The potential presence of spore-forming bacteria related to the Bacillus cereus group in Mexican chili powder elaborated from Capsicum annuum L. is of commercial and clinical interest, because chili powder is an essential spice in the Mexican diet and in diets around the globe.
Sample | SMB a | BC b (0) | BC (5) | BC (10) | BC (15) | BC (20) | BC (25) | BC (50) | BC (75) | BC (100) |
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Strain | Chili Powder Sample | Toxin Production | Toxin Genes | Antibiotics | Susceptible Increased Exposure | |||||
Hbl | Nhe | hblC | nheA | Resistance | Susceptible | |||||
B. cereus ATCC 10876 | − | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, TET, VCM | ERY | ||
SA | A | − | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, TET | AMK, CHL, CIP, CDM, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | |||
SA5-1 | A | + | + | − | − | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, SXT, CHL, TET | AMK, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | ERY, CDM | ||
SA10-1 | A | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT | AMK, CHL, CIP, CDM, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, TET, VCM | |||
SA50-1 | A | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, TET, SXT | AMK, CHL, CIP, ERY, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CDM | ||
SA50-2 | A | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL | AMK, ERY, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, CDM | ||
SA75-1 | A | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, NTF, PEN, TET, SXT | AMK, CHL, CIP, CDM, ERY, GEN, NET, NFX, VCM | |||
SB-2 | B | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, TET, CDM | AMK, CHL, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, GEN | ||
SB-1.2 | B | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, TET, CDM | AMK, CHL, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, GEN | ||
SB-1.3 | B | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, TET, CDM | AMK, CHL, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, GEN | ||
SC5-4 | C | |||||||||
+ | ||||||||||
+ | ||||||||||
+ | ||||||||||
AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | ||||||||||
AMK, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM, GEN | ||||||||||
A | 1.73 × 103 | 200 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ˂100 | ˂100 |
B | 8.0 × 102 | 100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 |
C | 2.92 × 105 | 600 | 633 | 600 | 666 | 566 | 433 | ˂100 | ˂100 | ˂100 |
D | 3.24 × 105 | 700 | 600 | 433 | 633 | 533 | 533 | 333 | 233 | ˂100 |
a Spore-forming mesophilic bacteria (SMB) counts. b Presumptive Bacillus cereus s.l. (BC) counts. To select colonies with ampicillin-resistance, the medium was supplemented at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/ mL of ampicillin, indicated by numbers in parentheses. The theoretical limit of detection (LOD) was therefore 100 cfu/g. Numbers below this limit (˂100 cfu/g) in our results mean that bacterial growth was not detected in these conditions.
+ | ||||||||
+ | ||||||||
+ | ||||||||
+ | ||||||||
AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | ||||||||
AMK, CHL, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | ||||||||
GEN | ||||||||
SC5-5 | C | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN |
SC10-2 | C | − | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, TET, CDM | AMK, CHL, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, GEN |
SC15-1 | C | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, TET, VCM | |
SD5-1 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN |
SD5-2 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN |
SD5-3 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, SXT, CHL, TET, CDM | AMK, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN, ERY |
SD10-2 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | |
SD10-5 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP |
SD15-1 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL | AMK, CIP, CDM, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | |
SD15-5 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | |
SD15-6 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN |
SD15-7 | D | + | + | + | + | AMK, AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, NET, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, GEN, CDM | CIP, NTF, NFX, VCM | |
SD15-11 | D | + | + | + | + | AMK, AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | CHL, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP |
SD20-1 | D | − | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, PEN, TET, SXT, CDM | AMK, CHL, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | ERY |
SD20-2 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM, GEN | CIP |
SD20-3 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, GEN |
SD20-6 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT | AMK, CHL, CIP, GEN, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CDM |
SD25-1 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, GEN, CDM | AMK, CHL, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | CIP, |
SD50-2 | D | + | + | + | + | AMP, CAB, CFT, CTX, DCX, ERY, PEN, TET, SXT, CHL, CDM | AMK, CIP, NET, NTF, NFX, VCM | GEN |
SD50-3 | D | + |