Zinc |
Newsome et al. |
1988 |
151 patients with AMD or drusen only |
Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial |
Oral supplementation with Zinc sulfate (100 mg) twice a day |
Less visual loss then the placebo group after follow up of 12 to 24 months |
[26] |
Topical administration of CoQ10 and vitamin E |
Beneficial effect on the inner retinal function and optic nerve electrophysiological parameters |
[ | 126 | ] |
Zinc |
Chew et al. |
Coenzyme Q10 | 2013 |
3549 patients with varying severity of AMD |
Multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial, followed up by an epidemiological follow up study |
Supplementation with antioxidants C, E and β-carotene and/or zinc |
Supplementation of zinc only decreased the risk of AMD progression. Supplementation of zinc and other antioxidants significantly reduced the decrease in BCVA |
Ozates et al. |
2019 |
64 pseudophacic patients (also with pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma) |
Prospective, randomized clinical trial |
Topical administration of CoQ10 and vitamin E |
Lower level of superoxide dismutase in the aqueous humor of treated patients | [27] |
[ | 127 | ] |
Resveratrol |
Alpha-lipoic acid | Richer et al. |
2014 |
Sanz-González et al.3 patients with AMD |
Case reports |
1 capsule of Longevinex | ® | (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day |
Bilateral improvements in the retina and choroid structure and function |
[ |
2020 |
30 participants with and without open angle glaucoma |
Prospective clinical trial |
Supplementation with formulations containing antioxidant vitamins, alpha-lipoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid | 40 |
Significant increase in the plasma antioxidant status | ] |
[ | 138 | ] |
Resveratrol |
Richer et al. |
Omega-3 fatty acids | 2013 |
Garcia-Medina et al. |
20153 patients with AMD |
Case reports |
1 capsule of Longevinex | ® | (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day |
Restoration of retinal structure, improvement in choroidal blood flow and improvement of RPE function |
[41] |
117 patients with mild or moderate primary open angle glaucoma |
Open-label, randomized controlled clinical trial |
Oral antioxidant supplementation with and without omega-3-fatty acids |
Resveratrol |
Diyana et al. |
2017 |
3 patients with AMD |
Case reports |
1 capsule Longevinex | ® | (contains 100 mg of RSV) per day |
Improvement in both BCVA and retinal thickness |
[42] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
SanGiovanni et al. |
2007 |
4203 participants at risk for developing late AMD |
Randomized, controlled clinical trial |
Supplementation of vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc and lutein/zeaxanthin |
Risk reduction for developing late AMD |
[58] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Korobelnik et al. |
2017 |
120 patients without any form of AMD |
Randomized clinical trial |
Supplementation containing lutein, zeaxanthin, omega-3 fatty acids |
No beneficial effect on MOPD |
[65] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Murray et al. |
2013 |
72 patients with early AMD |
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Daily supplementation with lutein capsules |
Lutein supplementation increased MPOD levels in early stage AMD patients |
[66] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Richer et al. |
2004 |
90 patients with atrophic AMD |
Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Daily supplementation with lutein alone or lutein and other antioxidants |
Visual function was improved with lutein alone or lutein together with other nutrientsantioxidants |
[67] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Ma et al. |
2012 |
108 patients with early AMD |
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxantin |
In patients with early AMD, supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin improved macular pigment density |
[68] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Huang et al. |
2015 |
112 patients with early AMD |
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxantin |
Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin increased MPOD |
[69] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Akuffo et al. |
2015 |
67 patients with early AMD |
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Supplementation with lutein and zeaxantin |
Supplementation with lutein and/or zeaxanthin increased MPOD |
[70] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Dawczynski et al. |
2013 |
172 patients with non-exudative AMD |
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin and omega-3-fatty acids |
Supplementation caused an increase of MPOD, an improvement and stabilization in BCVA in AMD patients |
[71] |
Lutein and zeaxanthin |
Fujimura et al. |
2016 |
20 patients with nAMD or chronic central serous chorioretinopathy |
Clinical trial |
Supplement with Lutein, zeaxantin and DHA |
Increase in foveal MPOD |
[72] |
Vitamins |
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group |
2001 |
3640 patients with different stages of AMD |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial |
Supplementation with high-dose vitamins C and E, beta carotene and zinc |
It reduced the risk of developing AMD and advanced AMD |
[83] |
Vitamin E |
Taylor et al. |
2002 |
1193 healthy participants |
Prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Vitamin E 500 IU daily |
Daily supplement with vitamin E did not prevent the development or progression of early or later stages of AMD |
[85] |
omega-3 fatty acids |
Chew et al. |
2014 |
4203 patients at risk for progression to advanced AMD |
Multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Daily lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA supplementation |
Addition of lutein and zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA, or both to the AREDS formulation did not further reduce risk of progression to advanced AMD |
[59] |
omega-3 fatty acids |
Arnold et al. |
2013 |
172 patients with dry AMD |
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial |
Daily lutein, zeaxanthin, DHA and EPA supplementation |
Improvement of plasma antioxidant capacity, circulating macular xanthophyll levels and the MPOD |
[97] |
omega-3 fatty acids |
Souied et al. |
2013 |
263 patients with early lesions of AMD |
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, comparative study |
Daily supplementation with DHA and EPA |
No beneficial effect on nAMD incidence |
[100] |
omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D |
Christen et al. |
2020 |
25871 participants |
Randomized clinical trial |
Daily supplementation of vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids |
Neither vitamin D3 nor omega-3 fatty acids supplementation had a significant effect on AMD incidence or progression |
[101] |