Solar Envelopes: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Rita Xu and Version 1 by Miktha Farid Alkadri.

The increasing population density in urban areas simultaneously impacts the trend of energy consumption in building sectors and the urban heat island (UHI) effects of urban infrastructure. Accordingly, passive design strategies to create sustainable buildings play a major role in addressing these issues, while solar envelopes prove to be a relevant concept that specifically considers the environmental performance aspects of a proposed building given their local contexts. As significant advances have been made over the past decades regarding the development and implementation of computational solar envelopes, this study presents a comprehensive review of solar envelopes while specifically taking into account design parameters, digital tools, and the implementation of case studies in various contextual settings. This extensive review is conducted in several stages. First, an investigation of the scope and procedural steps of the review is conducted to frame the boundary of the topic to be analyzed within the conceptual framework of solar envelopes. Second, comparative analyses between categorized design methods in parallel with a database of design parameters are conducted, followed by an in-depth discussion of the criteria for the digital tools and case studies extracted from the selected references. Third, knowledge gaps are identified, and the future development of solar envelopes is discussed to complete the review. This study ultimately provides an inclusive understanding for designers and architects regarding the progressive methods of the development of solar envelopes during the conceptual design stage.

  • solar envelopes
  • passive design strategies
  • computational design methods
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Ritchie, ; Roser, M. Urbanization. 2020. Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization (accessed on 30 January 2020).
  2. United World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420); Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: New York, NY, USA, 2019.
  3. International Energy Outlook 2019 with Projections to 2050; U.S. Energy Information Administration Office of Energy Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2019.
  4. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, International Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment 2019 Global Status Report for Building and Construction: Towards a Zero-Emissions, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector; United Nations Environment Programme: Madrid, Spain, 2019.
  5. Chan, P.; Darko, A.; Ameyaw, E.E. Strategies for promoting green building technologies adoption in the construction industry - An international study. Sustainability 2017, 9, 969.
  6. Martin, ; Perry, F. Sustainable construction technology adoption. In Sustainable Construction Technologies; Life-Cycle Assessment:Butterworth-Heinemann: Kidlington, Oxford, UK 2019; pp. 299–316.
  7. Anand, ; Sekhar, C.; Cheong, D.; Santamouris, M.; Kondepudi, S. Occupancy-based zone-level VAV system control implications on thermal comfort, ventilation, indoor air quality and building energy efficiency. Energy Build. 2019, 2014, 109473.
  8. Shin, ; Baltazar, J.-C.; Haberl, J.S.; Frazier, E.; Lynn, B. Evaluation of the energy performance of a net zero energy building in a hot and humid climate. Energy Build. 2019, 204, 10953.
  9. Ahmad, W.; Mourshed, M.; Yuce, B.; Rezgui, Y. Computational intelligence techniques for HVAC systems: A review. Build. Simul. 2016, 9, 359–398.
  10. Reijula, ; Holopainen, R.; Kähkönen, E.; Reijula, K.; Tommelein, I.D. Intelligent HVAC systems in hospitals. Intell. Build. Int. 2013, 5, 101–119.
  11. Winy, What's Next?: How Do We Make Vertical Urban Design?; Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH): Shenzen, China 16-21 October 2016.
  12. Grotius Towers. MVRDV. 2019. Available online: https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/392/grotius-towers (accessed on 27 May 2020).
  13. Topaloglu, Solar Envelope and Form Generation in Architecture; Master Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of the Middle East Technical University: Ankara, Turkey 2003.
  14. Knowles, L. Sun, Rhythm and Form; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981.
  15. White, Preserving Open Space Amenity Using Subtractive Volumetric Modelling; Aachener Geographische Arbeiten: Aachen, Germany, 2014.
  16. White, Informing an Integrated and Sustainable Urbanism through Rapid, Defragmented Analysis and Design. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Architecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, 2008.
  17. Martín-Martín, ; Orduna-Malea, E.; Thelwall, M.; López-Cózara, E.D. Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. J. Informetr. 2018, 12, 1160–1177.
  18. Yang, ; Meho, L. Citation Analysis: A Comparison of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Proc. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2007, 43, 1–15.
  19. Knowles, L. Energy and Form: An Ecological Approach to Urban Growth; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974.
  20. Giacomo, The Architecture of A. Palladio in Four Books; John Watts: London, UK, 1715.
  21. Galton, S. Healthy Hospitals: Observations on some Points Connected with Hospital Construction, 1st ed.; At the Clarendon Press: London/Oxford, UK, 1893.
  22. Atkinson, The Orientation of Buildings: Or, Planning for Sunlight, 1st ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1912.
  23. Leidi, ; Schlüter, A. Exploring urban space - Volumetric site analysis for conceptual design in the urban context. Int. J. Archit. Comput. 2013, 11, 157–182.
  24. da Veiga, ; la Roche, P. A Computer Solar Analysis Tool for the Design and Manufacturing of Complex Architectural Envelopes: EvSurf. In Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics [SIGraDi 2002]: Caracas, Venezuela, 27-29 November2002.
  25. Littlefair, Passive solar urban design: Ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 1998, 2, 303–326.
  26. Obaidat, S. A Simulation Model for Defining Three Different Solar Accesses in Site Planning. Simulation 1995, 65, 357–371.
  27. Jain, ; Kensek, K.; Noble, D. Interactive Web-based teaching tool for simplified 3D analysis of solar rhythms. Autom. Constr. 1998, 8, 181–194.
  28. Ralegaonkar, V.; Gupta, R. Review of intelligent building construction: A passive solar architecture approach. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 2238–2242.
  29. Freita, ; Catita, C.M.; Redweik, P.; Brito, M. Modelling solar potential in the urban environment: State-of-the-art-review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 41, 915–931.
  30. Lobaccaro, ; Frontini, F.; Masera, G.; Poli, T. SolarPW: A new solar design tool to exploit solar potential in existing urban areas. Energy Procedia 2012, 30, 1173–1183.
  31. Stasinopoulos, N. A survey of solar envelope properties using solid modelling. J. Green Build. 2018, 13, 3–30.
  32. Staneva, N. Approaches for generating 3D solid models in AutoCAD and solid works. J. Eng. 2008, VI, 28–31.
  33. Capeluto, ; Shaviv, E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. In Proceeding of the ISES: Taejon, South Korea, 24-29 August 1997.
  34. Brandao, S.; Alucci, M.P. Solar access in tropical cities: Towards a multicriteria solar envelope. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon: 13–16 November 2005.
  35. Stasinopoulos, N. Solar Envelope - A Construction Method Using AutoCAD 2000. 9 July 2001. Available online: http://www.oikotekton.eu/solenvelope (accessed on 25 October 2020).
  36. Raboudi, ; Saci, A.B. A morphological generator of urban rules of solar control. In Proceedings of the 29th conference on PLEA 2013 - Sustainable architecture for a renewable future, Munich, Germany, 10–12 September 2013.
  37. Raboudi, ; Saci, A.B. Conditions of satisfaction of the solar control box constraints. J. Civ. Eng. Archit. 2018, 12, 685–693.
  38. Raboudi, ; Belkaid, A.; Saci, A.B. Satisfaction of the solar bounding box constraints. In Proceedings of the 28th International PLEA Conference: Lima, Peru, 7–9 November 2012.
  39. Kensek, ; Henkhaus, A. Solar Access Zoning + Building Information Modeling; Solar: Baltimore, MD, 2013.
  40. Cotton, F. Solid modeling as a tool for constructing solar envelopes. Autom. Constr. 1996, 5, 185–192.
  41. Juyal, ; Kensek, K.; Knowles, R. SolCAD: 3 D Spatial Design Tool Tool to Generate Solar Envelope. In Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture: Indiana, USA, 24–27 October 2003.
  42. Niemasz, ; Sargent, J.; Reinhart, C.F. Solar Zoning and Energy in Detached Dwellings; SimAUD: Boston, MA, USA, 4-7 April 2011.
  43. Niemasz, ; Sargent, J.; Reinhart, C.F. Solar Zoning and Energy in Detached Dwellings. Environ. Plan. B: Urban Anal. City Sci. 2013, 40, 801–813.
  44. Vartholomaios, The residential solar block envelope: A method for enabling the development of compact urban blocks with high passive solar potential. Energy Build. 2015, 99, 303–312.
  45. Turkienicz, ; Goncalves, B.B.; Grazziotin, P. CityZoom:A Visualization Tool for the assessment of planning regulations. Int. J. Archit. Comput. 2008, 6, 79–95.
  46. Grazziotin, C.; Pereira, F.O.R.; Freitas, C.M.D.S.; Turkienicz, B. Integration of Sunlight Access Control to Building Potential Simulator; The Ibero-American Symposium on Computer Graphics: Guimaraes, Portugal, 2-5 July 2002.
  47. Emmanuel, A hypothetical 'shadow umbrella′ for thermal comfort enhancement in the equatorial urban outdoors. Archit. Sci. Rev. 1993, 36, 173–184.
  48. Emmanuel, ; Rosenlund, H.; Johansson, E. Urban shading – a design option for the tropics? A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Int. J. Climatol. 2007, 27, 1995–2004.
  49. Camporeale, Genetic algorthims applied to urban growth optimization. In Proceedings of the eCAADe Computation and Performance 2013: Delft, The Netherlands, 18–20 September 2013.
  50. Camporeale, Genetic algorithms applied to urban growth optimizing solar radiation. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2013 29th Conference Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future: Munich, Germany, 10–12 September 2013.
  51. Saleh, M.; Al-Hagla, K. Parametric Urban Comfort Envelope: An Approach towards a Responsive Sustainable Urban Morphology. In Proceedings of the ICSAUD 2012: International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design: Venice, Italy,14–16 November 2012.
  52. Saleh, M.; Al-hagla, K.S. Parametric urban comfort envelope: An approach toward a responsive sustainable urban morphology. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Struct. Constr. Archit. Eng. 2012, 6, 930–937.
  53. Machacova, ; Keppl, J.; Krajcovics, L. The Solar Envelope Method in Education at the Faculty of Architecture STU Bratislava; Central Europe towards Sustainable Building: Prague, Czech Republic, 2013.
  54. Martin, L.; Keeffe, G. The Biomimetic solar city: Solar derived urban form using a forest-growth inspired methodology. In Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Singapore, 22–24 November 2007.
  55. Capeluto, G.; Shaviv, E. Modelling the design of urban fabric with solar rights considerations. In Proceedings of the International Conference of IBPSA: Kyoto, Japan,13-15 September 1999
  56. Capeluto, ; Yezioro, A.; Bleiberg, T.; Shaviv, E. From computer models to simple design tools: Solar rights in the design of urban streets. In Proceedings of the Ninth international IBPSA conference: Montreal, QC, Canada, 15–18 August 2005.
  57. Capeluto, G.; Yezioro, A.; Shaviv, E. Climactic aspects in urban design - a case study. Build. Environ. 2003, 38, 827–835.
  58. Capeluto, I.; Plotnikov, B. A method for the generation of climate-based, context-dependent parametric solar envelopes. Archit. Sci. Rev. 2017, 60, 395–407.
  59. Martin, L.; Pilling, M.; Stott, C.; Walsh, V. The nectar project: Solar development of post-industrial urban communities. In Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 13–15 July 2011.
  60. Dekay, The implications of community gardening for land use and density. J. Archit. Plan. Res. 1997, 14, 126–149.
  61. De Luca, Solar Envelope Optimization Method for Complex Urban Environments; In Proceeding of CAADence in Architecture. Back to Command: Budapest, Hungary, 16-17 June 2016.
  62. De Luca, ; Voll, H. Computational Method for Variable Objectives and Context-Aware Solar Envelopes Generation; In Proceeding of the 8th Annual Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design, SimAUD: Toronto, ON, Canada, 22-24 May 2017.
  63. Leduc, ; Hartwell, K. Limiting the Buildings' Envelopes in Order to Prevent the Surrounding Mask Effect: Towards an Efficient Implementation in the Context of SketchUp; PLEA, Design to Thrive: Edinburgh, Scotland, 3-5 July 2017.
  64. Canan, ; Tosunlar, M.B. The implementation of sustainable approach in the architectural design studio developing architectural designs using solar envelope methods. Iconarp Int. J. Archit. Plan. 2016, 4, 14–33.
  65. Franco, ; Beckers, B. A study of solar access in Bogotá: The Las Nieves neighborhood. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Physics: Quito–Galápagos, 25 September–2 October 2016.
  66. Bruce, High Density, Low Energy: Achieving Useful Solar Access for Dublin's Multi-Storey Apartment Developments; PLEA: Dublin, Ireland, 22-24 October 2008.
  67. Noble, ; Kensek, K. Computer generated solar envelopes in architecture. J. Archit. 1998, 3, 117–127.
  68. Sorayaei, ; Sorayaei, Z. An integrated approach to climate conscious urban design using solar envelope concept. Palma J. 2017, 16, 322–330.
  69. Jaff, A.M. Solar envelope method and consideration of the effectiveness of construction density and settlement in Konya. J. Sol. Energy Res. 2017, 2, 27–31.
  70. Mert, ; Saygin, N. Energetic and Exergetic Design Evaluations of a Building Block Based on a Hybrid Solar Envelope Method. In Exergy for a Better Environment and Improved Sustainability; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Grermany, 2018; pp. 515–531.
  71. Nazer, ; Rodrigues, L. Solar access in high density urban developments: A representative case in Matlock. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2015, Bologna, Italy, 9–11 September 2015.
  72. Capeluto, G.; Yezioro, A.; Bleiberg, T.; Shaviv, E. Solar rights in the design of urban spaces. In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006.
  73. Pereira, O.R.; Silva, C.A.N. A proposal for the implementation of the solar envelope in urban planning as a concept for regulating the occupation of urban area. In Proceedings of the PLEA 98 – The 15th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Lisbon, Portugal, June 1998.
  74. Pereira, O.R.; Silva, C.A.N. Sunlighting in the urban design: A computer-based method for solar and sky vault obstruction control. In Proceedings of the PLEA 96 - The 13th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,July 1996.
  75. Pereira, O.R.; Silva, C.A.N.; Turkienikz, B. A methodology for sunlight urban planning: A computer-based solar and sky vault obstruction analysis. Sol. Energy 2001, 70, 217–226.
  76. Amaral, D.G.V.D. The application of solar architecture in the planning of the campus. In Proceedings of the 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference: Tokyo, Japan, 27–29 September 2005.
  77. Paramita, ; Koerniawan, M. Solar envelope assessment in tropical region building case study: Vertical settlement in Bandung, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security SUSTAIN 2012: Kyoto, Japan, 3-5 November 2012.
  78. Dekay, Daylighting and urban form: An urban fabric of light. J. Archit. Plan. Res. 2010, 27, 35–56.
  79. Dekay, Climatic urban design: Configuring the urban fabric to support daylighting, passive cooling, and solar heating. Sustain. City Vii 2012, 155, 619–630.
  80. Okeil, In Search for Energy Efficient Urban Forms: The Residential Solar Block. In Proceedings of the Building for the Future: The 16th CIB World Building Congress 2004: Toronto, Canada, 2–7 May 2004.
  81. Okeil, A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy Build. 2010, 42, 1437–1444.
  82. De Luca, Solar form Finding; In Proceeding of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture: Disciplines and Disruption, ACADIA: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2-4 November 2017.
  83. De Luca, ; Dogan, T. A novel solar envelopes method based on solar ordinances for urban planning. Build. Simul. 2019, 12, 817–834.
  84. Darmon, Voxel computational morphogenesis in urban context: Proposition and analysis of rules-based generative algorithms considering solar access. In Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Building Skins: Bern, Switzerland, 26–27 October 2018.
  85. Kristl, Ž.; Krainer, Site layout as a function of shading in Karst region. In Proceedings of the International Conference “Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment: Santorini, Greece, 19–21 May 2005.
  86. Kristl, Ž.; Krainer, PIRAMIDA, The solar envelope tool. In Proceedings of the TIA Teaching in Architecture Conference: Krems, Austria, 14–15 September 2007.
  87. Siret, ; Houpert, S. A geometrical framework for solving sunlighting problems within CAD systems. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 343–351.
  88. Betti, ; Arrighi, S. A differential growth approach to solar envelope generation in complex urban environments. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2017 33rd PLEA International Conference - Design to Thrive: Edinburgh, Scotland, 3–5 July 2017.
  89. Anderson, Design Energy Simulation for Architects; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014.
  90. Luque, S.; de Luca, F. Solar Toolbox. food4Rhino, 26 10 2019. Available online: https://www.food4rhino.com/app/solar-toolbox (accessed on 10 February 2020).
  91. Alkadri, F.; Turrin, M.; Sariyildiz, S. The use and potential applications of point clouds in simulation of solar radiation for solar access in urban contexts. Adv. Comput. Des. 2018, 3, 319–338.
  92. Koester, J. The fundamentals of integrating "the commons": Application as community tissue or urban implant. Renew. Energy 1994, 5, 1015–1020.
  93. Maïzia, ; Sèze, C.; Berge, S.; Teller, J.; Reiter, S.; Ménard, R. Energy requirements of characteristics urban blocks. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference- Renewables in a changing climate – From nanto to urban scale: Lausanne, Switzerland, 2–3 September2009.
  94. Ratti, ; Richens, P. Raster analysis of urban form. Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des. 2004, 31, 297–309.
  95. Ratti, ; Morello, E. Sunscapes: Extending the 'solar envelopes' concept through 'iso-solar surfaces'. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Beirut, Lebanon, 13–16 November 2005.
More