WIntroduction

The use of wood in bused outdoors is exposed to many sources of degradation. Each of these sources (UV, moisture, decay fungi, wind, dust, etc.) bring their own contribution to the degradation, butildings should be promoted when it is possible, as it is a bio-based material with great properties and aesthetics. Other materials, such as steel and concrete, are sometimes preferred to wood as they can also interact together [1,2]are considered more durable. MoisIture is one of the most important agents of is however possible to efficiently protect wood degradation, as it provokes dimensfrom decay and damages with simple treatments.

Wood protectiona coul changes, allows the growth of decay fungi and molds, promotes the leaching of woodd mainly be separated in two broad and complementary categories: impregnation treatments and coatings. Impregnation treatments and water-soluble woodre used to penetrate wood cavities with hydrophobic and/or biocidal compounds, and so forth. After an extended period, the and improve its durability against insects, decay fungi, molds and dimensional changes w^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. Some reactillve make the wood warp, crack, and lose its coating, exposing unprotected wood to environmental hazardchemicals, like acetic anhydride and formaldehyde, can also be used to modify the chemical nature of the cell walls and hastening its degradationimprove their properties [3,4]^[7][8].

Unlike wWood used indoor, where humidity isimpregnation usually lower and more effectively controlled, wood exposed outdoor is subject to a vast rangerelies on pressure and vacuum methods to allow for a rapid and deep penetration of the treatments of^[9][10]. mCoisture conditions (dry periods, wet periods, rain, snow)atings can be very diverse, from penetrating oils to film-forming alkyds and acrylics [5]^[11]. Thesey variations in humidity are the source of the dimensional changescan prevent the weathering from abiotic elements (wind, sand, rain, etc), decreas they influence thee the exchanges of moisture content of the wood, which shrink, and block the UV rays from the sun with pigments and swells accordinglyUV absorbers [3]^{[12][13][14][15]}. IThe n order to reduce its degradation,atural look of the wood must therefore be treatsurface can be preserved with preservatives and good building designs must beclear coatings, or altered to hidden with increasing amount of pigments.

An aquencouraged [5]. Ious impregnation treatment was with different resins (phenolic, amino, silane, acrylic) can mitigate the intake of liquid warecently developed to allow for the impregnation of wood through diffusion after a simple dipping, preventing the need for pressure and vacuum ^[16]. It user, but protection against air moisture is mainly achieved throughs the abilities of tertiary amine oxides to diffuse into the wood and solubilize organic compounds, like biocides, to protect wood modificfrom biodegradation (acetylation, esterification, thermand dimensional changes ^[17][18]. In al treatments, etc.) [6,7,8,9,10]. Wprevious paper, we showen a moisture content above 20% is reached, decay fungi can developd that this treatment could nearly inhibit the fungal degradation by Rhodonia placenta and fdecreast on the wood cell materials,e the dimensional changing its meches in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L) and whicalte spruce (Picea glauca Moench (Voss)) by 29% and chemical24%, properties [11].respectively, while Abarely great diverincreasing their density of^[19]. orgaInic and inorganic biocides can be impregnated to prevent the biodegrad another paper, we determined that the treatment did improve the penetration from decayof the fungi and mold, such as triazoles, copper oxides and carbonates, borates, and quaternary compounds [12,13,14].cides, but only longitudinally. Meanwhile, the antiseptic amine oxides could penetrate perpendicularly to the grain, granting fungal protection below the surface. We also found that the treatment allowed to Iimpregnation treatments are often carried oute enough fungicide to respect the EN standards, even after 2 weeks of leaching by immersion i^[20].

In autoclaves, where methods employing vacuum and/or pressure can be used to easehis paper, we brought the treatment one step further by adding acrylic resins to its composition. It allowed for both the impregnation and the coating of wood in a single step. After characterizing the treatments into the wood structure [15,16].

T solutions and the dry films, we tested the adhesion of effectively protect the surface of wood, diverse coatings can be used. They can be waterborne orthe films, their permeability to water and air moisture, and the impregnation depth of an indigo blue dye (Fig. 1). The adhesion and water permeability tests were combined with artificial aging. The main results are summarized in the next section and discussed in further details in the paper.

Figure 1. solvExperiment borne, usual procedure of the study

Main results

Properties of the treatments

The treatment solly contain an alkyd orutions were prepared using a factorial design with acrylic resin, and have different levels of transparency [5,17,18]s and amine oxides (AO)  conditions as the factors. They can awoulsod contain various nanocomponents, such as nanoparticles, nanoclays and nanoxides, to improve their properties (rno resin (R0) or one of three commercial resins (R1, R2, R3), and either no amine (AO0), only dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO)(AO1), or a mix of DDAO and dimethylhexadecalmine oxide (DHAO)(AO2).

Wesis found tance to weathering and decay, hydrophobicity, UV absorption, fire-proofing, etc.) [19,20,21].hat both the amine oxides and the acrylic resins increased the viscosity of the treatment solutions. Consequently, the dry Becaufilmse of the increasingly strict legislations surrounding vocs (volatile organic ctreatments containing amine oxides were also thicker. The amine oxides usually led to a faster drying time and a lower Tg, particularly for AO2.

Table 1. Prompounds), the use of solvent-berties of the treatment solutions (at 65 ^oC) asnd of thed dry coatings i.

*These decreasing to prioritize waterborneproperties are provided by the supplier of the acrylic resins

Permeability to water

The permeability to water of the treatments was studied by comparing the mass of water absorbed by treated and untreated samples after 30 minutes of soaking ^[21]. The water repellent efficiency (WRE) was calculated with eq. 1:

WRE (%) = 100 x ((M_ua - M_ub) - (M_ta - M_tb))/(M_ua - M_ub)

where M_ua and M_ub represent the mass (in grams) of untreated samples after and before soaking, and M_ta and M_tb the mass (in grams) of treated samples after and before soaking, respectively. The samples for this test were either unaged or aged for 14 cycles (Table 2).

Table 2. fCormulanditions [22].of Thone latcycle of artificial aging

The results showed that the amine oxides reduced the permeability to water of uncoated samples (R0-AO1 and R0-AO2), but increased the permeability of the coated ones. It was attributed to the amine oxides being less hydrophilic than the wood cells, but more than the acrylic resins. In both scenarios, the treatments with DHAO (AO2) were less hydrophilic. All three resins reduced significantly the permeability to water of white spruce before aging. They however did not perform well after aging as the samples were cracked, which greatly increased the absorption of water. This cracking was attributed to the freezing of trapped water into the wood during the aging cycles.

Figure 2. Water are much more permeable, but have betterepellent efficiency (WRE) of the white spruce before and after artificial aging

Figure 3. Water repropertiesellent efficiency (WRE) of the white pine before and a higher flexibfter artificial aging

In the case of white pine, R2 and R3 did not perform well before aging, which would be caused by an insufficient protection of the latewood (Fig. 4). The WRE of these samples however increased by a large margin after artificial aging, as the resins still managed to prevent these samples from cracking during the aging process.

Figure 4. Opticality [23,24,25]. microscopy of Tthis last point is crucial, as it allows them to follow the dimensional changes of woode transverse plane of white spruce and white pine treated with R1-AO1 and R2-AO1. The arrows indicate the presence of resin at the surface of the latewood.

Permeability to moisture

The permeability to moisture was investigated with sorption isotherms. It was observed that, for uncoated samples, the absorption of moisture was greater and faster than for untreated samples. It was attributed to the ability of amine oxides to make hydrogen bonds with water, which added many sites into the wood for water adsorption ^[22]. The resins did not seem to reduce the absorption of water. Conversely, their EMC was much higher than the uncoated samples, suggesting that the coatings absorbed a lot of moisture. On the other hand, they did slow down the uptake of moisture.

Figure 5. Equilibrium wmoithout failing [26].sture content (EMC) of the samples (left) Alkyand resins lead to a better wettingtime elapsed after reaching the equilibrium (right) andt a deeper penetrathe different steps during the sorption into the wood ssotherms in white pine.

Figure 6. Equilibstrate than acrylic resirium moisture content (EMC) of the samples (left) ans,d which increases their mechanical time elapsed after reaching the equilibrium (right) anct thoring and improves their adhesion. However, acrylice different steps during the sorption isotherms in white spruce.

Adhesion

The adhesion of the acrylic resins was tested with pull-off tests using 20 mm dollies glued to their surface. The samples used for this test were artificially aged for 0, 1, 7, or 14 cycles (Table 2).

Although the adhesion was quite low for all the treatments, the fracture occurred at the wood/coating interface for all the treatments, except some aged R2-AO1 pine samples and some unaged R2-AO2 spruce samples. It was found that the amine oxides decreased the adhesion of the coatings, particularly for AO2, which would result from a lower Tg. The artificial aging improved the adhesion of the coatings after the first cycle, as water soluble compounds were lost. The adhesion remained higher up to the seventh cycles, but then decreased as the bounds between the wood and the coatings began to break.

Figure 7. Tensile are more flexible, lose less flexibility while aging, and allow bettestrength required to pull-off the dollies from white pine (left) and white spruce (right)

Impregnation depth

The impregnation depth of organic fungicides was estimated with an indigo blue dye. To do this, cubic samples were treated with solutions containing the dye. These samples were then sawn open and the penetration of the indigo was measured with an optical microscope.

The penetration of the indigo dye was only observed longitudinally. In the case of the white pine, the less viscous solutions, primarily those without any resin, penetrated slightly into the earlywood and deeper into the more permeable latewood. However, as a result of the greater capillary forces, the white spruce samples, as well as the pine samples treated with solutions containing a resin, were only impregnated in the earlywood. The impregnation depth was usually inversely proportional to the viscosity of the treatment solution.

Figure 9. Impr exchanges of moisture, which makes them overall more durable [27,28]gnation depth of the indigo dye in the white pine (earlywood and latewood) and the earlywood of the white spruce.

Conclusion

After treating wood samples with solutions combining a buffered amine oxide impregnation system and acrylic resins, the following statements could be made:

• The combination of the two parts of the treatments successfully allowed both the coating and the impregnation of wood in a single step.
• The two parts of the treatments affected the properties of the treatment solutions and of the dry films.
• The impregnation system usually led to a loss of adhesion of the coatings.
• The impregnation system slightly increased the permeability to water of the coatings.
• The impregnation system did not impair the impermeability to moisture of the coatings.
• The acrylic resins decreased the impregnation depth as a result of the higher viscosity of the solutions.

Accordingly, it was established that the practical side of the addition of an acrylic resin to an impregnation treatment would be paid with some performances. While much work should be done to optimize the treatment and lessen this side-effect, it can still be useful in specific situations, like sidings protected from the rain, which are not affected too much by the adhesion and water permeability of the coating. Adding more layers of coating could also help to improve the overall performances and durability of the coating.