Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are becoming promising cancer therapeutic and diagnostic metal NPs that attract researchers due to their unique physiochemical properties such as stability, biocompatibility, high thermal activity, optical, electrical, high surface area to volume ratio surface chemistry, and multifunctionalization, etc. By fine tuning the components and concentrations, AuNPs can be easily manufactured into various forms and sizes. AuNPs have also shown significant advancement in treating inflammatory diseases and bacterial infections.
HAuCl | 4 | (0.25 mM) + 5% Sodium citrate (Both the reactants are in 5:1 ratio) |
Concentration of NaCl (mM) | UV-Visible Absorption Maxima [λmax (nm)] | Size Ranges from TEM | (nm) | |
1 | 517 | 19 nm (±7) | |||||
5 | 520 | 25 nm (±11) | |||||
10 | 525 | 38 nm (±21) | |||||
15 | 528 | 40 nm (±31) | |||||
20 | 531 | 47 nm (±36) | |||||
HAuCl | 4 | (0.25 mM) + Sodium borohydride (NaBH | 4 | ) | 0 | 490 | 3 |
20 | 520 | 12 |
Plant | Plant Part | Reactive Compound | Salt Solution | Size (nm) | Shape | Characterization | References | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artemisia vulgaris | (Mugwort) |
Leaves | Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids | HAuCl | 4 | 50–100 | Spherical, triangular, hexagonal |
UV-vis Spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, DLS, ZP, TEM and EDX. | [43] | [84] | |||||||||||||||
Clitoria ternatea | (Asian pigeonwings) |
Leaves | Alcoholic, amine groups, halo compounds | HAuCl | 4 | 100 | Rod | UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX | [44] | [85] | |||||||||||||||
] | Murraya koenigii | Spreng (Curry leaves) | Leaves | Polyphenols, quercetin, quercetin-3-glucoside, flavonoids | HAucl | 4 | 20–40 | Spherical | XRD, EDX, FT-IR, HPLC, TEM, UV-vis spectra, Fluorescence microscopy. | ||||||||||||||||
3 | Benincasa hispida | Aqueous extract | [ | 45 | ] | [ | 86] | ||||||||||||||||||
HeLa cells and normal osteoblasts cell line | UV-Visible Spectroscopy, DLS, Zeta sizer, TEM, FTIR | Spherical | 22.18 ± 2 nm | [ | 99 | ] | [29] | Artocarpus | hirsutus | (Wild jack) | Leaves | Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids | HAuCl | 4 | 5–40 | Spherical | XRD, UV-visible spectra, FT-IR and TEM | ||||||||
4 | Butea monosperma | Aqueous water extract | Normal endothelial cells (HUVEC, ECV 304) and cancer cell lines (B16F10, MCF-7, HNGC2 and A549) | [ | UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, FTIR, DLS, XPS | Spherical, rod, triangular, hexagonal | 46 | 30 nm | ] | [87] | |||||||||||||||
[ | 100 | ] | [ | 139 | ] | Justicia glauca | (Thaasi murungai) | Leaves | Lignans[(+) pinoresinol, (+)-medioresinol], alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids (sitosterol-3-0-glucoside), terpenoids |
HAuCl·3H | 2 | O | 32 | Hexagonl, spherical | UV-vis spectral analysis. X-ray, XRD, TEM, FTIR, EDX, CV, DPV. | [47] | [88] | ||||||||
5 | orchid | Orchid plant extract(whole) | Breast cancer AMJ 13 cell lines | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, AFM, FTIR | Spherical | 14–50 nm | [101] | [140] | Terminalia arjuna | (Arjun tree) | Leaves | Arjunetin, leucoanthoc-yanidins, hydrolyzable tannins | HAuCl | 4 | 20–25 | Spherical | UV-visible spectra, FT-IR, XRD, AFM and TEM | [48] | [89] | ||||||
6 | Taxus baccata | Ethanolic extract | Breast (MCF7), cervical (HeLa), ovarian (Caov-4) cancer cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, Zetasizer, FTIR, EDX, AFM | Spherical, semispherical, hexagonal, triangular | 20 nm | [90] | [37] | Memecylon umbellatum | Leaves | Protein, saponins, polyphenols, carbohydrate | HAuCl | 4 | , AgNO | 3 | 15–25 | Spherical, triangular, hexagonal |
UV-visible spectra, FTIR, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, TEM, | [49 | ||||||
7 | Marsdenia tenacissima | Leaf extract | A549 lung cell line | UV-vis, spectroscopy, AFM, EDS, TEM, FTIR, XRD, SAED | Spherical, anisotropic | 50 nm | ] | [90] | |||||||||||||||||
[ | 102 | ] | [ | 141 | ] | Mangifera indica | |||||||||||||||||||
8 | Leaves | Terpenoids, flavonoids, thiamine | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | Argemone mexicanaL.2 | O | 17–20 | Spherical | UV-vis, TEM and XRD. | [50] | Aqueous extract[91] | |||||||||||||
Human colon cancer cell line, HCT-15 | TEM, XRD, FTIR | Hexagonal | 20–40 nm | [ | 103 | ] | [142] | Olive | Leaves | Proteins, oleoropein, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 50–100 | Triangular, spherical, hexagonal |
UV-vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence, TEM, XRD, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. | [51] | [ | |||||
9 | Couroupita guianensis | Aqueous extract | 92 | Leukemia cell line | ] | ||||||||||||||||||||
UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM | Spherical, triangular, tetragonal, pentagonal | 7–48 nm | [ | 104 | ] | [ | 143] | Coreopsis | lanceolate | Leaves | Antioxidants like sugars, flavonoids | HAuCl | 4 | , | 20–30 | Spherical, quasi spherical |
UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM and spectro fluorimetry | [52 | |||||||
10 | Lycium chinense | Fruit extract | ] | Human breast cancer MCF7 cell line and non-diseased RAW264.7 (murine macrophage) cells | [ | 93 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||
UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FETEM, EDX, SAED | Poydispersed, agglomerated | 20–100 nm | [ | 105 | ] | [ | 144] | Cassia auriculata | (Matura tea tree) |
Leaves | Polysaccharides, flavonoids | AuCl | 3 | , Au | 2 | Cl | 6 | ||||||||
11 | 15–25 | Tabebuia argentiea | Aqueous, flower extracts | Hepatic cells (Hep G2) cell line | EDX, SEMSpherical, triangular, hexagonal |
X-ray diffraction, TEM, SEM-EDAX, FT-IR and visible absorption spectroscopy. | [53] | [94] | |||||||||||||||||
Spherical | 56 nm | [ | 106 | ] | [ | 145 | ] | Lonicera Japonica | (Japanese honeysuckle) |
Flower | Amino acids | AgNO | 3 | , HAuCl | 4 | 8 | Triangular tetrahedral | UV-vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM and HRTEM. | [54 | ||||||
12 | Dendropanax morbifera | Aqueous, leaf extract | ] | A549 lung cancer cell line and human keratinocyte cell line | [ | 95 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||
UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDX, FETEM, XRD, DLS | Polygonal, hexagonal | 5–10 nm | [ | 107 | ] | [ | 146] | Nyctanthes | arbortristis | (Night flowering jasmine) |
Flower | alkaloids, flavonoids | HAuCl | 4 | 15–25 | Spherical | UV-vis spectro photometer, TEM, XRD, FTIR, NMR. | [55] | [96] | ||||||
13 | Halymenia dilatata | Aqueous extract | Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) | UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, Zetasizer, DLS | Triangular, spherical | 16 nm | [108] | [147] | Guazuma | ulmifolia | (Bay cedar) |
Bark | Tannins, proanthocya-nidins, precocene, catechins. | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O, AgNO | 3 | 20–25 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, AFM and HR-TEM analyses | [56] | [97] | |
14 | Dracocephalum kotschyi | Leaf extract | Cervical cancer (HeLa), leukemia (K562) cell lines | UV-Vis spectrophotometry, TEM-SAED, SEM-EDAX, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, FTIR | Spherical | 11 nm | [109] | [148] | Salix | (Willow tree) |
Bark | Tannins, alkanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids. | AuCl | 4 | H | 9 | O | 4 | 15 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, and HR-TEM. | [57] | [98] | ||
Acacia nilotica | (Gum Arabic tree) |
Bark | Protein, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, saponins |
HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 10-15 | Unshaped, quasispherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, EDX, TEM, FTIR, DPV. | [58] | [99] | ||||||||||||
Musa paradisiaca | (Banana) |
Peel | Phenolic compounds, gallocatechin, dopamine | ||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Sargassum glaucescens | Water extract (seaweed) | Cervical (HeLa), liver (HepG2), breast (MDA-MB-231), leukemia (CEM-ss) cell lines | UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX | Spherical | 3.65 ± 1.69 nm | [110] | [149] | |||||||||||||||||
16 | Trachyspermum ammi | Seed extract | HepG2 cancer cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, DLS, FTIR | Spherical | 16.63 nm | [111] | [34] | HAuCl | 4 | 50 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, Zeta potential analysis and EDX. | [59] | [100] | ||||||||||
17 | Musa acuminata colla | Aqueous, Flower extract | MCF-7, normal Vero cell line | UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDAX | Spherical | 10.1–15.6 nm | [112] | [150] | Mangifera indica | Linn (Mango) |
Peel | Phenols, carboxylic acids | HAuCl | 4 | 3.26–21.68 | Quasi-spherical | UV-vis spectrum, XRD, TEM, and FTIR. | [60] | [101] | ||||||
18 | aegle marmelos, eugenia jambolana and soursop | Fruit extract | Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, Zeta potentiometer | Spherical | 18.28,16 nm | [113] | [151] | Terminalia arjuna | (Arjun tree) |
Peel | Polyphenols | HAuCl | 4 | 60 | Triangular hexagonal pentagonl |
UV spectroscopy, HRTEM, XRD, FESEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential analyses. | [61] | [102] | ||||||
Lantana camara | (Wild sage) |
Fruit | Ursolic acid, iridoid glycosides, monoand sesquiterpe-nes, flavonoids |
HAuCl | 4 | 150–300 | Triangular | UV-vis-NIR, TEM, SAED, DLS, and XRD techniques. | [62] | [103] | |||||||||||||||
Citrus (Lemon, tangerine, orange) |
Fruit | Citric acid, proteins | HAuCl | 4 | 32.3, 43.4, 56.7 |
Spherical, triangular | UV-visible spectra. TEM XRD, SEAD, DLS. | [63] | [104] | ||||||||||||||||
Citrus maxima | (Pomelo) |
Fruit | Polypeptides/proteins, terpene, ascorbic acid | HAuCl | 4 | ·4H | 2 | O | 15–35 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, XRD and FTIR. | [64] | [105] | ||||||||||||
Pear | Fruit | Sugars, amino acids, proteins | HAuCl | 4 | 20–400 | Triangular hexagonalpolyhedral | UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, EDAX. | [65] | [106] | ||||||||||||||||
Sterculia | acuminate | (Pola plant) |
Fruit | Phenolic compounds | HAuCl | 4 | 9.37–38.12 | Spherical | TEM, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectroscopy and FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. | [66] | [107] | ||||||||||||||
Pistacia | integerrima | (Zebra wood) |
Galls | Monoterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, dihydromal—valic acid. |
HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | ||||||||||||||||
19 | Muntingia calabura | Aqueous, fruit extract | Hep2 cells line | UV-Visible spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, TEM | Spherical, oval | 27 nm | [114] | [152] | |||||||||||||||||
20 | Nigella sativa | Ethanolic leaf extract | Hep-G2 liver cancer cell line | TEM, XRD, EDS, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy | Anisotropic | 13–78 nm | [115] | [153] | |||||||||||||||||
21 | Marsilea quadrifolia L. | Aqueous Leaf extract | PA-1 and A549 cell line | TEM, XRD, EDX, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy | Spherical | 10–40 nm | [116] | [154] | |||||||||||||||||
22 | Ocimum sanctum | leaf extract | Dalton’s lymphoma | UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR | Spherical | 12–20 nm | [117] | [155] | |||||||||||||||||
23 | Bauhinia tomentosa Linn | Aqueous, leaf extract | A549, HEp-2, MCF-7 cell line | FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, TGA, UV-Vis spectroscopy | Spherical | 11.5–40 nm | [118] | [156] | |||||||||||||||||
24 | Shorea tumbuggaia | Bark extract | Thyroid cancer (SW579) cell lines | XRD, HRTEM, SAED, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy | Spherical | 20 nm | [119] | [157] | 20–200 | Grain-like | UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM. | [67] | [108] | ||||||||||||
25 | walnut green | Shell extract | MCF7 cells | UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, | Spherical, triangular | 10–50 nm | [120] | [158] | Abelmoschus | esculentus | (Okra) | Seed | Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoprotein | HAuCl | 4 | 45–75 | Spherical, uneven shape | UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, AFM, FESEM and EDX. | [68] | [109] | |||||
26 | Cassia tora | Leaf extract | Colon cancer cells | UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, zeta potential, dark field microscopy | Spherical | 57 nm | [121] | [159] | Theobromo | cacao | (Cocoa) |
Seed | Polyphenols | HAuCl | 4 | 150–200 | Spherical | UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer, SPR, TEM, XRD, FTIR, XPS |
[69] | [110] | |||||
27 | Abutilon indicum | Water extract of leaves | HT-29 cells | UV-Vis spectroscopy, SPR, FTIR, DLS, EDAX, TEM, zeta potential, XRD, TGA | Spherical | 1–20 nm | [122][123] | [160,161] | Hevea | brasiliensis | (Para rubber tree) |
Latex | isoprene, proteins | ||||||||||||
28 | AuCl | 3 | , Au | 2 | Cl | 6 | 50 | Spherical, triangular | UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM, TG/FT-IR, XED. | Catharanthus roseus | Water extract of Leaves | [ | MCF7 and HepG2 cell line | 70] | UV-Vis spectroscopy, HRTEM, XRD, TEM[111] | ||||||||||
Spherical and triangular | 15–28 nm | [ | 122 | ] | [ | 124 | ] | [160,162] | Zingiber officinale | (Ginger) |
Rhizome | Oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, Phenylpropanoids, zingerone. | HAuCl | 4 | , AgNO | 3 | 10–20 | Spherical, triangular, truncated triangular, hexagonal |
UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD, FTIR. | [71] | [112] | ||||
29 | Gymnema sylvestre | Water extract of leaves | HT29 cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 72.8 nm | [122][125] | [160,163] | Curcuma longa | (Turmeric) |
30Rhizome | Phenolic (curcumin), triterpenoids, alkaloid, sterols. | HAuCl | 4 | , AgNO | 3 | 5–60 | Oblong spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, HR-TEM, thermogravimetric analysis. | [ | Hibiscus sabdariffa | Water extract of leaves | U87 cell line | 72] | [113] |
UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, XPS, TEM | Spherical | 10–60 nm | [ | 126 | ] | [ | 127] | [164,165] | Panax ginseng | C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) | Rhizome | Saponin glycoside (ginsenoside), polysaccha-rides, flavones, peptide glycans |
HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 2–40 | Spherical | UV-visible spectra, TEM, FTIR. | [73] | ||||
31 | Hygrophila spinosa | Water extract of leaf | HeLa cell line | [ | XRD, SEM, EDAX, DLS, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. | 114 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||
Triangular and spherical | 50–80 nm | [ | 122 | ] | [ | 128 | ] | [160,166] | Acorus calamus | (Sweet flag) |
Rhizome | Asarone, caryophyllene, isoasarone, methyl isoeugenol, safrole. | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | ||||||||
32 | Moringa oleifera | Water extract of leaves | 10 | Spherical | UV-visible spectral analysis, XRD and FT-IR, SPR, HR-TEM, SEM with EDAX. | [ | 74] | A549 and SNO cells | [75] | [ | DLS, TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential115,116] | ||||||||||||||
Spherical and polyhedral | 10–20 nm | [ | 122 | ] | [ | 129 | ] | [160,167] | Acacia nilotica | (Gum Arabic tree) |
Bark | Protein, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, Saponins. |
HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 10–50 | Unshaped, quasispherical. | UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, EDX, DPV and FTIR. | [58] | [ | |||
33 | 99 | ] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Podophyllum hexandrum L. | Water extract of leaves | HeLa cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 5–35 nm | [ | 122][130] | [160,168] | Guazuma | ulmifolia | (Bay cedar) |
Bark | Tannins, proanthocya-nidins, precocene, catechins. | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | ||||||||
34 | O and AgNO | 3 | 20–25 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, AFM and HR-TEM analyses. | Elettaria cardamomum | [56] | [97] | |||||||||||||||||
Seed, aqueous extract | HeLa cancer cell line | UV-Vis spectrophotometer, SAED, FTIR, XRD | Spherical | 15.2 nm | [ | 131 | ] | [169] | Areca catechu | (Pinang palm) |
Nut | Polyphenols, fats, proteins, carbohydrate, flavonoids. | HAuCl | 4 | 13.70 | Spherical | UV-visible, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. | [76] | [117] | ||||||
Momordica | Cochinchinensis | . | Biomass | Proteins | HAuCl | 4 | 10–80 | Spherical, oval, triangular | UV-visible, FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SPR and EDX | [77] | [118] | ||||||||||||||
Palm oil mill effluent |
Palm oil | Proteins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, alkaloids | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 13–25 | Spherical | UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. | [78] | [119] | |||||||||||||
Macrotylomauniflorum | (Horse gram) |
Whole plant |
Proteins, carbohydrate, antioxidant | HAuCl | 4 | ·3H | 2 | O | 14–17 | Spherical | UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, XRD and FTIR analysis. | [79] | [120] |
Sl No. | Plant | Extract Used | Anticancer Activity Type | Characterization | Shape | Size | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Brazilian Red Propolis | Hydroethanolic extract | Bladder (T24) and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell line | SPR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, NTA, TEM, EDXS, SAED, FTIR, TGA, | Spherical | 8–15 nm | [97] | [137] |
2 | Abies spectabilis | Aqueous extract | Bladder cancer T24 cell line | TEM, SAED, UV-visible spectroscopy, EDX, FTIR, AFM, XRD | Spherical | 20–200 nm | [98] | [138 |
35 | ||||||||
Coleous forskohlii | ||||||||
Root extract | ||||||||
HEPG2 liver cancer cell line | ||||||||
UV-Vis spectrophotometer, HRTEM, FTIR, XRD, PSA | ||||||||
Spherical | ||||||||
10–30 nm | ||||||||
[ | ||||||||
132 | ||||||||
] | ||||||||
[ | ||||||||
170 | ||||||||
] | ||||||||
36 | ||||||||
Scutellaria barbata | ||||||||
Aqueous extract | ||||||||
Pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1) | ||||||||
UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SAED, AFM, FTIR, DLS, EDX | ||||||||
Spherical | 0.4 μm–1 μm | [ | 133 | ] | [ | 171 | ] | |
37 | Sargassum incisifolium | Aqueous extract | HT-29, MCF-7 cancer cell line, MCF-12a non cancer cell line | TEM, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, zeta potential, FTIR, EDX, DLS, ICP-AES | Spherical | 12.38 nm | [134] | [172] |
38 | Panax notoginseng | Leaf extract | PANC-1 cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, FTIR, AFM, SAED | Hexagonal, spherical, oval, triangular | 80–12 nm | [133] | [171] |
39 | Antigonon leptopus | Leaf extract | Human adenocarcinoma breast cancer (MCF-7) cells | UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SAED, FTIR, HRTEM, EDX | Spherical | 13–28 nm | [135] | [173] |
40 | Mukia Maderaspatna | Aqueous, leaf extract | MCF 7 breast cancer cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDAX, SEM, TEM, FTIR | Spherical, circular, triangular | 20–50 nm | [136] | [174] |
41 | Hevea brasiliensis | Latex extract | CHO-K1 cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, FTIR | spherical | 9 nm | [137] | [175] |
42 | Lonicera 4 japonica | Flower extract | Cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, EDX, XRD, GCMS, TEM, FTIR | Polydisperse (spherical, triangular, hexagonal) | 10–40 nm | [138] | [176] |
43 | Anacardium occidentale | Leaf extract | MCF-7 cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 10–30 nm | [139] | [177] |
44 | Sasa borealis | Aqueous, leaf extract | AGS (Gastric adenocarcinoma) cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, GCMS | Oval, spherical | 10–30 nm | [140] | [178] |
45 | Alternanthera Sessilis | Aqueous, leaf extract | Cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, HRTEM, EDX, SAED, AFM, FTIR | Spherical | 20–40 nm | [141] | [179] |
46 | Bauhinia purpurea | Aqueous, leaf extract | Lung carcinoma cell line (A549) | UV-Vis spectroscopy, HRTEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, FTIR | Spherical, polygonal | 20–100 nm | [142] | [180] |
47 | Crassocephalum rubens | Aqueous, leaf extract | MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR | Spherical | 20 ± 5 nm | [143] | [181] |
48 | Backhousia citriodora | Aqueous, leaf extract | MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and the HepG2 liver cancer cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, zeta potential, XRD, FTIR | Spherical | 8.40 ± 0.084 nm | [144] | [182] |
49 | Petroselinum crispum | Aqueous, leaf extract | Human cancerous colorectal cell line | UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, EDX, FTIR.XRD | Spherical, semi-rod aggregates, flower-shaped nanoparticles | 20–80 nm | [145] | [183] |
50 | Indigofera tinctoria | Aqueous, leaf extract | lung cancer cell line A549 | UV-Vis. spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, AFM | Spherical, triangular, hexagonal | 6–29 nm | [146] | [184] |