Modulation of Rice Leaf Angle: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Enzi Gong and Version 1 by Seonghoe Jang.

Leaf angle, the inclination between the leaf blade midrib and the stem, is one of the most important canopy parameters in plant architecture that influence light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, and planting density. Thus, ideal plant architecture with an erect leaf angle and optimum leaf orientation allows for more efficient light capture during photosynthesis and better wind circulation under dense planting conditions.

Generally, rice leaf angle is determined by the elongation and/or division of lamina joint cells. Newly isolated rice genes (OsBCL1 and OsBCL2) are positive regulators in the elongation of lamina joint cells and their potential for regulating rice leaf angle has been examined in this research.

  • bHLH
  • cell elongation
  • leaf inclination
  • lamina joint
  • transcription factor
  • rice

1. Overview

Leaf angle and grain size are important agronomic traits affecting rice productivity directly and/or indirectly through modulating crop architecture. OsBC1, as a typical bHLH transcription factor, is one of the components comprising a complex formed with LO9-177 and OsBUL1 contributing to modulation of rice leaf inclination and grain size. In the current study, two homologues of OsBC1, OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 were functionally characterized by expressing them under the control of OsBUL1 promoter, which is preferentially expressed in the lamina joint and the spikelet of rice. Increased leaf angle and grain length with elongated cells in the lamina joint and the grain hull were observed in transgenic rice containing much greater gibberellin A3 (GA3) levels than WT, demonstrating that both OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 are positive regulators of cell elongation at least partially through increased GA biosynthesis. Moreover, the cell elongation was likely due to cell expansion rather than cell division based on the related gene expression and, the cell elongation-promoting activities of OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 were functional in a dicot species, Arabidopsis.

2.Rice Leaf Angle

Rice leaf angle, the degree of bending between the leaf blade and culm, is a critical factor affecting plant architecture and grain yield [1,2][1][2]. In general, crops with erect leaves have increased photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen storage for grain filling and are suitable for dense planting [3]. Many genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) such as D61/OsBRI1, ILI1, LC2, ILA1, RAV6, OsARF19, and SLG have been reported to control leaf angle [1,4,5,6,7,8,9][1][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Most rice mutants identified with altered leaf inclination have abnormal cell division and/or expansion and altered cell wall composition at the lamina joint [1,5,10,11][1][5][10][11]. In addition, phytohormones occupy an important place in the regulatory layers for rice leaf inclination [12]. In general, brassinosteroid (BR) affects grain size, leaf angle, and yield potential in rice. Moreover, leaf inclination is a distinctive BR-responsive architectural trait and BR-deficient or -insensitive mutants produce erect leaves in rice [4,13,14,15][4][13][14][15] while the exogenous application of BR or the genetic enhancement of BR signaling results in increased leaf inclination [16,17,18][16][17][18]. BR is known to affect cell elongation and/or cell division and both cell number and cell size are key factors mainly determining the size of each organ during plant development [19,20][19][20].
In rice, BR and gibberellin (GA) are two major phytohormones affecting plant height and leaf angle by regulating cell growth [21,22][21][22] and the crosstalk between the two phytohormones is mediated by complex networks; they interact at the signaling level as well as at the biosynthesis regulation level and the crosstalk can be distinct based on hormone concentrations, developmental stages, and different tissues even within a species [21,23][21][23]. For example, BR signaling mutants are impaired in GA biosynthesis [21] while GA regulates BR biosynthesis at the transcriptional level in rice. A negative regulator of the GA signaling pathway, OsSPY represses BR biosynthesis [13] and may also negatively regulate BR signaling by enhancing DELLA-BZR1 interaction [24]. Furthermore, a positive regulator of GA signaling, OsGSR1 activates BR synthesis through direct interaction with the BR biosynthesis enzyme, DWF1 [25]. Oryza sativa Dicer-like 3a (OsDCL3a) involved in the GA pathway has also been identified to regulate leaf inclination in rice [26] and impaired OsDCL3a expression by RNA interference caused increased leaf angle by modulating the expression of GA and BR associated genes, including OsGSR1 and BRD1. Recent evidence emerging from a rice microRNA studies suggests that OsmiR396d also supports the notion that BR-GA co-regulation is implicated in leaf inclination [27].
Basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins form the second largest family of transcription factors in plants, where they play key roles in critical metabolic, physiological and developmental processes [28]. In particular, 167 bHLH proteins have been identified in rice. These proteins can be divided into two groups, the atypical non-DNA-binding and the typical DNA-binding bHLH family based on to their DNA-binding activity [29], and they can be positive or negative growth regulators by interacting in an antagonistic and redundant manner to regulate various biological processes involved in growth including cell elongation, biosynthesis, stress resistance and signal transduction pathways [2,5,30,31,32,33,34][2][5][30][31][32][33][34].
It has also been reported that some bHLH proteins are involved in hormone biosynthesis and/or signaling in plants [2,34,35,36,37][2][34][35][36][37]. Arabidopsis PIF3, PIF4, PIF5, and PIF3-LIKE 5 (PIL5) are involved in the GA biosynthesis and signaling pathway [35,37][35][37] and the function of rice OsbHLH073 is associated with GA biosynthesis [34]. Other bHLH proteins play important roles in controlling BR signaling: Arabidopsis BEE1, BEE2, and BEE3, as products of early response genes are required for full BR response [35] and AIF2 interacts with BIN2 to participate in the BR signaling pathway [38]. In rice, INCREASED LAMINAR INCLINATION (ILI) and ILI1 BINDING bHLH1 (IBH1), regulate cell elongation in the lamina joint, affecting leaf bending in rice under BR induction [5]. Moreover, a trimeric complex formed by BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1-LIKE1 (OsBUL1), an atypical bHLH protein and OsBUL1 COMPLEX1 (OsBC1), a typical bHLH protein bridged by a small KxDL motif-containing protein, LO9-177 responds to BR signaling and regulates leaf inclination in rice [2]. Recently, OsBLR1 (known as OsbHLH079) has been identified as a positive regulator of BR signaling for determining leaf angle and grain shape [11,39][11][39].
Here, we found that OsBC-Like1 (OsBCL1, Os08g42470, OsbHLH080; [40]) and OsBC-Like2 (OsBCL2, Os02g47660, OsBLR1, OsbHLH079; [11,39,40][11][39][40]), homologues of OsBC1 (Os09g33580, OsbHLH081; [2,40][2][40]) function as positive regulators in cell elongation of laminar joints and grains in rice via, at least, increased GA biosynthesis. In spite of high sequence similarity between OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 at the protein level, distinct protein interaction patterns with putative partners are observed in the yeast two-hybrid system. Overexpression of OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 under the control of OsBUL1 promoter driving lamina joint- and panicle-preferential gene expression, caused increased leaf angle and grain size. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the two genes in the dicot plant, Arabidopsis, resulted in narrow leaves with elongated epidermal cells confirming that OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 contribute to cell elongation in both monocot and dicot plants.

3. Conclusions

Ectopic expression of OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 under the control of OsBUL1 promoter [2], which drives the gene expression to seedlings, lamina joints, nodes and panicles preferentially caused increased leaf angle in rice through the elongation of cells in lamina joints. In addition, increased length of internodes and grains has also been observed in transgenic rice plants. These phenotypic alterations are reminiscent of transgenic rice plants containing pOsBUL1:OsBC1 [2]. Moreover, their spatiotemporal patterns of transcript abundance and GUS expression, particularly in the lamina joints and floral organs, are similar to the previous results gained from OsBC1. Thus, these results support the notion that OsBC1, OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 may play a critical and, at least, partially redundant role in cell elongation throughout rice development. In particular, the highest sequence similarity detected between OsBC1 and OsBCL1 at the protein level and their overlapping expression patterns strongly indicate that OsBCL1 is the closest homologue of OsBC1. Based on the elongation of cells in the lamina joint and the lemma/palea in transgenic rice plants containing pOsBUL1:OsBC1 and pOsBUL1:OsBCL2, endogenous levels of BR and GA3, two predominant phytohormones regulating plant cell elongation have been measured. A significant increase in GA3 was detected only in transgenic rice seedlings with pOsBUL1:OsBCL1 and pOsBUL1:OsBCL2, while BR was not detectable in either WT or transgenic plants. It seems that the BR level in rice plants is below the limit of the detection system we used. Expression level of genes involved in GA biosynthesis was indeed higher in the transgenic seedlings compared to WT. Furthermore, expression level of genes involved in cell expansion including OsEXPA3 and OsEXPA4 was significantly increased in the transgenic plants compared to the WT whereas expression level of cell cycle genes such as OsCDC6 and OsMCM3 was indistinguishable from that of WT, supporting the notion that the larger leaf angles are mostly due to cell elongation/expansion rather than the increased number of cells in the lamina joint. Of note, however, only OsBCL1 was upregulated by exogenous GA3 treatment for 24 h, indicating that distinct regulation of gene expression can be attained by exogenously applying GA3 among the three homologous genes, OsBC1, OsBCL1 and OsBCL2 [2].

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