COVID-19 Pandemic Impact Tourism Stakeholder: Comparison
View Latest Version
Please note this is a comparison between Version 7 by WEI DE WU and Version 12 by Conner Chen.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry is still sustained, and the response of the tourism industry is an indispensable element that is increasingly recognized. This response has led to the emergence of literature about the impact of COVID-19 on the stakeholders of the tourism industry, thereby contributing to the industry. Nonetheless, criterion factors and investigated practices on the implementation of decision-making by stakeholders in the tourism industry have not been fully explored. Practically, the irresistible risk industry is already synonymous with tourism. Indeed, it is an unstable industry. 2003, 2 million tourists reduce of SARS. 2009, Global Economic Crisis tourist 37 million reduce. 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the world's borders are blocked, all international travel is stopped, and the mobility of tourists is prohibited. However, effective decision-making is lacking, and few studies have determined the solutions in the tourism industry of stakeholder. How the tourism industry survives under the crisis context is an urgent issue.

  • COVID-19
  • Tourism Stakeholders
  • Tourism Industry
  • Travel Company
  • Hospitality Industry
  • Transportation Industry
  • Government
  • Tourist

1. Hospitality Industry and COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has restricted interpersonal interaction, and many industries, including hotels and tourism, have been severely affected [1]. The uncertainty of economic recovery and the continuous spread of COVID-19 have caused millions of people to suddenly lose their jobs; the hospitality industry wais one of the first industries to do so [2][2]. Hospitality and tourism, especially in parts of Asia, Europe and North America, have been affected in an unprecedented manner unseen in half a century [3]. Many hospitality businesses face existing global challenges [4][5][4, 5]. SoA nume of these are sber of significantly detrimental to international hotel industry operations, includingthis is the long-term inflimpact of the COVID-19 pandemic [6]. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced difficulties to hotels in major cities in the United States as theyo continue to operate [7]. In Hong Kong, COVID-19 is seriously damaging the operations of the global tourism hotel industry [8]. In Malaysia, COVID-19 has severely affected the occupancy rate of hotels, with Kuala Lumpur having the largest number of cancellations [9]. In China, they are studying thesocial impact of the pandemic COVID-19 on the hospitality industry, and whether it will change the lifestyle choices, travel behavior and preferences of tourists in the short and long term [10]tourism and hospitality industry [10]. In the Spanish hospitality industry, economic and tourism activities are generating an economic crisis [11]. In Italy, hotels and bed and breakfasts require financial support [12]. In India, the discussion database papers analyzed the hospospitality industry during the pandemic; the first three themes were the recovery of the hospitality industry, market demand and the loss ofworkers’ issues, unemployment, revenue [13]impact[13]. In the Vietnamese hotel industry research, the relationship among the hotels’ responses to COVID-19 and employee satisfaction was examined [14]. In Seoul, South Korea, the hotel industry is highly vulnerable to health, disasters, and other risks; therefore, the number of tourists is insufficient, the occupancy rate is insufficient, and the hotel industry has suffered huge economic losses [15].

2. Transportation Industry and COVID-19 Pandemic

Transportation is the vector through which pathogens are distributed on a regional and global scale. Given that tourism has the characteristic of needing to move [16][17][16, 17], tourism indirectly supports pandemics. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the scale of the global crisis has been huge due to restrictions on the use of transportation by countries’ authorities around the world; global mobility has ceased [18]. Tourists were infected with COVID-19 on cruise ships, which occurred in countries such as France, Japan, the United States, and Australia, resulting in many countries banning cruise ships from docking in their ports [19]. A high risk of influenza infection has been found in transportation vehicles, such as cruises, airplanes, or travel groups [20][20]. The Degrow.info “The spread of covid-19 through frequent long-distance travel, massive cruise ships, and short distance flights” [21].” The COVID-19 outbreak has caused border closures, domestic and international travel has been stopped, and 65 international airlines have reduced flights by 95% [22][22]. The Allplane website released a piece of news, indicating that the “ airline bankruptcy list has been made public”; thirty airlines worldwide declared bankruptcy [23]. “This is an emergency airlines around the world isare struggling to survive [24][24] ”. Approximately 25 million jobs in the tourism industry, the aviation industry, and related value chains are at risk in China during the COVID-19 crisis [24]. In Australia, domestic flights have only reached 10% of their pre-COVID-19 numbers [24]. The demand crisis faced by European airport operations under the COVID-19 pandemic, and the cost to achieve viability [25]. Geneva ATAG indicates that the decline in air transportation this year caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 will result in the loss of 46 million jobs provided by global aviation [26]. In Malaysia, airlines are facing the risk of bankruptcy, and the airline has asked the Malaysian government to intervene to provide support and assistance to the aviation industry [9]. In Hong Kong, by pre-purchasing 500,000 tickets from Hong Kong-based airlines, the government will provide another USD  260 million in relief to inject liquidity into the airlines [24]. The COVID crisis has led to an unprecedented reduction in the number of tourists, and airport revenues have also dropped significantly [25].

3. The COVID-19 Severely Hit the Travel and Tourism Industry

In 2019, 1.4 billion people traveled around the world [27]. Due to globalization factors, tourism has been made aavailable to many people jobs, especially the middle class. Therefore, tourism has become one of the largest industrial fields worldwide in the past two decades [27][28]. The global economic issues caused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic are unprecedented for the tourism industry, despite it having been previously afflicted by various crises. The tourism industry is the sector most affected by the situation; because the borders are closed, global destinations are inaccessible [28]. The number of international tourists decreased by 1 billion in [2020 [29]9]. A study in South Korea highlighteds that “untact” is a health protection behavior in the tourism industry. The purpose of the research wais to explore the impact of COVID-19 risk perception on the behavioral intentions of untact-tourists, based on the framework of the health belief model and extended planning behavior theory; the results provide timely and insightful enlightenment for tourism practitioners[30] [30]. In Vietnam, they COVID-19’studied the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry and the governmentt and tourism industry’s response, and interviewed 80 tourism practitioners; the results showeds to the pandemic were assessed, the study includes data from government media sources, semi-structured interviews with 30 managers of travel companies, and 50 representatives of tourism and hospitality businesses, findings show that the government’s stimulus plan has helped the tourismravel industry recover, and various practices and opportunities for travel stakeholders were explored [31]. In the Czech Republic, research has discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism [32]. In Queensland, Australia, the relimpationship between ct of COVID-19 social distancing measures, and travel restrictions andon cultural tourism in four regions was investigated [33]. In Africa, the current pandemic highlights the fragility of the tourism industry’s globalization, and the continent, which relies on global visits and global capital, has suffered huge losses [34].

4. Government and COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic, followsingce the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in 1700, is the most recent manifestation of the continuous development and progress of worldwide modernization and globalization [35]. Many exchanges in global economic activity have been reduced, and governments in many countries and regions have imposed unprecedented restrictions on the movement and behavior of their populations [36]. The governments of all regions should face the serious impact of the inbound and outbound tourism travelers on the pandemic, even though the economic contribution of international tourism was previously huge [37]. Therefore, the government’s role is critical to the tourism industry’s recovery [38][39][38] [39]. Government warnings and travel bans exacerbate the negative results of the tourism industry [40]. Assuming a link between tourism consumption and the risk of health disasters, because travel increases the risk of infection, governments have imposed travel bans [41]. Therefore, travel companies are required to find innovative conditions [42]. The government needs to seek alleviation measures to support the non-implementation of layoffs, reducing the negative impact of perceptions of job insecurity [15]. In China, research on the social impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry has recommended that government departments and the tourism and hospitality industry tailor travel arrangements according to tourists and apply them to the global tourism market [10]. In Malaysia, the government announced the four phases of the “Movement Control Order”,” which will involve signingsign a contract with the tourism industry in Malaysia during the period of the prohibitions and the formulation of e effective policies to assist the tourism industry [18]. In Singapore, the research, from the SARS experience in 2003 was used for , by the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020; the government ahas adopted three measures, including travel, healthcare and community measures, to curb the spread of COVID-19 [43]. A study in Kyoto, Japan analyzed the dynamic process of tourism demand recovery and the applicability of effective policies using the contingent behavior method of quantitative research [44]. In Montenegrin, the government, which is focused on tourism, and has responded withto appropriate mMacroeconomic policy responses since the outbreak of the COVID-19 [45][45]. The duration and impact of the crisis on airports will depend on the containment of the virus and the effectiveness of monetary and government fiscal stimulus programs [25].

5. Tourism Stakeholders and COVID-19 Pandemic

Stakeholders in the tourism industry, such as hotels, agents, and attractions, are mostly small and medium-sized companies or family-run businesses with “independence” characteristics [46]. Stakeholders might choose to compete or collaborate ( or compete and collaborate simultaneously) with their counterparts under different circumstances [47][48][47, 48]. These stakeholders are the key players in strategic planning, tourism management, or operations [49]. Evidence shows that, during the pandemic, the transportation industry, the hospitality industry, and travel companies are reducing labor and increasing layoffs [4]. Stakeholder relationships come from issues that are critical to creating and distributing value [50]. A study in China analyzed the conflicts between road- and roadless-access tourism in China’s large new national park, and a differential tourism stakeholder analysis was conducted [51]. A study in Taichung, Taiwan that used social exchange and stakeholder theory investigated the effect of residents’ perceived benefits and costs on the subjective well-being and support of megaevents [52]. A study in Samoa, a tourism destination in the South Pacific, discussed the COVID-19 pandemic posing a public health threat to Pacific Iisland countries; the World Health Organization worked with regional stakeholders to respond to Samoa’s points on pandemic prevention [53]. In Singapore and Bangkok, a study aimed to curb the on-site vandalism of tourist attractions and participate in tourist attraction management surveys with multiple stakeholders [49]. Collaboration between stakeholders is a criteriaon factor of disaster management [54]. For tThe recreation of tourism , stakeholder theory hasve been adopted to determine the effects of tourism and other events [55, [55][56]56]. In Canada, a study examined the concept of destination and DMO-related tourism success, and determined whether a relationship existed between the two using, research methods such as , qualitative research on interview methods and , interviews with 84 knowledgeable tourism managers and stakeholders in 25 destinations [55].

https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147610

References

  1. Seyitoğlu, F.; Ivanov, S. Service robots as a tool for physical distancing in tourism. Curr. Issues Tour. 2021, 24, 1631–1634.Seyitoğlu, F. and S. Ivanov, Service robots as a tool for physical distancing in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-4.
  2. Tappe, A.; Luhby, T. 22 Million Americans Have Filed for Unemployment Benefits in the Last Four Weeks. Available online: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/16/economy/unemployment-benefits-coronavirus/index.html (accessed on 16 April 2020).Tappe, A. and T. Luhby. 22 Million Americans Have Filed for Unemployment Benefits in the Last Four Weeks. CNN Business. April 16th 2020 [cited 2; 49]. Available from: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/16/economy/unemployment-benefits-coronavirus/index.html.
  3. Baum, T.; Hai, N.T.T. Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 2020, 32, 2397–2407.Baum, T. and N.T.T. Hai, Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020. 32(7): p. 2397-2407.
  4. Baum, T.; Mooney, S.K.; Robinson, R.N.; Solnet, D. COVID-19’s impact on the hospitality workforce—New crisis or amplification of the norm? Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 2020, 32, 2813–2829.Baum, T., et al., COVID-19's impact on the hospitality workforce - new crisis or amplification of the norm? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2020. 32(9): p. 2813-2829.
  5. Sharma, A.; Nicolau, J.L. An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 83, 102990.Gössling, S., D. Scott, and C.M. Hall, Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2020: p. 1-20.
  6. Filimonau, V.; Derqui, B.; Matute, J. The COVID-19 pandemic and organisational commitment of senior hotel managers. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2020, 91, 102659.Filimonau, V., B. Derqui, and J. Matute, The COVID-19 pandemic and organisational commitment of senior hotel managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2020. 91.
  7. AHLA. Report: State of Hotel Industry Six Months into COVID Pandemic. Available online: https://www.ahla.com/press-release/report-state-hotel-industry-six-months-covid-pandemic (accessed on 31 August 2020).AHLA, A.H.L.A. REPORT: STATE OF HOTEL INDUSTRY SIX MONTHS INTO COVID PANDEMIC. 2020; Available from: https://www.ahla.com/press-release/report-state-hotel-industry-six-months-covid-pandemic.
  8. Wu, F.; Zhang, Q.; Law, R.; Zheng, T. Fluctuations in Hong Kong Hotel Industry Room Rates under the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: Evidence from Big Data on OTA Channels. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7709.Wu, F.R., et al., Fluctuations in Hong Kong Hotel Industry Room Rates under the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: Evidence from Big Data on OTA Channels. Sustainability, 2020. 12(18).
  9. Foo, L.-P.; Chin, M.-Y.; Tan, K.-L.; Phuah, K.-T. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–5.Foo, L.-P., et al., The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-5.
  10. Wen, J.; Kozak, M.; Yang, S.; Liu, F. COVID-19: Potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tour. Rev. 2021, 76, 74–87.Wen, J., et al., COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens' lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review, 2021. 76(1): p. 74-87.
  11. Rodríguez-Antón, J.; Alonso-Almeida, M. COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: The Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8599.Rodriguez-Anton, J.M. and M.D. Alonso-Almeida, COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery Strategies: The Case of the Hospitality Industry in Spain. Sustainability, 2020. 12(20).
  12. Aiello, F.; Bonanno, G.; Foglia, F. On the choice of accommodation type at the time of Covid-19. Some evidence from the Italian tourism sector. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–5.Aiello, F., G. Bonanno, and F. Foglia, On the choice of accommodation type at the time of Covid-19. Some evidence from the Italian tourism sector. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-5.
  13. Davahli, M.R.; Karwowski, W.; Sonmez, S.; Apostolopoulos, Y. The Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7366.Davahli, M.R., et al., The Hospitality Industry in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current Topics and Research Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020. 17(20).
  14. Vo-Thanh, T.; Vu, T.-V.; Nguyen, N.P.; van Nguyen, D.; Zaman, M.; Chi, H. How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance? J. Sustain. Tour. 2021, 29, 907–925.Vo-Thanh, T., et al., How does hotel employees' satisfaction with the organization's COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2020. 29(6): p. 907-925.
  15. Jung, H.S.; Jung, Y.S.; Yoon, H.H. COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2021, 92, 102703.Jung, H.S., Y.S. Jung, and H.H. Yoon, COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. Int J Hosp Manag, 2021. 92: p. 102703.
  16. Gössling, S. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2002, 12, 283–302.Gössling, S., Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global environmental change, 2002. 12(4): p. 283-302.
  17. Hall, C.M. Biological Invasion, Biosecurity, Tourism, and Globalization of Handbook of Globalisation and Tourism; Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK, 2019; pp. 114–125.Hall, C.M., Biological invasion, biosecurity, tourism, and globalisation, in Handbook of globalisation and tourism. 2019, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  18. Abu-Rayash, A.; Dincer, I. Analysis of mobility trends during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic: Exploring the impacts on global aviation and travel in selected cities. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2020, 68, 101693.Abu-Rayash, A. and I. Dincer, Analysis of mobility trends during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic: Exploring the impacts on global aviation and travel in selected cities. Energy Res Soc Sci, 2020. 68: p. 101693.
  19. AlJAZEERA. Coronavirus: Travel Restrictions, Border Shutdowns by Country. Available online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html (accessed on 3 June 2020).AlJAZEERA. Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country. Al Jazeera and News Agencies. 2020; Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html.
  20. Freedman, D.O.; Leder, K. Influenza: Changing Approaches to Prevention and Treatment in Travelers. J. Travel Med. 2006, 12, 36–44.Freedman, D.O. and K. Leder, Influenza: changing approaches to prevention and treatment in travelers. Journal of travel medicine, 2005. 12(1): p. 36-44.
  21. Degrowth.info. A Degrowth Perspective on the Coronavirus Crisis. Available online: https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/03/a-degrowth-perspective-on-the-coronavirus-crisis/#more-473015 (accessed on 19 March 2020).Degrowth.info. A degrowth perspective on the coronavirus crisis. Degrowth. 2020; Available from: https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/03/a-degrowth-perspective-on-the-coronavirus-crisis/#more-473015.
  22. Luo, J.; Lam, C. Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards “Travel Bubble” Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7859.Luo, J.M. and C.F. Lam, Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards "Travel Bubble" Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(21).
  23. Allplane. Updated (31/12/20)—The 2020 Airline Bankruptcy List Now Closed. Available online: https://allplane.tv/blog/2020/1/17/airlines-that-stopped-flying-in-2020 (accessed on 3 January 2021).Allplane. UPDATED (27/12/20) - The 2020 airline bankruptcy list is open. 2020; Available from: https://allplane.tv/blog/2020/1/17/airlines-that-stopped-flying-in-2020.
  24. IATA. Slow Recovery Needs Confidence Boosting Measures. Available online: https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-04-21-01/ (accessed on 21 April 2020).IATA. Slow Recovery Needs Confidence Boosting Measures. 2020; Available from: https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-04-21-01/.
  25. Forsyth, P.; Guiomard, C.; Niemeier, H.-M. Covid-19, the collapse in passenger demand and airport charges. J. Air Transp. Manag. 2020, 89, 101932.Forsyth, P., C. Guiomard, and H.M. Niemeier, Covid-19, the collapse in passenger demand and airport charges. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2020. 89.
  26. ATAG. Up to Million Jobs at Risk Due to COVID-19 Aviation Downturn. Available online: https://www.atag.org/component/news/?view=pressrelease&id=122 (accessed on 30 September 2020).ATAG, A.T.A.G. UP TO MILLION JOBS AT RISK DUE TO COVID-19 AVIATION DOWNTURN. 2020; Available from: https://www.atag.org/component/news/?view=pressrelease&id=122.
  27. Streimikiene, D.; Svagzdiene, B.; Jasinskas, E.; Simanavicius, A. Sustainable tourism development and competitiveness: The systematic literature review. Sustain. Dev. 2021, 29, 259–271.UNWTO. International tourism highlights. 2019 Edition, Madrid,Spain. 2019b; Available from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152.
  28. Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M.; Jęczmyk, A.; Zawadka, J.; Uglis, J. Agritourism in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Rapid Assessment from Poland. Agriculture 2020, 10, 397.Streimikiene, D., et al., Sustainable tourism development and competitiveness: The systematic literature review. Sustainable Development, 2021. 29(1): p. 259-271.
  29. UNWTO. 2020: Worst Year in Tourism History with 1 Billion Fewer International Arrivals. Available online: https://www.unwto.org/news/2020-worst-year-in-tourism-history-with-1-billion-fewer-international-arrivals (accessed on 28 January 2021).Wojcieszak-Zbierska, M.M., et al., Agritourism in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Rapid Assessment from Poland. Agriculture-Basel, 2020. 10(9).
  30. Bae, S.Y.; Chang, P.-J. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Curr. Issues Tour. 2021, 24, 1017–1035.Bae, S.Y. and P.J. Chang, The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards 'untact' tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 2021. 24(7): p. 1017-1035.
  31. Quang, T.D.; Tran, T.C.; Tran, V.H.; Nguyen, T.T.; Nguyen, T.T. Is Vietnam ready to welcome tourists back? Assessing COVID-19’s economic impact and the Vietnamese tourism industry’s response to the pandemic. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–19.Quang, T.D., et al., Is Vietnam ready to welcome tourists back? Assessing COVID-19's economic impact and the Vietnamese tourism industry's response to the pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism: p. 19.
  32. Vaishar, A.; Šťastná, M. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia Preliminary considerations. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–5.Vaishar, A. and M. Šťastná, Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural tourism in Czechia Preliminary considerations. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-5.
  33. Flew, T.; Kirkwood, K. The impact of COVID-19 on cultural tourism: Art, culture and communication in four regional sites of Queensland, Australia. Media Int. Aust. 2021, 178, 16–20.Flew, T. and K. Kirkwood, The impact of COVID-19 on cultural tourism: art, culture and communication in four regional sites of Queensland, Australia. Media International Australia, 2020. 178(1): p. 16-20.
  34. Rogerson, C.M.; Baum, T. COVID-19 and African tourism research agendas. Dev. South. Afr. 2020, 37, 1–15.Rogerson, C.M. and T. Baum, COVID-19 and African tourism research agendas. Development Southern Africa, 2020. 37(5): p. 727-741.
  35. Galvani, A.; Lew, A.A.; Perez, M.S. COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism. Tour. Geogr. 2020, 22, 567–576.Galvani, A., A.A. Lew, and M.S. Perez, COVID-19 is expanding global consciousness and the sustainability of travel and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 2020. 22(3): p. 567-576.
  36. Qiu, R.T.; Parkb, J.; Na Lic, S.; Songb, H. Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 84, 102994.Qiu, R.T., et al., Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020. 84: p. 102994.
  37. Farzanegan, M.R.; Gholipour, H.F.; Feizi, M.; Nunkoo, R.; Andargoli, A.E. International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis. J. Travel Res. 2021, 60, 687–692.Farzanegan, M.R., et al., International Tourism and Outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 2021. 60(3): p. 687-692.
  38. Assaf, A.; Scuderi, R. COVID-19 and the recovery of the tourism industry. Tour. Econ. 2020, 26, 731–733.Assaf, A. and R. Scuderi, COVID-19 and the recovery of the tourism industry. 2020, SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England.
  39. Fong, L.H.N.; Law, R.; Ye, B.H. Outlook of tourism recovery amid an epidemic: Importance of outbreak control by the government. Ann. Tour. Res. 2021, 86, 102951.Fong, L.H.N., R. Law, and B.H. Ye, Outlook of tourism recovery amid an epidemic: Importance of outbreak control by the government. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020: p. 102951.
  40. McLaughlin, T. Coronavirus is Devastating Chinese Tourism. Available online: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/02/economy-coronavirus-myanmar-china-tourism/606715/ (accessed on 19 February 2020).McLaughlin, T. Coronavirus is devastating Chinese tourism. 2020 [cited 2020 0219]; Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/02/economy-coronavirus-myanmar-china-tourism/606715/.
  41. Yang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, X. Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak. Ann. Tour. Res. 2020, 83, 102913.Yang, Y., H.R. Zhang, and X. Chen, Coronavirus pandemic and tourism: Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling of infectious disease outbreak. Annals of Tourism Research, 2020. 83: p. 6.
  42. Kwok, A.O.J.; Koh, S.G.M. COVID-19 and Extended Reality (XR). Curr. Issues Tour. 2021, 24, 1935–1940.Kwok, A.O.J. and S.G.M. Koh, COVID-19 and Extended Reality (XR). Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-6.
  43. Lee, W.C.; Ong, C.Y. Overview of rapid mitigating strategies in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health 2020, 185, 15–17.Lee, W.C. and C.Y. Ong, Overview of rapid mitigating strategies in Singapore during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 2020. 185: p. 15-17.
  44. Okuyama, T. Analysis of optimal timing of tourism demand recovery policies from natural disaster using the contingent behavior method. Tour. Manag. 2018, 64, 37–54.Okuyama, T., Analysis of optimal timing of tourism demand recovery policies from natural disaster using the contingent behavior method. Tourism management, 2018. 64: p. 37-54.
  45. Djurovic, G.; Djurovic, V.; Bojaj, M.M. The macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 in Montenegro: A Bayesian VARX approach. Financial Innov. 2020, 6, 1–16.Djurovic, G., V. Djurovic, and M.M. Bojaj, The macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 in Montenegro: a Bayesian VARX approach. Financial Innovation, 2020. 6(1).
  46. Baggio, R. Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: A network science approach. Curr. Issues Tour. 2011, 14, 183–189.Baggio, R., Collaboration and cooperation in a tourism destination: a network science approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 2011. 14(2): p. 183-189.
  47. Denicolai, S.; Cioccarelli, G.; Zucchella, A. Resource-based local development and networked core-competencies for tourism excellence. Tour. Manag. 2010, 31, 260–266.Denicolai, S., G. Cioccarelli, and A. Zucchella, Resource-based local development and networked core-competencies for tourism excellence. Tourism management, 2010. 31(2): p. 260-266.
  48. Van der Zee, E.; Vanneste, D. Tourism networks unravelled; a review of the literature on networks in tourism management studies. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2015, 15, 46–56.van der Zee, E. and D. Vanneste, Tourism networks unravelled; a review of the literature on networks in tourism management studies. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015. 15: p. 46-56.
  49. Bhati, A.S.; Agarwal, M. Vandalism control: Perception of multi-stakeholder involvement in attraction management. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–7.Bhati, A.S. and M. Agarwal, Vandalism control: perception of multi-stakeholder involvement in attraction management. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-7.
  50. Freeman, R.E. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2010.Freeman, R., E.(1984), Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman, 1984. 46.
  51. Buckley, R.; Zhong, L.; Martin, S. Mental health key to tourism infrastructure in China’s new megapark. Tour. Manag. 2021, 82, 104169.Buckley, R., L. Zhong, and S. Martin, Mental health key to tourism infrastructure in China's new megapark. Tourism Management, 2020. 82: p. 104169.
  52. Teng, H.-Y.; Chang, S.-T. Resident perceptions and support before and after the 2018 Taichung international Flora exposition. Curr. Issues Tour. 2020, 1–20.Teng, H.-Y. and S.-T. Chang, Resident perceptions and support before and after the 2018 Taichung international Flora exposition. Current Issues in Tourism, 2020: p. 1-20.
  53. Olayemi, L.O.; Boodoosingh, R.; Sam, F.A.-L. Is Samoa Prepared for an Outbreak of COVID-19? Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2020, 1–2.Olayemi, L.O., R. Boodoosingh, and F. Amosa-Lei Sam, Is Samoa Prepared for an Outbreak of COVID-19? Asia Pac J Public Health, 2020: p. 1010539520927283.
  54. Hystad, P.W.; Keller, P.C. Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework: Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster. Tour. Manag. 2008, 29, 151–162.Hystad, P.W. and P.C. Keller, Towards a destination tourism disaster management framework: Long-term lessons from a forest fire disaster. Tourism management, 2008. 29(1): p. 151-162.
  55. Bornhorst, T.; Ritchie, J.B.; Sheehan, L. Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tour. Manag. 2010, 31, 572–589.Bornhorst, T., J.B. Ritchie, and L. Sheehan, Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders' perspectives. Tourism management, 2010. 31(5): p. 572-589.
  56. Sharma, B.; Gursoy, D. An Examination of Changes in Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Impacts Over Time: The Impact of Residents’ Socio-demographic Characteristics. Asia Pac. J. Tour. Res. 2015, 20, 1332–1352.Sharma, B. and D. Gursoy, An examination of changes in residents' perceptions of tourism impacts over time: The impact of residents' socio-demographic characteristics. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 2015. 20(12): p. 1332-1352.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback