Omni-Channel Shopping Methods: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Ting Chi and Version 2 by Lily Guo.

In recent years, fashion brands and retailers have been advancing rapidly to provide U.S. consumers more seamless omni-channel shopping experiences. The pandemic has further accelerated the growth of omni-channel shopping. This study aimed to explore the effects of channel integration in six aspects (i.e., promotion, product and price, transaction information, information access, order fulfillment, and customer service) on the U.S. consumers’ intentions to use three omni-channel shopping methods: buy online pick-up in-store (BOPI), buy online curbside pickup (BOCP), and buy in-store home delivery (BIHD). We proposed a mediation model to test the effects through consumer perceived values (hedonic value, utilitarian value), perceived risk, and perceived behavioral control. Furthermore, this study explored the moderating effect of perceived COVID-19 vulnerability on the relationships between consumers’ internal evaluations of channel integration and their shopping method selection intentions. A total of 516 eligible responses were gathered through a survey of U.S. consumers. Multiple regressions were applied to test the hypotheses. Six types of channel integration showed significant effects on the U.S. consumers’ internal evaluations, which in turn influence their intentions to use certain types of omni-channel shopping methods. Overall, the proposed model exhibits a satisfactory explanatory power.

  • omni-channel retailing
  • fashion
  • shopping method selection
  • COVID-19
  • U.S. consumers
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Mascitto, D. Omnichannel Retail Rebel: Breaking the Rules to Save the Industry. Available online: https://infohub.tecsys.com/omnichannel-retail-rebel-breaking-the-rules-to-save-the-industry (accessed on 28 April 2021).
  2. Statista. Quarterly Share of E-Commerce Sales of Total U.S. Retail Sales. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/187439/share-of-e-commerce-sales-in-total-us-retail-sales-in-2010/ (accessed on 7 June 2021).
  3. Craven, M.; Liu, L.; Mysore, M.; Wilson, M. Covid-19: Implications for Business. Available online: http://www.amcham-egypt.org/bic/pdf/corona1/McKinsey_Co%20-%20COVID-19-Implications%20For%20Business.pdf (accessed on 8 May 2021).
  4. Nguyen, H.V.; Tran, H.X.; Van Huy, L.; Nguyen, X.N.; Do, M.T.; Nguyen, N. Online book shopping in Vietnam: The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic situation. Publ. Res. Q. 2020, 36, 437–445.
  5. Cain, A.; Stone, M. These 28 Retailers, Including Lord & Taylor and Men’s Wearhouse Owner, Have Filed for Bankruptcy or Liquidation in 2020. Available online: https://www.businessinsider.com/retailers-filed-bankruptcy-liquidation-closing-stores-2020-2 (accessed on 3 August 2020).
  6. Taylor, G. Covid Forced Ominichannel into Overdrive- but Few Are Measuring It Right. Available online: https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/retail/omnichannel-retail-fulfillment-forrester-bloomreach-aptos-bopis-mobile-215215/ (accessed on 28 April 2021).
  7. Donaldson, T. Zara Owner Inditex to Close Up to 1200 Stores. Available online: https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/retail/zara-inditex-close-1200-stores-first-quarterly-loss-coronavirus-215385/ (accessed on 28 March 2021).Donaldson, T. Zara Owner Inditex to Close Up to 1,200 Stores. Available online: https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/retail/zara-inditex-close-1200-stores-first-quarterly-loss-coronavirus-215385/ (accessed on 28 March 2021).
  8. Knowles, J.; Ettenson, R.; Lynch, P.; Dollens, J. Growth opportunities for brands during the Covid-19 crisis. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 2020, 61, 2–6.
  9. Pani, A.; Mishra, S.; Golias, M.; Figliozzi, M. Evaluating public acceptance of autonomous delivery robots during Covid-19 pandemic. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2020, 89, 102600.
  10. Chen, Y.; Chi, T. Omni-Channel Retailing in the Fashion Industry: A Literature Review of Empirical Evidences. Available online: https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/itaa/article/id/8256/ (accessed on 28 October 2020).
  11. Beck, N.; Rygl, D. Categorization of multiple channel retailing in multi-, cross-, and omni-channel retailing for retailers and retailing. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2015, 27, 170–178.
  12. Levy, M.; Weitz, B.A.; Grewal, D. Retailing Management; Weitz, B.A., Grewal, D., Eds.; McGraw-Hill Education: Dubuque, IA, USA, 2019.
  13. Dorf, D. Highlights from Our Recent Webinar with Forrester. Available online: https://www.infor.com/blog/mastering-the-art-of-omni-channel-retailing (accessed on 27 June 2021).
  14. Byrnjolfsson, E.; Hu, Y.J.; Rahman, M.S. Competing in the age of omnichannel retailing. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 2013, 54, 23–29.
  15. Park, S.; Lee, D. An Empirical study on consumer online shopping channel choice behavior in omni-channel environment. Telemat. Inform. 2017, 34, 1398–1407.
  16. Jocevski, M.; Arvidsson, N.; Miragliotta, G.; Ghezzi, A.; Mangiaracina, R. Transitions Towards omni-channel retailing strategies: A business model perspective. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2019, 47, 78–93.
  17. Trenz, M.; Veit, D.J.; Chee-Wee, T. Disentangling the impact of omni channel integration on consumer behavior in integrated sales channels. MIS Q. 2020, 44, 1207–1258.
  18. Frasquet, M.; Miquel, M.J. Do channel integration efforts pay-off in terms of online and offline customer loyalty? Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2017, 45, 859–873.
  19. Verhoef, P.C.; Kannan, P.K.; Inman, J. From Multi-channel retailing to omni-channel retailing: Introduction to the special issue on multi-channel retailing. J. Retail. 2015, 91, 174–181.
  20. Liang, T.-P.; Turban, E. Introduction to the special issue social commerce: A research framework for social commerce. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 2011, 16, 5–14.
  21. Bell, D.; Gallino, S.; Moreno, A. How to win in an omnichannel world. MIT Sloan Manag. Rev. 2014, 56, 45–53.
  22. Waldron, J. Is Macy’s Guiding the Future of Retail? Available online: https://etaileast.wbresearch.com/blog/macy-future-of-retail (accessed on 7 June 2021).
  23. Kim, K.; Han, S.-L.; Jang, Y.-Y.; Shin, Y.-C. The Effects of the antecedents of “Buy-Online-Pick-up-in-Store” service on consumer’s bopis choice behaviour. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9989.
  24. Jin, M.; Li, G.; Cheng, T. Buy Online and Pick up in-Store: Design of the service area. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2018, 268, 613–623.
  25. MacCarthy, B.L.; Zhang, L.; Muyldermans, L. Best performance frontiers for Buy-Online-Pickup-in-Store order fulfilment. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2019, 211, 251–264.
  26. Jiang, Y.; Liu, L.; Lim, A. Optimal Pricing decisions for an omni-channel supply chain with retail service. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 2020, 27, 2927–2948.
  27. Kim, N.L.; Im, H. Do Liberals Want Curbside Pickup More than Conservatives? Contactless Shopping as a Protectionary Action against the Covid-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijcs.12714?casa_token=-rsJu3qA3VYAAAAA%3AzZwAgaLLWR68KH678Irl-d6I91qtMGuEHoKcxxjBK2GMjPNgDq24oQJD-afuDMfJDlyMocFR3WH-I5nF (accessed on 1 June 2021).
  28. Adhi, P.; Davis, A.; Jayakumar, J.; Touse, S. Reimagining Stores for Retail’s Next Normal. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/reimagining-stores-for-retails-next-normal (accessed on 28 April 2021).
  29. Saril, S. 16 Online Retailers that Offer Fast and Free in-Store and Curbside Pickup—Including Target, Walmart, Best Buy, Neiman Marcus, and More. Available online: https://www.businessinsider.com/buy-online-pickup-in-store-same-day (accessed on 1 June 2021).
  30. 2021 Omnichannel Report. Available online: https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/product/omnichannel-report/?utm_source=Web&utm_campaign=2020-Article&cmp=1&utm_medium=Article (accessed on 9 June 2021).
  31. Bell, D.; Gallino, S.; Moreno, A. Offline Showrooms in omnichannel retail: Demand and operational benefits. Manag. Sci. 2017, 64, 1629–1651.
  32. Schmidt, I. Shop Talk: Nordstrom’s Merch-Free Concept Store Coming Soon. Madonna’s Skincare Line Is Here. Available online: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/nordstroms-merch-free-concept-store-coming-soon-madonnas-skincare-line-is-1044165 (accessed on 28 April 2021).
  33. Murfield, M.; Boone, C.A.; Rutner, P.; Thomas, R. Investigating logistics service quality in omni-channel retailing. Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag. 2017, 47, 263–296.
  34. Mehrabian, A.; Russell, J.A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974.
  35. Zhang, M.; Ren, C.; Wang, G.A.; He, Z. The Impact of channel integration on consumer responses in omni-channel retailing: The mediating effect of consumer empowerment. Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 2018, 28, 181–193.
  36. Chi, T.; Chen, Y. A Study of Lifestyle Fashion Retailing in China. Mark. Intell. Plan. 2019, 38, 46–60.
  37. Pantano, E.; Viassone, M. Engaging consumers on new integrated multichannel retail settings: Challenges for retailers. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2015, 25, 106–114.
  38. Cheah, J.-H.; Lim, X.-J.; Ting, H.; Liu, Y.; Quach, S. Are privacy concerns still relevant? revisiting consumer behaviour in omnichannel retailing. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2020, 102242.Cheah, J.-H.; Lim, X.-J.; Ting, H.; Liu, Y.; Quach, S. Are privacy concerns still relevant? revisiting consumer behaviour in omnichannel retailing. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2020, 102242, doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102242.
  39. Perumal, S.; Ali, J.; Shaarih, H. Exploring Nexus among Sensory Marketing and Repurchase Intention: Application of Sor Model. Manag. Sci. Lett. 2021, 11, 1527–1536.
  40. Watts, L.; Chi, T. Key factors influencing the purchase intention of activewear: An empirical study of US consumers. Int. J. Fash. Des. Technol. Educ. 2019, 12, 46–55.
  41. Chi, T. Mobile commerce website success: Antecedents of consumer satisfaction and purchase intention. J. Internet Commer. 2018, 17, 189–215.
  42. Zimmerman, J. Using the Sor Model to Understand the Impact of Website Attributes on the Online Shopping Experience; University of North Texas: Denton, TX, USA; Available online: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149694/ (accessed on 1 June 2021).Zimmerman, J. Using the Sor Model to Understand the Impact of Website Attributes on the Online Shopping Experience; University of North Texas: Denton, TX, USA. Avaialble online https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149694/ (accessed on 1 June 2021)..
  43. Lim, X.-J.; Cheah, J.-H.; Cham, T.H.; Ting, H.; Memon, M.A. Compulsive buying of branded apparel, its antecedents, and the mediating role of brand attachment. Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist. 2020, 32, 1539–1563.
  44. Baker, J.; Levy, M.; Grewal, D. An experimental approach to making retail store environmental decisions. J. Retail. 1992, 68, 445.
  45. Bakker, I.; Van Der Voordt, T.; Vink, P.; De Boon, J. Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell Revisited. Curr Psychol. 2014, 33, 405–421.Bakker, I.; Van Der Voordt, T.; Vink, P.; De Boon, J. Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance: Mehrabian and Russell Revisited. Curr Psychol . 2014, 33, 405–421.
  46. Hyllegard, K.H.; Ogle, J.P.; Yan, R.-N.; Kissell, K. Consumer Response to exterior atmospherics at a university-branded merchandise store. Fash. Text. 2016, 3, 1–17.
  47. Russell, J.A. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol. Rev. 2003, 110, 145.
  48. Kumar, A.; Kim, Y.-K. The Store-as-a-Brand Strategy: The effect of store environment on customer responses. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2014, 21, 685–695.
  49. Ladhari, R.; Souiden, N.; Dufour, B. The Role of emotions in utilitarian service settings: The effects of emotional satisfaction on product perception and behavioral intentions. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2017, 34, 10–18.
  50. Chopdar, P.K.; Balakrishnan, J. Consumers Response Towards Mobile Commerce Applications: Sor Approach. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020, 53, 102106.
  51. Xiao, L.; Guo, F.; Yu, F.; Liu, S. The Effects of online shopping context cues on consumers’ purchase intention for cross-border e-commerce sustainability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2777.
  52. Chi, T.; Ganak, J.; Summers, L.; Adesanya, O.; McCoy, L.; Liu, H.; Tai, Y. Understanding perceived value and purchase intention toward eco-friendly athleisure apparel: Insights from US millennials. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7946.Chi, T., Ganak, J., Summers, L., Adesanya, O., McCoy, L., Liu, H., Tai, Y. Understanding perceived value and purchase intention toward eco-friendly athleisure apparel: insights from US millennials. Sustain. 2021, 13, 7946.
  53. Youn, S.-y.; Lee, J.E.; Ha-Brookshire, J. Fashion consumers’ channel switching behavior during the Covid-19: Protection motivation theory in the extended planned behavior framework. Cloth. Text. Res. J. 2021, 39, 139–156.
  54. Hsin Chang, H.; Wen Chen, S. The Impact of online store environment cues on purchase intention: Trust and perceived risk as a mediator. Online Inf. Rev. 2008, 32, 818–841.
  55. Bigcommerce. Bopis: How Buy Online, Pick-Up in Store Is Catering to Consumers’ Needs and Boosting Retailers’ Bottom Lines. Available online: https://www.bigcommerce.com/articles/offline-to-online/bopis/#faq (accessed on 28 July 2021).
  56. Saghiri, S.S.; Bourlakis, M. Guest editorial: Omni-Channel evolution: Confronting the whats and hows. Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag. 2020, 50, 505–508.
  57. Agnihotri, A. Can Brick-and-Mortar Retailers successfully become multichannel retailers? J. Mark. Channels 2015, 22, 62–73.
  58. Jeanpert, S.; Paché, G. Successful multi-channel strategy: Mixing marketing and logistical issues. J. Bus. Strategy 2016, 37, 12–19.
  59. de Sousa, P.R.; Barbosa, M.W.; de Oliveira, L.K.; de Resende, P.T.V.; Rodrigues, R.R.; Moura, M.T.; Matoso, D. Challenges, Opportunities, and lessons learned: Sustainability in Brazilian omnichannel retail. Sustainability 2021, 13, 666.Sousa, P.R.d.; Barbosa, M.W.; Oliveira, L.K.d.; Resende, P.T.V.d.; Rodrigues, R.R.; Moura, M.T.; Matoso, D. Challenges, Opportunities, and lessons learned: Sustainability in Brazilian omnichannel retail. Sustainability 2021, 13, 666.
  60. Ye, Y.; Lau, K.H.; Teo, L.K.Y. Drivers and barriers of omni-channel retailing in China. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2018, 46, 657–689.
  61. Neslin, S.A.; Grewal, D.; Leghorn, R.; Shankar, V.; Teerling, M.L.; Thomas, J.S.; Verhoef, P.C. Challenges and opportunities in multichannel customer management. J. Serv. Res. 2006, 9, 95–112.
  62. Oh, L.-B.; Teo, H.-H.; Sambamurthy, V. The effects of retail channel integration through the use of information technologies on firm performance. J. Oper. Manag. 2012, 30, 368–381.
  63. Le, A.N.H.; Nguyen-Le, X.-D. A Moderated Mediating mechanism of omnichannel customer experiences. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2020, 49, 595–615.
  64. Sousa, R.; Voss, C.A. Service quality in multichannel services employing virtual channels. J. Serv. Res. 2006, 8, 356–371.
  65. Gutman, J. A Means-End chain model based on consumer categorization processes. J. Mark. 1982, 46, 60–72.
  66. Chi, T.; Kilduff, P.P. Understanding consumer perceived value of casual sportswear: An empirical study. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2011, 18, 422–429.
  67. Ganak, J.; Chen, Y.; Liang, D.; Liu, H.; Chi, T. Understanding US millennials’ perceived values of denim apparel recycling: Insights for brands and retailers. Int. J. Sustain. Soc. 2020, 12, 267–290.Ganak, J.; Chen, Y.; Liang, D.; Liu, H.; Chi, T. Understanding US millennials' perceived values of denim apparel recycling: Insights for brands and retailers. Int. J. Sustain. Soc. 2020, 12, 267–290.
  68. Thaler, R. Mental accounting and consumer choice. Mark. Sci. 1985, 4, 199–214.
  69. Zeithaml, V.A. Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. J. Mark. 1988, 52, 2–22.
  70. Babin, B.J.; Darden, W.R.; Griffin, M. Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. J. Consum. Res. 1994, 20, 644–656.
  71. Gupta, S.; Kim, H.W. Value-Driven Internet shopping: The mental accounting theory perspective. Psychol. Mark. 2010, 27, 13–35.
  72. Hsiao, C.C.; Yen, H.J.R.; Li, E.Y. Exploring consumer value of multi-channel shopping: A perspective of means-end theory. Internet Res. 2012, 22, 318–339.
  73. Kokku, R. Omni and multi-channel: Relationship with utilitarian/hedonic benefits, shopping value and channel patronage. Int. Rev. Manag. Mark. 2021, 11, 11.
  74. Pookulangara, S.; Hawley, J.; Xiao, G. Explaining Consumers’ Channel-Switching Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2011, 18, 311–321.
  75. Lee, H.-H.; Kim, J. Investigating dimensionality of multichannel retailer’s cross-channel integration practices and effectiveness: Shopping orientation and loyalty intention. J. Mark. Channels 2010, 17, 281–312.Lee, H.-H.; Kim, J. Investigating dimensionality of multichannel retailer's cross-channel integration practices and effectiveness: Shopping orientation and loyalty intention. J. Mark. Channels 2010, 17, 281–312.
  76. Raghubir, P.; Corfman, K. When Do Price Promotions Affect Pretrial Brand Evaluations? J. Mark. Res. 1999, 36, 211–222.
  77. Wu, J.-F.; Chang, Y.P. Multichannel integration quality, online perceived value and online purchase intention. Internet Res. 2016, 26, 1228–1248.
  78. Savastano, M.; Bellini, F.; D’ascenzo, F.; De Marco, M. Technology adoption for the integration of online–offline purchasing. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag. 2019, 47, 474–492.
  79. Li, Y.; Liu, H.; Lee, M.; Huang, Q. Information privacy concern and deception in online retailing: The moderating effect of online–offline information integration. Internet Res. 2019, 30, 511–537.
  80. Morgan, R.M.; Hunt, S.D. The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. J. Mark. 1994, 58, 20–38.
  81. Mukherjee, A.; Nath, P. Role of electronic trust in online retailing: A re-examination of the commitment-trust theory. Eur. J. Mark. 2007, 41, 1173–1202.
  82. Peter, J.P.; Ryan, M.J. An investigation of perceived risk at the brand level. J. Mark. Res. 1976, 13, 184–188.
  83. Xu, X.; Jackson, J.E. Examining customer channel selection intention in the omni-channel retail environment. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2019, 208, 434–445.
  84. Sheppard, B.H.; Hartwick, J.; Warshaw, P.R. The Theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. J. Consum. Res. 1988, 15, 325–343.
  85. Koul, S.; Eydgahi, A. A systematic review of technology adoption frameworks and their applications. J. Technol. Manag. Innov. 2017, 12, 106–113.
  86. Chen, M.-F. Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods in Taiwan: Moderating Effects of Food-Related Personality Traits. Food Qual Prefer. 2007, 18, 1008–1021.
  87. Ajzen, I. perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 32, 665–683.
  88. Herhausen, D.; Binder, J.; Schoegel, M.; Herrmann, A. integrating bricks with clicks: Retailer-level and channel-level outcomes of online–offline channel integration. J. Retail. 2015, 91, 309–325.
  89. Piotrowicz, W.; Cuthbertson, R. Introduction to the Special Issue Information Technology in Retail: Toward Omnichannel Retailing. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 2014, 18, 5–16.
  90. Bradlow, E.T.; Gangwar, M.; Kopalle, P.; Voleti, S. The Role of Big Data and Predictive Analytics in Retailing. J. Retail. 2017, 93, 79–95.
  91. Chi, T. Understanding Chinese consumer adoption of apparel mobile commerce: An extended tam approach. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2018, 44, 274–284.
  92. Sharma, M.; Gupta, M.; Joshi, S. Adoption Barriers in engaging young consumers in the omni-channel retailing. Young Consum. 2019, 21, 193–210.
  93. Juaneda-Ayensa, E.; Mosquera, A.; Murillo, Y.S. Omnichannel Customer behavior: Key drivers of technology acceptance and use and their effects on purchase intention. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 1117.
  94. Lee, Y.; Choi, S.; Field, J.M. Development and Validation of the pick-up service quality scale of the Buy-Online-Pick-up-in-Store Service. Oper. Manag. Res. 2020, 13, 218–232.
  95. Kim, E.; Park, M.-C.; Lee, J. Determinants of the intention to use Buy-Online, Pickup in-Store (Bops): The moderating effects of situational factors and product type. Telemat. Inform. 2017, 34, 1721–1735.
  96. Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Tayi, G.K. Inroad into omni-channel retailing: Physical showroom deployment of an online retailer. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2020, 283, 676–691.
  97. Daunt, K.L.; Harris, L.C. Consumer Showrooming: Value co-destruction. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2017, 38, 166–176.Daunt, K.L.; Harris, L.C. Consumer Showrooming: value co-destruction. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2017, 38, 166-76.
  98. Moon, J.; Choe, Y.; Song, H. Determinants of consumers’ online/offline shopping behaviours during the Covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2021, 18, 1593.
  99. Rogers, R.W. Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook; Guilford: New York, NY, USA, 1983.Rogers, R.W. Cognitive and psychological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: a revised theory of protection motivation. Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook; Guilford: New York, NY, USA, 1983.
  100. Picot-Coupey, K.; Krey, N.; Huré, E.; Ackermann, C.-L. Still work and/or fun? corroboration of the hedonic and utilitarian shopping value scale. J. Bus. Res. 2021, 126, 578–590.Picot-Coupey, K.; Krey, N.; Huré, E.; Ackermann, C.-L. Still work and/or fun? corroboration of the hedonic and utilitarian shopping value scale. J. Bus. Res. 2021, 126, 578-90.
  101. Goodman, J.K.; Cryder, C.E.; Cheema, A. Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 2013, 26, 213–224.
  102. George, D.; Mallery, P. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference; Routledge: London, UK, 2019.
  103. Ott, L.; Longnecker, M.; Ott, R.L. An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis; Cengage Learning: Boston, MA, USA, 2001.
  104. Chi, T.; Gerard, J.; Dephillips, A.; Liu, H.; Sun, J. Why U.S. Consumers Buy Sustainable Cotton Made Collegiate Apparel? A Study of the Key Determinants. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3126.
  105. Chi, T.; Sun, Y. Development of firm export market oriented behavior: Evidence from an emerging economy. Int. Bus. Rev. 2013, 22, 339–350.
  106. Morgan, N.A.; Vorhies, D.W.; Mason, C.H. Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. Strateg. Manag. J. 2009, 30, 909–920.Morgan, N.A.; Vorhies, D.W.; Mason, C.H. Market orientation, marketing capabilities, and firm performance. Strateg. Manag.J. 2009, 30, 909–920.
  107. Ping, R.A., Jr. A parsimonious estimating technique for interaction and quadratic latent variables. J. Mark. Res. 1995, 32, 336–347.
  108. Mariadoss, B.J.; Chi, T.; Tansuhaj, P.; Pomirleanu, N. Influences of firm orientations on sustainable supply chain management. J. Bus. Res. 2016, 69, 3406–3414.
  109. Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.: London, UK, 1998.
  110. Nunnally, J.C.; Bernstein, I.H. Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1978.
  111. Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.; West, S.G.; Aiken, L.S. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2013.Cohen, J.; Cohen, P.; West, S.G.; Aiken, L.S. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Abingdon: Routledge, UK, 2013.
  112. Briedis, H.; Harris, T.; Pacchia, M.; Ungerman, K. Ready to ‘Where’: Getting Sharp on Apparel Omnichannel Excellence. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/retail/our-insights/ready-to-where-getting-sharp-on-apparel-omnichannel-excellence (accessed on 1 May 2021).
  113. Holmes, N. Omnichannel Retail Trends for 2021. Available online: https://www.widen.com/blog/omnichannel-retail-trends (accessed on 7 May 2021).
More