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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry is still being sustained, and the response of the tourism industry is an indispensable element that is increasingly recognized. This response has led to the emergence of literature about the impact of COVID-19 on the stakeholders of the tourism industry, thereby contributing to the industry. Nonetheless, the criteriona factors and investigated practices onfor the implementation of decision-making by stakeholders in the tourism industry have not been fully explored. Practically, the irresistible risk industry is already synonymous with This study adopts Teorija Rezhenija Izobre-tatelskikh Zadach (TRIZ) principles and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) methods to construct a gap model of tourism stakeholders (GMTS) which solves the tourism. Indeed, it is an unstable industry decisionmaking problem under COVID-19. With a research background in Taiwan’s tourism industry. 2003, 2 million tourists reduce of SARS. 2009, Global Economic Crisis tourist 37 million reduce. 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the world's borders are blocked, all international travel is stopped, and the mobility of stakeholders made up of 15 expert participants, GMTS identified 11 criteria factors, of which the three most important criteria factors provide decision-making directions. The causal relationship between these criteria factors was examined, and a causal diagram was drawn to clarify the most important criteria factors. This research examined the criteria factor implementation perspective. Travel “bubble zones” that ensure both “safety and quality” were concluded upon under government policies in the countries and regions of the world. Furthermore, the tourists is prohibited. However, effective m industry is responsible for the overall “planning and management” of the travel “bubble zones”. Therefore, the “quality management” criteria factor provides important key decision-making is lacking, and few studies have determined the solufor tourism stakeholders. The research indicates that it is recommended to attach importance to the “quality management” of the international travel “bubble zone” as the priority decision-making criteria factor under the pandemic. Furthermore, conversion policies and tourism regulations in the tourism industry of stakeholder. How are secondary criteria factors for improvement; when these two criteria factors are immediately improved, other criteria factors will be affected simultaneously and the degree of improvement will be weakened. In addition, GMTS was developed for the tourism industry survives under the crisis context is an urgent issue. The article also provides research literature and practice implications for stakeholders in the tourism industry, thereby providing insight for tourism to obtain a clear understanding of how to prepare for the implementation of sustainable development.
- COVID-19
- Tourism Stakeholders
- Tourism Industry
- Travel Company
- Hospitality Industry
- Transportation Industry
- Government
- Tourist
- TRIZ
- DEMATEL
- GMTS
1. Hospitality Industry and COVID-19 Pandemic
Th
Zurabe COVID-19 Pololikpandemic has restricted interpersonal interaction, and many industries, including hotels anshvili, secretary-general of the UNWTO, stated that “Growth in inter[1]nationald tourism, have been severely affectet arrivals and receipts continuesd [1]to. Theo uncertainty otpace the worldf economic recovery and the continuous spread of COVID-19 have caused millions of people to suddenly lose their jobs; the hospitality industry was one of the first industries to do sboth emerging and advanced economies are benefiting from rising tourism income [1]”. In 2019, the total international tourist arrivals worldwide were 1460 million,o [2]with. tHospitality antal internationald tourism, especially in pa receiprts of Asia, Europe and North America, have been affected in a manner unseen in half a centurUSD 1481 billion; Asia and the Pacific had 362 million tourists, with receipts of USD 443 billiony [3[2]]. MIany hospitality businesses face existing global challenge 2019, in Taiwan, tourist receipts and expenditure totaled USD 535.44 billion, withs [4][5]a. tSome of these are significantly detrimental to international hotel industry operations, including the long-term inflict of the COVID-19 pandemital number of tourists of 28.9 million, including inbound and outbound tourists (international travel); the number of peoplec [6]. The COVID-19 ngpandemic has introduced difficulties to hotels in major cities in the United States as they continue to operate [7ging in Taiwanese domestic travel numbered over 160 million [3]. Taiwan has a population of 23]8. In Hong Kong, COVID-19 is seriously damaging the operations million [4] Tourism is one oof the global tourism hotemost importantl industries iny [8Taiwan]. OIn Malaysia, COVID-19 has severely affected the occupancy rate of hotels, with Kuala Lumpur having the largest number of cancellations [923 January 2020, Wuhan declared a lockdown. On January 30, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a global health emergency]. OIn China, they are studying the impact of th 11 March, the WHO declared the outbreak a COVID-19e pandemic on the hospitality industry, and whether it will change the lifestyle choices; on 20 April, 100% of worldwide destinations introduced, travel behavior and preferences of tourists in the short and long terrestrictions; in 2020, the numberm [10]of. iIn the Spanish hospitality industry, economic anternationald tourism activities are generating an economic crists suffered 70% to 75% negative growth; 100–120 million direct tourism jobis [11]. In aItaly, hotels and bed and breakfasts require financial supporrisk, and international tourismt [12]could. pluIn India, the discussion database papers analyzed the hospitality industry during thge to the levels of 1990 [5]. Tourism mobility led to COVID-19 becoming a globale pandemic; the first three themes were the recovery of the hospitalit [6]. The irresistible risky industry, market demand and the loss of revenue [13 is already synonymous with tourism]. In the Vietnamese hote is an unstablel industry research, the relationship among the hotels’ responses to COVID-19 and employee satisfaction was examined [14. In 2003, 2 million tourists were lost due to SARS]. In Seou2009l, South Korea, the hotel industry is highly vulnerable to health, disasters and other risks; thereforethe Global Economic Crisis reduced, the number of tourists is insufficient, the occupancy rate is insufficient, and the hotel industry has suffered huge economic losseby 37 million. In 2020, COVID-19 caused a reduction ofs [151].
2. Transportation Industry and COVID-19 Pandemic
Transporta1 billtion is the vector through which pathogens are distributed on a regional and global scale. Given thaourists, and a loss in internationalt tourism has the characteristic of needing to moreceipts US$ 1.1 trillion [5]. Thve [16][17], tourism industirectly supports pandemics. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the scale of the global crisis has been huge due to restrictions on the use of transportation by countries’ authorities around the world; global mobility has ceased [18]. Touriy is the most frequently impacted industry under the crisis [7,8]. Several researchers have highlighted that sts hwere infected wit impact ofh COVID-19 on cruise ships, which occurred in countries such as France, Japan, the United States and Australia, resulting in many countries banning cruise ships from dockinthe tourism industry is significant [9–13]. However, impactive decision-making is lacking, and few studies have determined the solutionsg in their ports [19]. A tourhigh risk of influenza infection has been found in transportation vehicles, such as cruises, airplanes, or travel groups [20m industry. How the tourism industry survives under the crisis context is an urgent issue].
“The spread of covid-19 through frequent long-distance travel, massive cruise ships, and short distance flightsourism industry must respond to the tourism disaster caused” [21]by. The COVID-19 outbreak has caused border closures, domestic and international travel has been stoppe. The world has been in a panic in the past yeard, and 65 international airlines have reduced flights by 95% [22]. tourism-related industries The Allplane website released a piece of news, indicating that the “airline bankruptcy list has been made public”; thirty airlines worldwide declared bankruptcve suffered unprecedented significant effects. From the disappearancey [23]of. “This is an emergency airline around the world is struggling to survinternational tourists to thve [24]”. Approxinstmately 25 million jobs inntaneous cessation of the tourism industry, the aviation industry, anmarket, manyd related value chains are at risk in China during industries ceased opera[1]tions. [14]. Tthe COVID-19 crisipandemic hass [24]. In caAustraled ia, domestic flights have only reached 10 significant crisis to all% of their pre-COVID-19 numbe industriers [24]in. tThe demanworld [15], and thisd crisis faced by European airport operations under the COVID-19 pandemic, and the cost to achieve viability [25]. has a significant impact on the tourism industry [12]. Scholars beliGeneva ATAG indicatees that the decline in air transporglobal tourism and popultation this yeamovements haver caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 will result in the loss of 46 million jobs provided by global aviatiothe emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases as onen [26]. iIn Malayevsia, airlines are facing the risk of bankruptcy, and the airline has asked the Malaysian government to intervene to provide supportable result of such movements [16]. The early evidence of the effects of travel, flights, cruise shipst and assistance to the aviation industrccommodations under the pandemic is devastatingy [9[17]]. IThen Hong Kong, by pre-purchasing 500,000 tickets from Hong Kong-based airlines, the government will provide another USD 260 million in relief to inject liquidity into thglobal pandemic of COVID-19 has severely hit economic industries such as tourism, hospitality ande airlines [24[18]]. The COVID govecrisis has led to an unprecedented reduction in the number of tourists, and airport revenuenment has forcibly closed hotels, restaurants, attractions and tourism-related businesses [19]. Travel and tourisms have also droppeways beend significantly [25].
3. The COVID-19 Severely Hit the Travel and Tourism Industry
Duefac trsoin globalization factors, tourism has been made available to many people, especially the middle class. , and are the industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic [20]. The COVID-19 pandemic has not been controlled, and the situation is unpredictable; tTherefore, tourism has become one of the largest industrial fields worldwide in the past two decades [27]. The gresearch is essential for the restoration of tourism and the asslobal economic issues caused by the outbreak oiated industries [21]. Inf the COVID-19 pandemic are unprecedente,d for the tourism industry, despite it having been previously afflicted by various crises. The tourism industry is the sector most affected by the situation; because the borders are closed, global destinations are inaccessibl to form a new normal [11,22], a new approach to the crisis is required. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge,e [28]. tThe numprber of international tourists decreased by 1 billion in 2020 [29]. A vious literature has nostudy in South Korea highlighted that “untact” is a health protection behavior in the found a crisis solution for ttourism industry. The purpos stakeholders. Moste of the research was to explore the impact of COVID-19 risk perceearly literature may be limited to the exploraption on the behavioral intentions of untact-tourists, based on the framework of the health belief model and extended planning behavior theory; the results provide timely and insightful enlightenment fof a wide range of issues related to the quantitative or qualitative nature of second-hand data analysis related to tourism issues [23–27],r tourism practitionemanagement issuers [30]. aIdn Vietnam, they studied the impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry and the government’s response, and interviewed 80 tourism practitionersrelated strategic issues under the pandemic [28–33], and the satisfaction issues of accommodation and restaurants under the pandemic [34–37]. Some of; the results showed that the government’s stimulus plan helpeearchers study the economic issues that affectd the tourism industry recover, and various practices and opportunities foin the COVID-19 pandemic [38–44], discuss the psychological issues ofr travel stakeholders were explored [31]. iIn the Cpandzech Republic, research has discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural mic [45–50], or perform research on Ttourism [32]. In Queensland, Australia, the relationship between COVID-19 social distancing measures, travel restrVirtual Reality (VR) [51–53]. Past research has focused on six funictions and cultural . When ttourism in four regions waresources ares investigateed,d [33]they. canIn Africaot provide tourism stakeholders with, the current pandemic highlights the fragility of the tourism industry’s globaliorrect decision-making methods efficiently and quickly. In order to overcome this situzation, and the continent, which relies on global visits and global capital, has suffered huge losses [34 we propose a decision-making method for tourism stakeholders to address these problems].
4. Government and COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-1past9 pandemic, following the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution in 1700, is the most recent manifestation of the continuous development and progress of worldwide modeliterature shows the significance of the issues of cooperation between the tourism industry and its partners [54,55]. Tourism stakeholders include tourists, travel companies, travel providers, destination orgarnization and globalizatios, governments, local communities, and practitionersn [35[11]]. Manystudi exchanges in global economic activity have been reduces discuss the hospitality industry, the transportation industry, travel companiesd, and governments in many countries and regions have imposed unprecedented restrictions on the movement and behavior of their populations [36]. The in the tourism industry, but research discussing a gap model of decision-making is lacking. Therefore, this research will adopt inngoativvernments of all regions should face the serious impact of the inbound and outboun methods to construct a GMTS. Kock and Assaf [56] aimed to advocate for the originality ofd tourism travelers on the pandemic, even though the economic contribution of international tourism was previously huresearch. They hoped that tourism scholars would propose an innovative and creativge [37]. Thteransefore, the government’s role is critical tmation process foro the tourism industry’s recovery [38][39 [57]]. GovernmentO warnings and travel bans exacerbate the negative resultsing to the fragmented nature of the tourism industr,y [40]. Assuming a link between tourism consumption and the risk of healty person or organization that can involveh disasters, because travel increases the risk of infection, governments have imposed travel ban management or beneficial participants in the tourism industry is a stakeholder of the industrys [41[58]]. ourism Therefore, travel companies are required to find innovative conditions [42]. The govas been widely recognized as a sustainability industernmeny,t needs to seek allevand stakeholder collaboriation measures to support the non-implementation of layoffs, reducing the negative impact of perceptions of job insecuritfor the sustainability of tourism development has been examinedy [15[59]]. UsiIn China, research on the social impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry has recommended that government departments and the tourism and hospitality industry tailor travel arrangements according to tourists and apply them to the global tourism markeg Teorija Rezhenija Izobretatelskikh Zadach (TRIZ) principles, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) has been applied to complex and interrelated group problems, solving contradictions in the care cloud system and innovating the principles of the long-term caret [10]cloud. In Malsaysia, the government announced the four phases of the “Movement Control Order,” which will involve signing a contract with the tourism industry in Malaysia during the period of the prohibitiotem [60]. Altuntas and Gok [61] adopted the DEMATEL method to evaluate COVID-19 quarantine decisions based on the number of visitorns and the forlocal popmulation of effective policies to assist the tourism industr, solving complex problems and decision-making criteriay [18]. In Sinfgactpore, s.
Tthise research from the SARS experience in 2003 was used for the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020; the government adopted three measures, including travel, healthcare and community measures, to curb the spread of COVID-19 [43]. A uses the TRIZ principle to reason about the issues among relevant stakeholders in the tourism industry, to clarify the complex relationship results produced by constraudy in Kyoto, Japan analyzed the dynamic process of tourism demand recovery and the applicability of effective policies using the contingent behavior method of quantitative research [44]. ictory problems across industries, to resolve contradictions and innovate principles, and to determine the extent of influence betweeIn Miontenegrin, the government, which is focused on tourism, has responded with appropriate macroeconomic policy responses since the outbreak of the COVID-19 [45]. The dnovation principles and which principles have exerted the most curiation ancald impact of the crisis on airports will depend on the containment of the virus and the effectiveness of monetary an. Experts’ questionnaires are used from hospitality, transportation, travel companies, academic universities and thed government fiscal stimulus program. Methods such as multi-criterias [25].
5. Tourism Stakeholders and COVID-19 Pandemic
Stakeholdecirs in the tourism industry, such as hotels, agents and attractions, are mostly small and medium-sized companies or family-run businesses with “independence” characteristicion-making (MCDM), explanatory structure modeling and DEMATEL are used to determine the degree of influence between the criteria factors,s [46]and. Stakeholders might choose to compete or collaborate (or compete and collaborate simultaneously) with their counterparts under different circumstano make decisions. First, the information on the issues that led to the contradictory system construction is summarized; second, the innovative principlces [47][48]of. tThese stakeholders are the key players in strategic planning, tourism management, or operatio system are derived in order to adopt TRIZ heuristic reasoning; third, these innovative principlens [49]are. eEvidence shows that, dualuated by adoptring the pandemic, the transportation industry, the hospitality industry, and travel companies are reducing labor and increasing layoffs [4]. expert questionnaire survey approach, which uses DEMATEL to measure the standard steps and compute the key innovaStakeiholder relationships come from issues that an principles, such as thre critical to creating and distributing value [50eria factors and feasibility]. ThisA study in China analyzed the conflicts between road- and roadless-access tourism in China’s large new national park, and a differentiaaims to provide GMTS in order to address this issue;l tourism stakeholder analysis was conducted [51]. As will e study in Taichung, Taiwan that used social exchange and stakeholder theory investigated the effect of residents’ perceived benefits and costs on the subjective well-being and support of megaevents [52]. A studyblish the new GMTS to solve the dilemma under the influence of COVID-19 and provide research literature and pract in cSamoa, a tourism destination in the South Pacific, discussed the COVID-19 pandemic posing a public health threat to Pacific Island countries; the World Health Organization worked with regional applications in order to bridge the research gap. This article has three aspects. First, this research provides a new model which integrates the TRIZ and DEMATEL methods to solve the problems of tourisml stakeholders to respond to Samoa’s points on pandemic prevention [53]. In . Second, this study identifies the decision-makSingap core and Bangkok, a study aimed to curb the on-site vandalism of tourist attractions and participate in tourist attraction management surveys with multiple stakeholderiteria factors implemented by tourism stakeholders so that decision-makers can evaluate their industry’s approach to sustainable development. Finally, this study explores thes [49]. Collabporcation between stakeholders is ace of the identified criteria factor of disaster management [54]. For s tthe recreation of tourism provide, stakeholder theory has been adopted to determine the effects of tourism and other events with insight into the existing capabilities in the implementation of decision-making under crisis, and this researchs [55][56]will. In Canada, a study examined the concept of destination and DMO-relaterive useful implications for stakeholders in thed tourism success, and determined whether a relationship existed betweindustry. On the contrary, if the relevant stakeholders ien the two using research methods such as qualitative research on interview methods and interviews with 84 knowledgourism industry cannot make effective decisions to face the crisis, they will not be eable tourism managers and stakeholders in 25 destinations [55] sustain the sustainable operation of the industry
