Early MetS detection may be helpful to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of healthy nutritional habits to reverse such conditions and the urgency of early lifestyle interventions.
First Author, Year | Exposure | Outcome | Studies, N | Participants, N | Cases, N | Comparison | RR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang, H., 2020 [74] | Total meat | Cognitive disorders | 5 |
First Author, Year | Exposure | Outcome | Studies, N | Participants, N | Cases, N | Comparison | RR (95%CI) |
---|
na |
na | At least weekly intake vs. other | 0.73 | (0.57, 0.88) |
Zhang, H., 2020 [83] | Total meat | Cognitive disorders | 5 | na | na | At least weekly intake vs. other | 0.73 (0.57, 0.88) |
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Zuin, M., 2021 [21][5] | Bakre, A. T., 2018 [75 | Hypertension | ] | Fish | Alzheimer’s disease | 6 | Dementia | 9 | 40,668 | 3139 | High vs. low | |||||||
Bakre, A. T., 2018 [84] | 1.05 | (1.04, 10.6) | ||||||||||||||||
0.80 | Fish | (0.74, 0.87) | ||||||||||||||||
Dementia | 9 | 40,668 | 3139 | High vs. low | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) |
Zuin, M., 2021 [21][5] | Low HDL-C | Alzheimer’s disease | 6 | 1.07 | Mottaghi, T., 2018 [76] | (1.06, 1.07) |
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Fruits and vegetables | Cognitive impairment | 6 | 17,537 | na | ||||||||||||||
Mottaghi, T., 2018 [85 | High vs. low | ] | 0.79 | (0.67, 0.93) | ||||||||||||||
Fruits and vegetables | Cognitive impairment | 6 | 17,537 | na | High vs. low | 0.79 (0.67, 0.93) |
Zuin, M., 2021 [21][5] | Hypertriglyceridemia | Alzheimer’s disease | 6 | Lee, J., 2018 [77 | 1.06 (1.05, 1.06) |
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] | Milk and dairy products | Cognitive impairment/decline | 3 | 5460 | 701 | High vs. low | ||||||||||||
Lee, J., 2018 [86] | 1.21 | Milk and dairy products | Cognitive impairment/decline | 3 | (0.81, 1.82) | |||||||||||||
5460 | 701 | High vs. low | 1.21 (0.81, 1.82) |
Zuin, M., 2021 [21][5] | Obesity in late life | Alzheimer’s disease | 6 | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) |
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Larsson, S. C., 2018 [78] | ||||||||||||||||||
Larsson, S. C., 2018 [87 | Coffee | ] | Coffee | Dementia | 4 | 16,473 | 2173 | Per 1 cup/day | Dementia | 4 | 16,473 | 2173 | 1.01 |
Per 1 cup/day | (0.96, 1.05) | |||
1.01 | (0.96, 1.05) | Yu, J. T., 2020 [22][6] | Type II diabetes | Alzheimer’s disease | na | Larsson, S. C., 2018 [78] | Coffee | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 308,441 | 5370 | Per 1 cup/day | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
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Larsson, S. C., 2018 [87] | Coffee | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 1.69 (1.51, 1.89) |
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308,441 | 5370 | Per 1 cup/day | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
Yu, J. T., 2020 [22][6] | Hypertension | Liu, X., 2017 | Alzheimer’s disease | [ | na | 1.38 (1.29, 1.47) |
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79] | Tea | Alzheimer’s disease | 3 | 5677 | 249 | High vs. low | 1.18 (0.84, 1.66) |
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Liu, X., 2017 [88] | Tea | Alzheimer’s disease | 3 | 5677 | 249 | High vs. low | 1.18 (0.84, 1.66) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23][7] | Type II diabetes | Liu, X., 2017 [79] | Global cognitive decline | Tea | 20 | Cognitive decline | 1.25 (1.12, 1.39) |
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3 | Xue, M., 2019 [ | |||||||||||||||||
Liu, X., 2017 [88] | Tea | 7842 | 1932 | High vs. low | Cognitive decline | 3 | 0.70 |
7842 | (0.57, 0.88) | 23][7] | Type II diabetes | Executive function decline | 10 | 1.44 (1.23, 1.69) |
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1932 | High vs. low | 0.70 | Jiang, X., 2017 [80] | Fruits and vegetables | Cognitive impairment and dementia | 9 | 31,104 | 4583 | High vs. low | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) |
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(0.57, 0.88) | ||||||||||||||||||
Jiang, X., 2017 [89] | Fruits and vegetables | Cognitive impairment and dementia | 9 | 31,104 | 4583 | High vs. low | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23][7] | Type II diabetes | Memory function impairment | 10 | 1.27 (1.16, 1.39) |
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Wu, L., 2017 [81] | Mediterranean diet score | Mild cognitive impairment | 5 | 24,274 | 2351 | |||||||||||||
Wu, L., 2017 [90] | Mediterranean diet score | High vs. low | 0.83 | (0.74, 0.93) |
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Mild cognitive impairment | 5 | 24,274 | 2351 | High vs. low | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23][7] | Type II diabetes | Wu, L., 2017 | Mild cognitive impairment | [81] | 9 | Mediterranean diet score | 1.49 | |||||
Wu, L., 2017 [90] | Mediterranean diet score | Mild cognitive impairment | (1.26, 1.77) |
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5 | 11,101 | Mild cognitive impairment | 5 | 1113 | Per 1 point increase | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) |
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11,101 | 1113 | Per 1 point increase | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23][7] | Wu, L., 2017 | Type II diabetes | [81] | Dementia | 31 | Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 1.43 (1.33, 1.53) |
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4845 | 498 | High vs. low | 0.63 (0.48, 0.82) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23 | ||||||||||||||
Wu, L., 2017 [90] | Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 4845 | 498 | High vs. low | 0.63 (0.48, 0.82) |
][7] | Type II diabetes | Alzheimer’s disease | 24 | Wu, L., 2017 [81] | Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 4845 | 498 | Per 1 point increase |
Wu, L., 2017 [90] | 1.43 | (1.25, 1.62) | ||||||||||||||||
0.93 | (0.88, 0.97) | |||||||||||||||||
Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s disease | 4 | 4845 | 498 | Per 1 point increase | 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) |
Xue, M., 2019 [23][7] | Zhang, H., 2016 [ | Type II diabetes | 82 | Vascular dementia | 17 | ] | 1.91 (1.61, 2.25) |
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Fish | Dementia | 3 | 15,713 | 1124 | Per 1 serving/week | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
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Zhang, H., 2016 [91] | Fish | Dementia | 3 | 15,713 | 1124 | Per 1 serving/week | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) |
Atti, A. R., 2019 [19][3] | Metabolic syndrome | Zhang, H., 2016 [82 | Dementia | ] | 9 | |||||
Fish | Alzheimer’s disease | 3 | 16,528 | |||||||||||||||
Zhang, H., 2016 [ | 969 | 91] | Fish | Alzheimer’s disease | 3 | 16,528 | 969 | Per 1 serving/week | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) |
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Per 1 serving/week | 0.88 | (0.80, 0.97) | Atti, A. R., 2019 [19][3] | Type II diabetes | Wu, L., 2016 [83 | Dementia | ] | Milk | 19 | Cognitive disorders | ||||||||
7 | 10,941 | na | ||||||||||||||||
Wu, L., 2016 [ | High vs. low | 92] | 0.72 | (0.56, 0.93) | ||||||||||||||
Milk | Cognitive disorders | 7 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) |
Pal, K., 2018 [24][8] | Metabolic syndrome | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 12 | Wu, L., 2016 [83] | 2.95 (1.23, 7.05) |
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Milk | Cognitive impairment | 5 | 10,941 | na | Anstey, K. J., 2017 [25][9] | Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Mild cognitive impairment | 2 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.27) |
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Anstey, K. J., 2017 [25][9] | Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Alzheimer’s disease | 3 | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) |
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Anstey, K. J., 2017 [25][9] | Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Vascular dementia |
2 | 1.13 (0.60, 2.14) |
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Anstey, K. J., 2017 [25][9] | Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | Dementia | 2 | 1.06 (0.71, 1.56) |
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Anstey, K. J., 2017 [25][9] | Hypertriglyceridemia | Vascular dementia |
2 | 1.66 (0.68, 4.04) |
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Pal, K., 2018 [24][8] | Type II diabetes | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 12 | 1.53 (1.20, 1.97) |
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Li, J. Q., 2016 [26][10] | Hypertension | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 7 | 1.18 (1.10, 1.27) |
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Li, J. Q., 2016 [26][10] | Type II diabetes | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 7 | 1.52 (1.20, 1.91) |
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Li, J. Q., 2016 [26][10] | Hypercholesterolaemia | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 4 | 0.48 (0.13, 1.82) |
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Li, J. Q., 2016 [26][10] | High body mass index in late life | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 4 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) |
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Pedditzi, E., 2016 [27][11] | Obesity in midlife | Dementia | 7 | 1.41 (1.20, 1.65) |
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Pedditzi, E., 2016 [27][11] | Obesity in late life | Dementia | 16 | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) |
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Cooper, C., 2015 [28][12] | Type II diabetes | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 7 | 1.65 (1.12, 2.43) |
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Cooper, C., 2015 [28][12] | Hypertension | Transition from mild cognitive impairment to dementia | 7 | 1.19 (0.81, 1.73) |
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Cheng, G., 2012 [29][13] | Type II diabetes | Alzheimer’s disease | 16 | 1.46 (1.20, 1.77) |
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Cheng, G., 2012 [29][13] | Type II diabetes | Vascular dementia | 10 | 2.49 (2.09, 2.97) |
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Cheng, G., 2012 [29][13] | Type II diabetes | Dementia | 11 | 1.51 (1.31, 1.74) |
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Cheng, G., 2012 [29][13] | Type II diabetes | Mild cognitive impairment | 2 | 1.12 (1.00, 1.45) |
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Profenno, L. A., 2010 [30][14] | Obesity in midlife | Alzheimer’s disease | 6 | 1.59 (1.02, 2.48) |
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Profenno, L. A., 2010 [30][14] | Type II diabetes | Alzheimer’s disease | 8 | 1.54 (1.33, 1.79) |
High vs. low | ||||||||||||||
0.76 | ||||||||||||||
(0.50, 1.17) | ||||||||||||||
Wu, L., 2016 [ | ||||||||||||||
92 | ||||||||||||||
] | ||||||||||||||
Milk | ||||||||||||||
Cognitive impairment | ||||||||||||||
5 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.76 (0.50, 1.17) |
||||||||||
Wu, L., 2016 [83] | Milk | Dementia | 3 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | ||||||||
Wu, L., 2016 [92] | 0.70 | (0.48, 1.02) | ||||||||||||
Milk | Dementia | 3 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.70 | Wu, L., 2016 [83] | Milk | Alzheimer’s disease | 2 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.63 (0.44, 0.90) |
(0.48, 1.02) | ||||||||||||||
Wu, L., 2016 [92] | Milk | Alzheimer’s disease | 2 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.63 (0.44, 0.90) |
Cao, L., 2016 [84] | Mediterranean diet score | Dementia | 3 | 10,941 | na | High vs. low |
Cao, L., 2016 [93] | 0.69 | Mediterranean diet score | Dementia | 3 | (0.57, 0.84) |
|||||||||
10,941 | na | High vs. low | 0.69 (0.57, 0.84) |
Psaltopoulou, T., 2013 [85] | Mediterranean diet score | Cognitive impairment | 7 | 8291 | ||||||
Psaltopoulou, T., 2013 [94 | 1278 | ] | Mediterranean diet score | High vs. low | Cognitive impairment | 7 | 0.60 | 8291 | (0.43–0.83) |
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1278 | High vs. low | 0.60 | Sofi, F., 2010 [86] | Mediterranean diet score | Neurodegenerative disorders | 4 | 133,626 | na | Per 2 point increase | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) |
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Sofi, F., 2008 [87] | Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease | 2 | 133,626 | 783 | Per 2 point increase | 0.87 (0.80, 0.96) |
(0.43–0.83) | |||||||
Sofi, F., 2010 [ | |||||||
95 | |||||||
] | |||||||
Mediterranean diet score | |||||||
Neurodegenerative disorders | |||||||
4 | |||||||
133,626 | |||||||
na | |||||||
Per 2 point increase | |||||||
0.87 | |||||||
(0.81, 0.94) | |||||||
Sofi, F., 2008 [96] | Mediterranean diet score | Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease | 2 | 133,626 | 783 | Per 2 point increase | 0.87 (0.80, 0.96) |