Osteoporosis is a major concern worldwide and can be attributed to an imbalance between
osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption due to the natural aging process.
Heritable factors account for 60–80% of optimal bone mineralization; however, the finer details of
pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. Micro RNA (miRNA) and long-non-coding RNA (lncRNA)
are two targets that have recently come into the spotlight due to their ability to control gene
expression at the post-transcriptional level and provide epigenetic modification. miRNAs are a class
of non-coding RNAs that are approximately 18–25 nucleotides long. It is thought that up to 60% of
human protein-coding genes may be regulated by miRNAs. They have been found to regulate gene
expression that controls osteoblast-dependent bone formation and osteoclast-related bone remodeling.
lncRNAs are highly structured RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not translate
into proteins. They have very complex secondary and tertiary structures and the same degradation
processes as messenger RNAs. The fact that they have a rapid turnover is due to their sponge
function in binding the miRNAs that lead to a degradation of the lncRNA itself. They can act as
signaling, decoy, and framework molecules, or as primers. Current evidence suggests that lncRNAs
can act as chromatin and transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional regulators. With regards to
osteoporosis, lncRNA is thought to be involved in the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory
response of the bone. This review, which is based on a systematic appraisal of the current literature,
provides current molecular and genetic opinions on the roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in osteoporosis.
Further research into the epigenetic modification and the regulatory roles of these molecules will bring
us closer to potential disease-modifying treatment for osteoporosis.
miRNA | Action | Expression in PMOP | Sources | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
miR-9-5p | inhibit osteogenesis, promote adipogenesis |
lncRNA | Action | Expression in PMOP | Sources | References | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
promote osteoclastogenesis | high | serum | |||||||
ANCR | inhibit osteoblasts, increase osteoclastogenesis | Zhang et al. [ | 14 | ] Wang et al. [15] |
|||||
high | blood mononuclear cells | Wu et al. [ | 9 | ] Cai et al. [55] Tong et al. [56] |
miR-21 | promote osteoclastogenesis promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis |
unclear | ||
BMNCR | inhibit osteoporosis | Jiang et al. [ | 16] Cheng at al. [17] Seeliger et al. [18] Yavropoulou et al. [19] |
low Yang et al. [23] Hu et al. [24] |
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bone (mouse) | Chen et al. [ | 57 | ] | miR-29 | unclear | low | serum | Tang et al. [1 | |
CASC11 | ] | Lian et al. [ | 25] Kocijan et al. [ |
lead to TNF-α upregulation in osteoclasts26] Li et al. [27] Kapinas et al. [28] Rossi et al. [29] Bottani et al. [31] |
|||||
high | plasma | Yu et al. [ | 58 | ] | miR-30b-5p | negatively regulate osteoblast differentiation | low | serum | Bottani et al. [31] |
CRNDE | regulate cell apoptosis | high | bone | Li et al. [10] | miR-31 | unclear | low | bone | Tang et a. [1] Foessl et al. [5] Mäkitie et al. [32] |
miR-100 | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | high | bone and serum | Cheng at al. [17] Seeliger et al. [18] |
|||||
miR-103-3p | inhibit osteoblast differentiation and proliferation | ||||||||
GAS5 | regulate osteogenic differentiation | low | bone | Feng et al. [59] | |||||
MALAT1 | unclear | low | bone (mouse) | Yang et al. [60] Zheng et al. [61]low |
serum | Bottani et al. [31] | |||
MEG3 | unclear | high | bone | Wu et al. [9] Wang et al. [62] Sun et al. [63] |
miR-122-5p | inhibit osteoblast differentiation | low | serum | Mandourah et al. [33] |
miR-124 | |||||||||
MSC-AS1 | induce osteogenic differentiation | unclear | bone (mouse) | Zhang et al. [64] | inhibit osteoclast formation inhibit osteogenesis |
high | serum | ||
NEF | interact with IL-6 | Tang et al. [ | low | 1] Yavropoulou et al. [19] |
plasmaQadiret et al. [34] | ||||
Ma et al. [ | 65 | ] | miR-133 | inhibit osteoblast differentiation increase osteoclastogenesis |
high | bone and serum (mouse) | Tang et al. [1 | ||
SNHG1 | unclear | ] | low | Cheng at al. [17] Wang et al. [35 |
plasma] Kocijan et al. [36] |
||||
Huang et al. [ | 66 | ] | miR-135a-5p | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | high | bone | Shi et al. [37 | ||
TUG1 | ] | ||||||||
may promote osteoclast differentiation | high | plasma | Han et al. [ | 67] | miR-146a | inhibit osteoclastogenesis | high | bone (mouse) | Tang et al. [1] |
XIXT | promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs | low | Serum | Zhang et al. [68] | miR-148a | induce osteoclast formation | high | Serum (mouse) | Tang et al. [1] Xiao et al. [38] |
miR-155 | regulate osteoclastogenesis | high | unclear (mouse) | Tang et al. [1] | |||||
miR-182-5p | inhibited ADCY6 expression and Rap1/MAPK signaling pathway activation | high | bone and serum (mouse) | Pan et al. [39] | |||||
miR-194-5p | unclear | high | whole blood lysate | Foessl et al. [5] | |||||
miR-200a-3p | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | high | serum | Lv et al. [40] | |||||
miR-203a | slow osteoblast differentiation | high | bone | Kocijan et al. [36] | |||||
miR-214-5p | promote adipogenic differentiation | high | (in vitro) | Qiu et al. [41] | |||||
miR-221 | inhibit osteogenic inhibition | low | bone | Zhang et al. [42] | |||||
miR-223 | inhibit osteoclast differentiation | unclear | serum | Tang et al. [1] Seeliger et al. [18] Pickering et al. [43] |
|||||
miR-338 | regulate osteoblast differentiation | high | serum | Guo et al. [44] Lin et al. [35] |
|||||
miR-365 | suppresses MMP-9 | low | bone (mouse) | Li et al. [46]Tang et al. [1] | |||||
miR-410 | regulate BMP-2 expression | high | serum | van Wijnen et al. [3] Zhang et al. [47] |
|||||
miR-422a | may stimulate osteoclastogenesis | high | human circulating monocytes | Bottani et al. [31] Cao et al. [48] |
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miR-449b-5p | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | unclear | (in vivo) | Li et al. [49] | |||||
miR-503 | inhibit osteoclast differentiation | low | human circulating monocytes | miR-543 | promote osteoblast apoptosis | high | bone (mouse) | Li et al. [50] | |
miR-579-3p | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | high | serum | Luo et al. [51] | |||||
miR-874 | promote osteoblast proliferation | low | bone (mouse) | Lin et al. [52] | |||||
miR-1297 | inhibit osteogenic differentiation | high | bone | Wang et al. [53] | |||||
miR-2861 | promote osteoblast differentiation | high | serum | Yavropoulou et al. [19] Li et al. [54] |