Solar Power Plants in Iran: Comparison
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The world’s electricity generation has increased with renewable energy technologies such as solar (solar power plant), wind energy (wind turbines), heat energy, and even ocean waves. Iran is in the best condition to receive solar radiation due to its proximity to the equator (25.2969° N). In 2020, Iran was able to supply only 900 MW (about 480 solar power plants and 420 MW home solar power plants) of its electricity demand from solar energy, which is very low compared to the global average. Yazd, Fars, and Kerman provinces are in the top ranks of Iran, with the production of approximately 68, 58, and 47 MW using solar energy, respectively. Iran also has a large area of vacant land for the construction of solar power plants.

  • renewable energy
  • solar power plant
  • economic and technical analysis
  • annual performance

1. Solar Energy in Iran

Iran is located near the equator and southwest Asia, with an area of about 1,600,000 km2. In some cities of Iran, there are about 300 sunny days. For example, the hottest city in the world is the city of Shahdad, in Kerman province [105,106][1][2]. Sunlight and stormy winds can be seen in all cities of Iran [103][3]. This part of the world has desirable conditions for the beneficial utilizing of solar energy. Iran has good opportunities for the spread of waterpower, and it is an ideal country for the use of solar energy [107,108][4][5]. A careful study revealed that the average global radiation of Iran is about 19.50 (MJ/m2)/day [109,110][6][7].
The amount of forthcoming global radiation (∼2000 (kWh/m2)/year) in Iran and other countries near the equator, such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia, is highest globally. Hosseini and Hosseini [111][8] studied a case study in Dehloran city located in the west of Iran to show how to utilize solar energy instead of gas and oil resources. Mostafaeipour et al. [112][9] studied the possibility of using solar energy in several regions of Iran. Their results showed that cities in central and southern regions could receive higher quantities of solar horizontal radiation. Southern Khorasan, Khuzestan, Yazd, and Kerman provinces catch considerable solar radiation values [113][10].
As shown in Figure 1, desirable cities with annual daily global radiation are located in the provinces of Kerman, Fars, Isfahan, and Yazd, in Iran. All large and small solar power plants are now located in these four provinces. Of course, other cities in Iran, such as Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, have an excellent ability to absorb solar energy. In recent years several solar power plants have been built in this province. The all-high fiord of the Yazd province is described by a high annual direct normal radiation of 2511 kWh/m2 [114,115,116][11][12][13].
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Figure 1. Map of annual, global, solar irradiation of Iran [113][10].

2. Solar Power Plants in Iran

Iran has an extensive fossil source, and most of its power plants run on oil and gas. In recent years, environmental pollution has occurred in large cities like Tehran, Tabriz, and Isfahan. Also, with the expansion of industry and agriculture in Iran, the need for electricity is expanding. There is a shortage of electricity in the big cities of Iran now in the summer. Therefore, the Iranian government has been looking to establish solar power plants to provide electricity to their villages and cities in recent years. At present, the advantages of using clean energy against pollution and the high consumption and environmental costs of fossil fuels have led Iranians to use clean energy and fuel [117,118,119,120,121,122][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The renewable power plants’ geographical map is shown in Figure 2 [123][20].
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Figure 2. Geographical map of renewable power plants [123][20].
The most significant number of solar power plants are installed in provinces of Kerman (with 4 to 10 MW solar power plants), Yazd (with 5 to 10 MW solar power plants), and Fars (with 7 to 10 MW solar power plants). In recent years, central cities of Iran such as Tehran (about 37.57 MW), Hamedan (about 31.4 MW), and Isfahan (about 13.45 MW) have also designed and built several solar power plants. The amount of power of solar power plants in the provinces of Iran is shown in Figure 3, where Yazd, Fars, and Kerman provinces with a capacity of 68.5, 98.8, and 54 MW, respectively, are the top provinces producing electricity from energy in Iran [124][21].
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Figure 3. Share of all types of RE power plants [125][22].
Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Organization (SATBA) reported that now 131 renewable power plants on a scale of MW with a total capacity of 876.69 MW have been put into operation. In addition, another 821 MW is under construction. Of these, there are 63 solar power plants with 433 MW and 20 wind power plants with about 308 MW (Figure 3). The rest of the power plants include small hydropower plants with a total capacity of 104.7 MW, biomass with a total capacity of 10.56 MW, and heat loss recovery from industrial processes with a total capacity of 13.6 MW [125][22].
As shown in Figure 4, about 178 million kWh of generated electricity is produced by renewable power plants in June 2021. As it turned out (Table 1), about 49% of electricity was generated by solar energy [126,127][23][24]. One of the critical points is that about 4277 thousand tons less CO2 have been prevented. Moreover, a study of technical and economic assessment of the integrated solar combined cycle power plants in Iran was analyzed by Hosseini et al. [23][25].
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Figure 4. The number of solar power plants in the provinces of Iran [126][23].
Table 1. Electricity production in June 2021 and the cumulative (until July) in Iran.
Cumulative

(Till July 2021)		   June 2021
6377 Generated Electricity from Renewable Energy (RE) (million KWh) 178
1811 Fossil Fuel Conservation (Million cubic meter natural gas)
0.51 Tehran Molard
51
1 Arak Arak 1403 Water Conservation (million liter) 39
4277 Prevention CO2 (thousand ton) 115
27 Prevention of air pollutants (thousand ton) 0.8
Their study showed that increasing steam turbine capacity by 50% and 4% improvement in total efficiency are other advantages of Integrated Solar Combined System with 67 MW solar power plant. In addition, theoretical and technical potential evaluation of solar power generation in Iran was studied by Ghasemi et al. [128][26]. Their study was about Sistan and Baluchestan provinces, and their results showed that about 14% of the province is suitable for constructing solar power plants.
Electricity generated by solar farms in the cities of Iran is shown in Figure 4. The capacity of large solar farms in Iran is about 433 MW, and the provinces of Yazd, Fars, and Kerman are about 68.4, 57.6, and 46.7 MW of electricity produced by solar farms, respectively.
Kerman is the most important city in the southeast of Iran. Due to sunlight on more than 300 days of the year, Kerman province is located in the center of the golden trapezoid of the country’s solar energy, unique natural space. Furthrermore, adequate infrastructure, which is a significant advantage, can make this province a clean energy supply and attract foreign investors [129,130,131,132][27][28][29][30]. The use of solar plans to meet the needs of Iranian villagers and nomads is increasing. One of the small solar power plants in Kerman can be seen in Figure 5a [133][31].
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Figure 5. (a) A small solar plant in Kerman, (b) an installed PV power plant in Kerman with a 10 MW capacity, and (c) an installed solar power plant in Hamedan with a capacity of 7 MW [126][23].
According to the Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Organization (SATBA), a 10 MW power plant in Kerman province in Baft was connected to the grid [134][32]. The power plant is constructed in an area of 20 ha, using specialist and localized equipment by the private sector. It is estimated that by starting this solar plant, 9598 tons of environmental pollutants will be prevented, and 3060 cubic meters of water consumption will be reduced annually. In addition, the power plant will also save 3.95 million cubic meters of natural gas, annually, in Iran’s electricity production [135,136][33][34]. One of the largest solar power plants in Iran is located in Kerman province (Figure 5b). Mahan Solar Power Plant is designed to produce 20 megawatts per day. In total, 76,912 solar panels have been installed in this power plant, and about 21,000 bases have been hammered, and the amount of foreign investment in this project is US$27 million. Furthermore, this power plant will be converted to 100 megawatts in the future [137,138][35][36].
Kerman province has been considered one of Iran’s most proper provinces with the highest solar radiation. Eight solar power plants with a total capacity of 48.7 megawatts have been constructed and are running at the moment. In Kerman province, 926 solar rooftops with a capacity of 8228 kW have been installed [139][37]. In recent years, much research has been done to evaluate the possibility of electricity generation from solar energy in Kerman province [140,141,142][38][39][40]. For example, a comprehensive approach to design and improve a solar chimney power plant in Kerman Province was studied by Gholamalizadeh and Mansouri [143][41]. All large solar power plants in Kerman province are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Solar power plants in Kerman province (PV power plant).
Capacity (MW) City Solar Plant
100 (Under Construction) Bam Bam
20 Kerman Noor Mahan
10 Baft Baft
1 Bardsir Arya
Fars, a province located in the southwest of Iran, has an area of 122,400 km² [144][42]. The total capacity of renewable and clean power plants in Fars is 84.52 MW, which includes ten solar power plants with a cumulative capacity of 67.6 MW, a biomass power plant with a capacity of 1.065 MW, a wind power plant with a capacity of 0.66 MW, and two hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 12.25 MW, as well as 331 small scale solar systems (roof) with a cumulative capacity of 2021 kW.
In Fars, there are several solar power plants with a capacity of 10 MW. Moreover, a list of high-power solar power plants in Fars is presented in Table 3. Renewable energy researchers in Fars are trying to show the people and the government the potential of converting solar energy into electricity [145,146,147][43][44][45].
Table 3. Solar power plants of Fars province.
Capacity (MW) City Solar Plant
20 (Two plants with 10 MW) Abadeh Abadeh
10 Shiraz Karno
10 Eghlid Eghlid
7 Hamedan Amirkabir 4 Sarvastan Sarvastan
10 Shiraz Lohar
0.25 Shiraz Shiraz
In other provinces such as Isfahan, Tehran, Yazd, Hamedan (Figure 5c), and Khuzestan, a large solar power plant with a maximum capacity of 20 MW has been built. Table 4 lists several solar power plants in other cities of Iran [148][46].
Table 4. Installed solar power plants in Iran.
Capacity (MW) City Solar Plant
7
Hamedan Persian Golf
10 Isfahan Zarigheh
17 Yazd Yazd
10 Alborz Taleghan
10 Tehran Komord
2 Zanjan Kohok
7 Zanjan Abhar
1 Isfahan Sanat
1 Isfahan Negar
10 Khozestan AZIN
5 Mashhad KHAF
1.5 Sharkord SIMAN
Several other researchers across Iran have tried to cover the power consumption of industrial plants by technical and economic studies of various solar power plants [149,150][47][48]. For example, the techno-economic of PV systems capacity in Shiraz was studied by Yazdani and Yaghoubi [151][49]. In this analysis, a typical one MW solar plant was made in the software of PVsyst. The economic study displayed that enterprise in a PV system without any particular government help is economically advantageous, as the net present amount and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were found to be US$1,367,499 and 17.09%, respectively.
A comprehensive study on the applications of different data-driven approaches in the performance modeling of solar units is introduced by Alhuyi Nazari et al. [152][50]. They are also in other studies on solar energy [153[51][52],154], reviews on the applications of multi-criteria decision-making approaches for power plant site selection.

2.1. Case Study (Sirjan City)

Sirjan is one of the cities of Kerman province, geographically located at 29°6′ N and 58°20′ E, and at 1760 m above sea level. The curves of the solar radiation and wind speed for Sirjan city for each month in 2018 are presented in Figure 6 and Figure 7, respectively [3][53].
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Figure 6. Average monthly radiation (MJ/m2) in Sirjan city [3][53].
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Figure 7. Average wind speed (m/s) in Sirjan city [3][53].
The following data have been extracted to build a 10 MW-solar power plant in the Balord region of Sirjan. The design location of the solar power plant in Sirjan is shown in Figure 1.
The location must first be examined in terms of solar radiation and wind speed to design a solar power plant. By comparing the amount of wind and the intensity of solar radiation of Sirjan, it has been determined that this city has the potential to invest in the construction of a solar power plant. In this design, 25,000 PV panels with a capacity of 400 watts have been used. About 15 hectares of land are needed to build this solar power plant.
As shown in Figure 8, each array requires 5000 arrays of 50 solar panels. Both arrays are placed next to each other, forming 25 rows in each block. In each block, a 2.5 MW transformer and inverter are used to convert DC to EC.
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Figure 8. Layout of a block in 10 MW solar power plant.

2.2. Economic and Technical Study of a 10 MW Power Plant in Sirjan City

In the city of Sirjan, about 1900 to 2000 kWh/m2 solar energy (horizontal global irradiation) is received. The effective irradiance on the solar plant is about 2030 kWh/m2. Therefore, in a 10MW solar power plant in Sirjan, about 20,489 MWh nominal array energy. By calculating of array soloing, module quality, module array mismatch, and inverter loss, this solar power plant can produce 16,047 MWh per year.
To analyze the construction of a 10 MW solar power plant, it is necessary to first extract fixed costs (CAPEX costs) such as land, landscaping, and purchasing equipment. Table 5 shows a 10 MW solar power plant’s fixed cost by examining the Iranian and foreign markets.
Table 5. CAPEX costs of a 10 MW solar power plant.
Costs Total Price (US$)
Land 240,000
Landscaping
After extracting the fixed costs, about $100,000 is the current cost to build this solar power plant. One of the most important parts is the sale of electricity. At the present time, in the summer, Iran government pays $40.0 per Megawatt.
Considering the 300 sunny days in the city of Sirjan, Table 6 below shows the production capacity of this power plant in each season; according to the sales rate in each season, the annual income of this power plant can be extracted. As shown in Table 6, a 10-megawatt solar power plant sells for about $893,868 a year.
Table 6. Sales cost of a 10 MW solar power plant.
Season Number of Days Daily Capacity (MWh) Seasonal Capacity (MWh) Sales Rate (US$/KWh) Sales Cost (US$)
Spring 93 66 6138 0.036 220,968
750,000
Summer 93 80 7440 0.04 297,600
Fall 90 70 6300 0.036 226,800
Winter 90 55 4950 0.03 148,500
Total 366   24,828   893,868
The IRR is a measurement utilized in financial analysis to evaluate the profitability of possible investments. IRR is a discount rate that makes the Net Present Value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero in a discounted cash flow analysis. The formula and calculation for IRR can be utilized by the following equation:
NPV=∑t=1TCt(1+IRR)t−C0
where Ct, C0, and t are net cash inflow during the period, total initial investment costs, and the number of time periods, respectively.
A preliminary investigation revealed that the cost of purchasing solar panels is about US$10.7 million. Now, by calculating the investment cost and the current cost (such as the cost of power, energy, and maintenance), it is determined that IRR is equal to 21.05. The design information of a 10 MW solar power plant in Sirjan city is given in Table 7.
Table 7. Design information of a 10 MW solar power plant in Sirjan.
Description Unit Amount
City   Sirjan
Longitude North 29°6′ N
Construction 630,000
latitude East 58°20′ E Technology, equipment, installation and testing 10,400,000
Power plant capacity Megawatts 10 Facilities 2,400,000
Area square meters 150,000 Unforeseen (10%) 1,600,000
Pre-operation costs 120,000
Number of solar panels number 25,000 Total 16,140,000
Dimensions of each panel
square meters
2
Cost of purchasing panels US$ 10,700,000
The cost of building a power plant US$ 16,140,000
Purchase price US$ 893,868
IRR % 21.05

2.3. Technical Analysis with HOMER

After extracting the costs, this solar system’s technical and economic analysis can be provided using Homer software. Firstly, this design’s discount rate, inflation rate, annual capacity shortage, and project lifetime are 10, 15, 5, and 20, respectively. The amount of electricity production on a daily and monthly basis is shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10. As shown in Figure 9, the highest energy production in this power plant is in spring (starting from the 90th day) and summer (ending on the 270th day). As can be seen in this figure, solar energy production starts at 7 am and continues until 6 pm. Electricity generation in June, July, and August in Sirjan have are the highest, at 1.1, 1.05, and 0.95 KWh, respectively. Furthermore, the average gird sales in different months are shown in Figure 1o.
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Figure 9. Daily electricity production in one year in Sirjan.
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Figure 10. Monthly electricity production in one year in Sirjan.

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