for 20 days |
↓ muscle wasting with low dosage |
[17] | [28] |
↑ body weight, muscle hypertrophy with high dosage |
↓ proteasome complex activity |
Inhibited NF-κB pathway |
In vivo
Male Wistar AH-130 tumor-bearing rats |
20 μg/kg body weight via i.p. injection for 6 days |
↓ tumor growth |
[18] | [59] |
Failed to attenuate cancer cachexia |
Carnosol |
In vitro
C2C12 myotube |
3.125 μM to 25 μM
concentration of carnosol incubated with C-26
cancer medium for 48 h in C2C12 myotubes; |
In vitro:
High dose (25 μM) had no toxic
effect to C2C12 myotubes; |
[19] | [60] |
↓ C-26 tumor-induced muscle wasting in C2C12 myotubes in dose-dependent manner |
↑ MyoD, p-Akt at high dose of carnosol |
↓ MuRF1, p-p65/p65 at high dose of carnosol |
In vivo
6–8-week-old male C-26 tumor-bearing, BALB/c mice |
10 mg/kg/day via i.p.
injection from the day
after tumor injection for 16 days |
In vivo:
↑ body weight |
No effect on tumor growth |
↑ MyoD, myosin heavy chain |
↓ p-p65/p65 ratio |
Quercetin |
In vivo
15-week-old Apc | Min/+ | mice |
25 mg/kg/day via oral
gavage for 3 weeks |
Attenuated ↓ body mass |
[20] | [61] |
↑ gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle mass |
No change in soleus muscle mass |
No improvement in muscle function |
↓ plasma IL-6 |
In vivo
9-week-old C-26 tumor-bearing male CD2F1 mice |
250 mg/kg added to daily chow diet for 20 days |
↑ body weight |
[21] | [62] |
↑ food intake |
No change grip strength |
Prevented tumor-induced
↓ muscle volume |
No change in tumor weight |
↑ gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle mass |
Rutin |
In vivo
6-week-old K14-HPV16 mice |
413 mg/kg/day to daily diet for 24 weeks |
↑ survival |
[22] | [63] |
No change in body weight |
↑ gastrocnemius muscle weight |
↓ NF-κB signaling pathway |
Genistein and daidzein |
In vivo
8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with LLC tumors |
Normal diet mixed with 40.74% of soyaflavone HG (containing high genistein and daidzein contents) for 3 weeks |
No change in food intake or body mass |
[23] | [64] |
↑ gastrocnemius muscle weight and myofiber size |
No change in tumor mass |
No change in plasma IL-6 or TNF-α |
↓ atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression |
↓ phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) |
Morin |
In vitro
LLC cells and C2C12 myotubes |
In vitro:
10, 50, 100, 200 μM treated to LLC cells and C2C12 myotubes for 48 h |
In vitro:
↓ cell viability of LLC cells with 100 and 200 μM |
[24] | [65] |
↑ cell viability of C2C12 myotubes with 10 μM; no cell death at high dose (100 and 200 μM) |
↓ protein synthesis shown in LLC cells using SUnSET method; no significant changes were found with C2C12 myotubes. |
In vivo
6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with LLC tumors |
In vivo:
Morin-rich (0.1% | w/w | ) diet for 3 weeks |
In vivo:
Attenuated↓muscle mass and gastrocnemius muscle myofiber size |
↓ tumor mass |