Asthma is a highly heterogeneous disease, but the pathogenesis of asthma is still unclear. It is well known that the airway inflammatory immune response is the pathological basis of asthma. Metabolomics is a systems biology method to analyze the difference of low molecular weight metabolites (<1.5 kDa) and explore the relationship between metabolic small molecules and pathophysiological changes of the organisms.
Author and Year | Subjects | Sample/Methods | Significant Metabolites | |||||||||||||||
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Pang, Z. et al. (2018) [6] | eosinophilic asthmatics (EA, | n | = 13), noneosinophilic asthmatics (NEA, | n | = 16), and healthy controls (HC, | n | = 15) | Serum/UPLC-MS/MS | Monosaccharides, LysoPC(18:1), Retinyl ester, PC(18:1/2:0), LysoPC(o-18:0), Arachidonic acid, PE(18:3/14:0), PC(16:0/18:1) | Glycerophosphocholine, PS(18:0/22:5), Cholesterol glucuronide, Phytosphingosine, Sphinganine, LysoPC(p-18:1), Retinols, PC(20:4/16:1) | ||||||||
Guo, C. et al. (2021) [7] | 51 asthma patients and 9 healthy individuals | Serum/LC-MS | No report | SM 34:2, SM 38:1, SM 40:1 | ||||||||||||||
Chiu, C.-Y. et al. (2020) [8] | Asthma ( | n | = 28) and healthy controls ( | n | = 26) | Plasma and urine/NMR | Histidine | 1-methylnicotinamide, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) | ||||||||||
Turi, K.N. et al. (2021) [9] | 600 infants from 3 independent cohorts | Plasma/LC-MS | Succinate, N-(2-furoyl)glycine | Iminodiacetate (IDA) | ||||||||||||||
Jiang, T. et al. (2021) [10] | 28 healthy controls and 33 outpatients with asthma | Plasma/LC-MS/MS | Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (18:1p/22:6), PE (20:0/18:1), PE (38:1), sphingomyelin (SM) (d18:1/18:1), triglyceride (TG) (16:0/16:0/18:1) | Phosphatidylinositol (PI) (16:0/20:4), TG (17:0/18:1/18:1), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) (44:0), ceramide (Cer) (d16:0/27:2), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (22:4) | ||||||||||||||
Bian, X. et al. (2017) [11] | 15 healthy human and 15 asthma patients | Serum/UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS | Ursodeoxycholic acid, Deoxycholic acid, Isodeoxycholic acid, EPA | Palmitic acid, Lauric acid | ||||||||||||||
Matysiak, J. et al. (2020) [12] | asthmatic children ( | n | = 13) and the control group ( | n | = 17) | Blood/LC-MS/MS | l | -Arginine, Β-Alanine, Ƴ-Amino-N-Butyric Acid, | l | -Histidine, Hydroxy- | l | -Proline | d,l | -Β-Aminoisobutyric Acid, Taurine, | l | -Tryptophan, | l | -Valine |
Ghosh, N. et al. (2020) [13] | (i) controls = 33 (ii) asthma = 34 (iii) COPD = 30 and (iv) ACO = 35 | Serum/GC-MS | 2-palmitoylglycerol, cholesterol, serine, threonine, Ethanolamine, Glucose, Stearic acid, Linoleic acid, | d | -Mannose, Succinic acid | Lactic acid, 2-palmitoylglycerol | ||||||||||||
Liang, Y. et al. (2019) [14] | A total of 17 patients with mildly persistent asthma, 17 patients with stable COPD, and 15 healthy subjects | Serum/LC-MS | Hypoxanthine, P-chlorophenylalanine, Inosine, Theophylline, Bilirubin, Palmitic acid | l | -Glutamine, Glycerophosphocholine, Succinate, Xanthine, Arachidonic Acid, | l | -Pyroglutamic acid, Indoxyl sulfate, | l | -Valine, | l | -Norleucine, | l | -Leucine, | l | -Phenylalanine | |||
Chiu, C.-Y. et al. (2018) [15] | Asthma ( | n | = 30) and healthy controls ( | n | = 30) | Urine/NMR | Guanidoacetic acid | 1-methylnicotinamide, allantoin | ||||||||||
Li, S. et al. (2020) [16] | Asthmatic children ( | n | = 30) and healthy controls ( | n | = 30) | Urine/GC-MS | l | -allothreonine 1, stearic acid, succinic acid, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid, azelaic acid, gentiobiose 2, tyramine, leucine, | d | -altrose 1, | d | -erythrosphingosine 1, citraconic acid 4 | Valine, uric acid, methionine 1, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, purine riboside, malonic acid 1, cysteine, erythrose 1, lactamide 1 | |||||
Chawes, B.L. et al.(2018) [17] | 171 and 161 healthy neonates born from mothers with asthma | Urine/UPLC-MS | bile acid taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate, fatty acid 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid | glucoronidated steroid compound | ||||||||||||||
Carraro, S. et al. (2018) [18] | Children for transient wheezing ( | n | = 16) and early-onset asthma ( | n | = 16) | Urine/UPLC-MS | 4-(4-deoxy-α-d-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-d-galacturonate, Glutaric acid, 4-hydroxynonenal, Phosphatidyl glycerol, 3-methyluridine, Steroid O-sulfate, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan, 3-indoleacetic acid, Tiglylglycine, Indole, Cytosine, N-acetylputrescine, Indole-3-acetamide, 6-methyladenine, 5-methylcytosine, N-acryloylglycine, Hydroxyphenyllactic acid | Oxoadipic acid, (-)-epinephrine, l-tyrosine, 3-hydroxyhippuric acid, Benzoic acid,3-hydroxy-sebacic acid, Dihydroferulic acid 4-sulfate, p-cresol, Indolelactic acid, N-acetyl-l-phenylalanine, N2-acetyl-ornithine | ||||||||||
Tao, J.-L. et al. (2019) [19] | Children for healthy control ( | n | = 29), uncontrolled asthma ( | n | = 37) or controlled asthma ( | n | = 43) | Urine/GC-MS | Aspartic acid, Xanthosine, Hypoxanthine, N-acetylgalactosamine |
Stearic acid, Heptadecanoic acid, Uric acid, | d | -threitol | ||||||
Adamko, D.J. et al. (2015) [20] | Adults with asthma ( | n | = 58) and COPD ( | n | = 24) | Urine/NMR | Glutamine, succinate, uracil, pantothenate | Arginine, dimethylamine, 3-Hydroxyisovalerate, betaine, choline, glucose, 1-methylnicotinamide | ||||||||||
Ravi, A. et al. (2021) [21] | Healthy controls ( | n | = 7) and patients with severe asthma ( | n | = 9) | BECs/UPLC-MS | Phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphates | No report | ||||||||||
Chang-Chien, J. et al.(2020) [22] | stable asthma ( | n | = 92) and non-asthmatic controls ( | n | = 73) | EBC/NMR | lactate, formate, butyric acid, isobutyrate | No report | ||||||||||
Ferraro, V.A. et al. (2020) [23] | asthmatic children ( | n | = 26) and healthy children ( | n | = 16) | EBC/UPLC-MS | 9-amino-nonanoic acid, 12-amino-dodecanoic acid, lactone of PGF-MUM, N-linoleoyl taurine, 17-phenoxy trinor PGF2α ethyl amide, lysoPC (18:2(9Z,12Z)) | No report | ||||||||||
Kang, Y.P. et al. (2014) [24] | 38 asthma patients and 13 healthy subjects | BALF/HPLC-QTOF-MS | lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), sphingomyelin (SM), triglyceride (TG) | No report | ||||||||||||||
Tian, M. et al. (2017) [25] | 15 healthy controls and 20 asthma patients | Sputum/UHPLC-QTOF-MS | Glycerol 1-stearate_1, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol_1, Cytidine 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate, 1-Hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol), 1-Octadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine | His-Pro, Thr-Phe_1, Arg-Phe_1, Adenine_1, Phe-Tyr_1, Phe-Gln_1, Tyr-Ala_2, Phe-Ser_1, Urocanic acid |
Up: metabolites are higher in asthmatics than in normal people; Down: metabolites are lower in asthmatics than in normal people. UPLC-MS/MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; UPLC-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-QTOF-MS: high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; UHPLC-QTOF-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.