References

1. Kuhn, P.J. Doorknobs: A source of nosocomial infection. Diagn. Med. 1983, 6, 62–63.
2. Schmidt, M.G.; Attaway, H.H.; Fairey, S.E.; Howard, J.; Mohr, D.; Craig, S. Self-disinfecting copper beds sustain terminal cleaning and disinfection effects throughout patient care. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2019, 86, e01886-19.
3. Salgado, C.D.; Sepkowitz, K.A.; John, J.F.; Cantey, J.R.; Attaway, H.H.; Freeman, K.D.; Sharpe, P.A.; Michels, H.T.; Schmidt, M.G. Copper surfaces reduce the rate of healthcare-acquired infections in the intensive care unit. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2013, 34, 479–486.
4. OECD. Healthcare-associated infections. In Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development; OECD Publishing: Brussels, Belgium, 2018.
5. Schmidt, M.G.; Attaway, H.H.; Fairey, S.E.; Steed, L.L.; Michels, H.T.; Salgado, C.D. Copper continuously limits the concentration of bacteria resident on bed rails within the ICU. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2013, 34, 530–533.
6. Colin, M.; Klingelschmitt, F.; Charpentier, E.; Josse, J.; Kanagaratnam, L.; Champs, C.D.; Gangloff, S.C. Copper alloy touch surfaces in healthcare facilities: An effective solution to prevent bacterial spreading. Materials 2018, 11, 2479.
7. Mikolay, A.; Huggett, S.; Tikana, L.; Grass, G.; Braun, J.; Nies, D.H. Survival of bacteria on metallic copper surfaces in a hospital trial. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 87, 1875–1879.
8. Efstathiou, P. The Role of Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces in Reducing Healthcare-Associated Infections. Eur. Infect. Dis. 2011, 5, 125–128. Available online: (accessed on 17 October 2020).
9. O’gorman, J.; Humphreys, H. Application of copper to prevent and control infection. Where are we now? J. Hosp. Infect. 2012, 81, 217–223.
10. von Dessauer, B.; Navarrete, M.S.; Benadof, D.; Benavente, C.; Schmidt, M.G. Potential effectiveness of copper surfaces in reducing health care–associated infection rates in a pediatric intensive and intermediate care unit: A nonrandomized controlled trial. Am. J. Infect. Control 2016, 44, e133–e139.
11. Schmidt, M.G.; Attaway, H.H.; Sharpe, P.A.; John, J., Jr.; Sepkowitz, K.A.; Morgan, A.; Fairey, S.E.; Singh, S.; Steed, L.L.; Cantey, J.R.; et al. Sustained reduction of microbial burden on common hospital surfaces through the introduction of copper. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012, 50, 2217–2223.
12. Schmidt, M.G.; Dessauer, B.v.; Benavente, C.; Benadof, D.; Cifuentes, P.; Elgueta, A.; Duran, C.; Navaratte, M.S. Copper surfaces are associated with significantly lower concentrations of bacteria on selected surfaces within a paediatric intensive care unit. Am. J. Infec. Control 2016, 44, 203–209.
13. Zhu, L.; Elguindi, J.; Rensing, C.; Ravishankar, S. Antimicrobial activity of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive Salmonella enterica. Food Microbiol. 2012, 30, 303–310.
14. Souli, M.; Antoniadou, A.; Katsarolis, I.; Mavrou, I.; Paramythiotou, E.; Papadomichelakis, E.; Drogari-Apiranthitou, M.; Panagea, T.; Giamarellou, H.; Petrikkos, G.; et al. Reduction of environmental contamination with multidrug-resistant bacteria by copper-alloy coating of surfaces in a highly endemic setting. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2017, 38, 765–771.
15. Weaver, L.; Michels, H.T.; Keevil, C.W. Survival of Clostridium difficile on copper and steel: Futuristic options for hospital hygiene. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 68, 145–151.
16. Arendsen, L.P.; Thakar, R.; Bassett, P.; Sultan, A.H. The use of copper as an antimicrobial agent in health care, including obstetrics and gynecology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2019, 32, e00125-18.
17. Elguindi, J.; Wagner, J.; Rensing, C. Genes involved in copper resistance influence survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on copper surfaces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 106, 1448–1455.
18. Michels, H.T.; Noyce, J.O.; Keevil, C.W. Effects of temperature and humidity on the efficacy of methicillin—Resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenged antimicrobial materials containing silver and copper. Appl. Microbiol. 2009, 49, 191–195.
19. Noyce, J.O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C.W. Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. J. Hosp. Infect. 2006, 63, 289–297.
20. Noyce, J.O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C.W. Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2006, 72, 4239–4244.
21. Wilks, S.A.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C.W. The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2005, 105, 445–454.
22. Wilks, S.A.; Michels, H.T.; Keevil, C.W. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A on metal surfaces: Implications for cross-contamination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2006, 111, 93–98.
23. Bleichert, P.; Santo, C.E.; Hanczaruk, M.; Meyer, H.; Grass, G. Inactivation of bacterial and viral biothreat agents on metallic copper surfaces. Biometals 2014, 27, 1179–1189.
24. Inkinen, J.; Mäkinen, R.; Keinänen-Toivola, M.M.; Nordström, K.; Ahonen, M. Copper as an antibacterial material in different facilities. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2017, 64, 19–26.
25. Michels, H.T.; Keevil, C.W.; Salgado, C.D.; Schmidt, M.G. From laboratory research to a clinical trial: Copper alloy surfaces kill bacteria and reduce hospital-acquired infections. HERD: Health Environ. Resear. Design J. 2015, 9, 64–79.
26. Wheeldon, L.J.; Worthington, T.; Lambert, P.A.; Hilton, A.C.; Lowden, C.J.; Elliott, T.S.J. Antimicrobial efficacy of copper surfaces against spores and vegetative cells of Clostridium difficile: The germination theory. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2008, 62, 522–525.
27. Goudarzi, M.; Saviz, S.; Ghoranneviss, M.; Salar Elahi, A. Medical equipment antiseptic processes using the atmospheric plasma sprayed copper coatings. J. X-ray Sci. Technol. 2017, 25, 479–485.
28. Silk, B.J.; Mahon, B.E.; Griffin, P.M.; Gould, L.H.; Tauxe, R.V.; Crim, S.M.; Jackson, K.A. Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks—United States, 2009–2011. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2013, 62, 448.
29. Zhu, Q.; Gooneratne, R.; Hussain, M.A. Listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce: Outbreaks, prevalence and contamination levels. Foods 2017, 6, 21.
30. Wei, P.; Bao, R.; Fan, Y. Brainstem Encephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Pathogens 2020, 9, 715.
31. Aisha, A. Antimicrobial Effects of Copper and Brass Ions on the Growth of Listeria Monocytogenes at Different Temperatures, pH and Nutrients. Louisiana State University in Shreveport, USA, 2005. Available online: (accessed on 10 February 2021).
32. Brennan, S.; McDonald, S.; McKenzie, J.; Cheng, A.; Green, S.; Allen, K. Systematic review of antimicrobial surfaces to reduce infection rates in hospitalized populations. Cochrane Aust. 2017, 1–21.
33. Bauer, D.J. The chemotherapeutic activity of compounds of copper, rhodium and certain other metals in mice infected with neurovaccinia and ectromelia viruses. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1958, 39, 480. Available online: (accessed on 12 February 2021).
34. Borkow, G.; Gabbay, J. Copper, an ancient remedy returning to fight microbial, fungal and viral infections. Curr. Chem. Biol. 2019, 3, 272–278.
35. Fujimori, Y.; Sato, T.; Hayata, T.; Nagao, T.; Nakayama, M.; Nakayama, T.; Sugamata, R.; Suzuki, K. Novel antiviral characteristics of nanosized copper (I) iodide particles showing inactivation activity against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2012, 78, 951–955.
36. Michels, H.T.; Anderson, D.G. Antimicrobial regulatory efficacy testing of solid copper alloy surfaces in the USA. In Met Ions Biology and Medicine; Collery, P., Marymard, I., Theophanides, T., Khassanova, L., Collery, T., Eds.; Copper Development Association Inc.: McLean, VA, USA, 2008; Volume 10, pp. 185–190. Available online: (accessed on 20 December 2020).
37. Van Doremalen, N.; Bushmaker, T.; Morris, D.H.; Holbrook, M.G.; Gamble, A.; Williamson, B.N.; Tamin, A.; Harcourt, J.L.; Thornburg, N.J.; Gerber, S.I.; et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. NEJM 2020, 382, 1564–1567.
38. Grass, G.; Rensing, C.; Solioz, M. Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 1541–1547.
39. Warnes, S.L.; Keevil, C.W. Inactivation of norovirus on dry copper alloy surfaces. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e75017.
40. Science Daily. Copper Could Prevent the Spread of Flu Infections (14 February 2006). Available online: (accessed on 29 December 2020).
41. ECI. Copper—A New Weapon to Fight the Influenza a Virus- New Research Finds Copper Effective at Inactivating H1N1 Virus. European Copper Institute. Available online: (accessed on 12 January 2021).
42. Noyce, J.O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C.W. Inactivation of influenza a virus on copper versus stainless steel surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 2748–2750.
43. Warnes, S.L.; Little, Z.R.; Keevil, C.W. Human coronavirus 229E remains infectious on common touch surface materials. MBio 2015, 6, e01697-15.
44. Cordis. Copper Could Stop Spread of Flu. Available online: (accessed on 12 January 2021).
45. Santo, C.S.; Lam, E.W.; Elowsky, C.G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D.W.; Chang, C.J.; Grass, G. Bacterial killing by dry metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 794–802.
46. Warnes, S.L.; Green, S.M.; Michels, H.T.; Keevil, C.W. Biocidal efficacy of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves the degradation of genomic and plasmid DNAs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 5390–5401.
47. Michels, H.; Moran, W.; Michel, J. Antimicrobial properties of copper alloy surfaces, with a focus on hospital-acquired infections. Int. J. Met. 2008, 2, 47–56.
48. Borkow, G.; Lara, H.H.; Covington, C.Y.; Nyamathi, A.; Gabbay, J. Deactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in medium by copper oxide-containing filters. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008, 52, 518–525.
49. Minoshima, M.; Lu, Y.; Kimura, T.; Nakano, R.; Ishiguro, H.; Kubota, Y.; Hashimoto, K.; Sunada, K. Comparison of the antiviral effect of solid-state copper and silver compounds. J. Hazard Mater. 2016, 312, 1–7.
50. Hang, X.; Peng, H.; Song, H.; Qi, Z.; Miao, X.; Xu, W. Antiviral activity of cuprous oxide nanoparticles against hepatitis C virus in vitro. J. Virol. Methods 2015, 222, 150–157.
51. Chauhan, G.; Rath, G.; Goyal, A.K. In-vitroanti-viral screening and cytotoxicity evaluation of copper-curcumin complex. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotech. 2013, 41, 276–281.
52. Shionoiri, N.; Sato, T.; Fujimori, Y.; Nakayama, T.; Nemoto, M.; Matsunaga, T.; Tanaka, T. Investigation of the antiviral properties of copper iodide nanoparticles against feline calicivirus. J. Biosci. Bioengin. 2012, 113, 580–586.
53. ICA. The International Copper Association. Available online: (accessed on 11 February 2021).
54. Sagripanti, J.L.; Routson, L.B.; Bonifacino, A.C.; Lytle, C.D. Mechanism of copper-mediated inactivation of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997, 41, 812–817.
55. Borkow, G.; Gabbay, J. Copper as a biocidal tool. Curr. Med. Chem. 2005, 12, 2163–2175.
56. Cha, J.S.; Cooksey, D.A. Copper resistance in Pseudomonas syringae mediated by periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991, 88, 8915–8919.
57. Cooksey, D.A. copper uptake and resistance in bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 1993, 7, 1–5.
58. Kumbhar, A.S.; Padhye, S.B.; Saraf, A.P.; Mahajan, H.B.; Chopade, B.A.; West, D.X. Novel broad-spectrum metal-based antifungal agents. Biol. Met. 1991, 4, 141–143.
59. Mumcuoglu, K.Y.; Gabbay, J.; Borkow, G. Copper oxide-impregnated fabrics for the control of house dust mites. Int. J. Pest Manag. 2008, 54, 235–240.
60. Bellí, N.; Marín, S.; Sanchis, V.; Ramos, A.J. Impact of fungicides on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production on synthetic grape-like medium and on grapes. Food Addit. Contam. 2006, 23, 1021–1029.
61. La Torre, A.; Iovino, V.; Caradonia, F. Copper in plant protection: Current situation and prospects. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 2018, 57, 201–236.
62. Weaver, L.; Michels, H.T.; Keevil, C.W. Potential for preventing spread of fungi in air-conditioning systems constructed using copper instead of aluminium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2010, 50, 18–23.
63. Ballo, M.K.; Rtimi, S.; Kiwi, J.; Pulgarin, C.; Entenza, J.M.; Bizzini, A. Fungicidal activity of copper-sputtered flexible surfaces under dark and actinic light against azole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2017, 174, 229–234.
64. Creaven, B.S.; Duff, B.; Egan, D.A.; Kavanagh, K.; Rosair, G.; Thangella, V.R.; Waslh, M. Anticancer and antifungal activity of copper (II) complexes of quinolin-2 (1H)-one-derived Schiff bases. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2010, 363, 4048–4058.
65. Ghasemian, E.; Naghoni, A.; Tabaraie, B.; Tabaraie, T. In vitro susceptibility of filamentous fungi to copper nanoparticles assessed by rapid XTT colorimetry and agar dilution method. J. Mycol. Médicale 2012, 22, 322–328.
66. Usman, M.S.; El Zowalaty, M.E.; Shameli, K.; Zainuddin, N.; Salama, M.; Ibrahim, N.A. Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of copper nanoparticles. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8, 4467.
67. Kruk, T.; Szczepanowicz, K.; Stefańska, J.; Socha, R.P.; Warszyński, P. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of monodisperse copper nanoparticles. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2015, 128, 17–22.
68. Mehtar, S.; Wiid, I.; Todorov, S.D. The antimicrobial activity of copper and copper alloys against nosocomial pathogens and Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from healthcare facilities in the Western Cape: An in-vitro study. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 68, 45–51.
69. Quaranta, D.; Krans, T.; Santo, C.S.; Elowsky, C.G.; Domaille, D.W.; Chang, C.J.; Grass, G. Mechanisms of contact-mediated killing of yeast cells on dry metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 77, 416–426.
70. Molteni, C.; Abicht, H.K.; Solioz, M. The killing of bacteria by copper surfaces involves dissolved copper. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 4099–4101.
71. Santo, C.E.; Morais, P.V.; Grass, G. Isolation and characterization of bacteria resistant to metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 1341–1348.
72. Faúndez, G.; Troncoso, M.; Navarrete, P.; Figueroa, G. Antimicrobial activity of copper surfaces against suspensions of Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni. BMC Microbiol. 2004, 4, 1–7.
73. Remyadevi, J.; Jeyasubramanian, K.; MArikani, A.; Rajkumar, G.; Rahuman, A.A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of copper nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 2012, 71, 114–116.
74. Balela, M.D.L.; Amores, K.L.S. Electroless deposition of copper nanoparticles for antimicrobial coating. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2019, 225, 393–398.
75. Raffi, M.; Hussain, F.; Bhatti, T.M.; Akhter, J.I.; Hameed, A.; Hasan, M.M. Investigations into the antibacterial behaviour of copper nanoparticles against Escherichia coli. Ann. Microbiol. 2010, 60, 75–80.
76. Anita, S.; Ramachandran, T.; Rajendran, R.; Koushik, C.V.; Mahalakshmi, M.A. Study of the antimicrobial property of encapsulated copper oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabric. Text. Res. J. 2011, 81, 1081–1088.
77. Harikumar, P.S.; Aravind, A. Antebacterial activity of copper nanoparticles and nanocomposites against Escherichia coli bacteria. Int. J. Sci. 2016, 5, 83–90.
78. Niiyama, N.; Sasahara, T.; Mase, H.; Abe, M.; Saito, H.; Katsuoka, K. Use of copper alloy for preventing transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination in the dermatology ward. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2013, 93, 294–300.
79. Palza, H.; Nuñez, M.; Bastías, R.; Delgado, K. In situ antimicrobial behavior of materials with copper-based additives in a hospital environment. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2018, 51, 912–917.
80. Applerot, G.; Lellouche, J.; Lipovsky, A.; Nitzan, Y.; Lubart, R.; Gedanken, A.; Banin, E. Understanding the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles: Revealing the route of induced oxidative stress. Small 2012, 8, 3326–3337.
81. Giannousi, K.; Lafazanis, K.; Arvanitidis, J.; Pantazaki, A.; Dendrinou-Samara, C. Hydrothermal synthesis of copper-based nanoparticles: Antimicrobial screening and interaction with DNA. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2014, 133, 24–32.
82. Dizaj, S.M.; Mennati, A.; Jafari, S.; Khezri, K.; Adibkia, K. Antimicrobial activity of carbon-based nanoparticles. Adv. Pharma. Bull. 2015, 5, 19.
83. Padil, V.V.T.; Černík, M. Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using gum karaya as a biotemplate and their antibacterial application. Int. J. Nanomed. 2013, 8, 889.
84. Heinlaan, M.; Ivask, A.; Blinova, I.; Dubourguier, H.C.; Kahru, A. Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere 2008, 71, 1308–1316.
85. Griffitt, R.J.; Weil, R.; Hyndman, K.A.; Denslow, N.D.; Powers, K.; Taylor, D.; Barber, D.S. Exposure to copper nanoparti-cles causes gill injury and acute lethality in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 41, 8178–8186.
86. Chen, Z.; Meng, H.A.; Xing, G.M.; Chen, C.Y.; Zhao, Y.L.; Jia, G.A.; Wang, T.C.; Yuan, H.; Ye, C.; Zhao, F.; et al. Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo. Toxicol. Lett. 2006, 163, 109–120.
87. Edwards, M.; Sprague, N. Organic matter and copper corrosion by-product 455 release: A mechanistic study. Corros. Sci. 2001, 43, 1–18.
88. Sabrià, M.; Garcia-Nunez, M.; Pedro-Botet, M.L.; Sopena, N.; Gimeno, J.M.; Reynaga, E.; Morera, J.; Rey-Joly, C. Presence and chromosomal subtyping of Legionella species in potable water systems in 20 hospitals of Catalonia, Spain. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2001, 22, 673–676.
89. Cunha, B.A.; Burillo, A.; Bouza, E. Legionnaires’ disease. Lancet 2016, 387, 376–385.
90. Sabria, M.; Victor, L.Y. Hospital-acquired legionellosis: Solutions for a preventable infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2002, 2, 368–373.
91. Stout, J.E.; Victor, L.Y. Experiences of the first 16 hospitals using copper-silver ionization for Legionella control: Implications for the evaluation of other disinfection modalities. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2003, 24, 563–568.
92. Cachafeiro, S.P.; Naveira, I.M.; García, I.G. Is copper–silver ionisation safe and effective in controlling legionella? J. Hosp. Infect. 2007, 67, 209–216.
93. Casari, E.; Ferrario, A.; Montanelli, A. Prolonged effect of two combined methods for Legionella disinfection in a hospital water system. Ann. Ig. Med. Prev. Comunità 2007, 19, 525–532.
94. Chen, Y.S.; Lin, Y.E.; Liu, Y.-C.; Hunag, W.K.; Shih, H.Y.; Wann, S.R.; Lee, S.S.; Tsai, H.C.; Li, C.H.; Chao, H.L.; et al. Efficacy of point-of-entry copper–silver ionisation system in eradicating Legionella pneumophila in a tropical tertiary care hospital: Implications for hospitals contaminated with Legionella in both hot and cold water. J. Hosp. Infect. 2008, 68, 152–158.
95. Thneibat, A.; Cochiran, M.A.; Gonzalez-Cabezas, C.; Moore, B.K.; Matis, B.A.; Lund, M.R. Anticariogenic and antibacterial properties of a copper varnish using an in vitro microbial caries model. Oper. Dent. 2008, 33, 142–148.
96. Mulligan, A.M.; Wilson, M.; Knowles, J.C. The effect of increasing copper content in phosphate-based glasses on biofilms of Streptococcus sanguis. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 1797–1807.
97. Ditta, I.B.; Steele, A.; Liptrot, C.; Tobin, J.; Tyler, H.; Yates, H.M.; Sheel, D.W.; Foster, H.A. Photocatalytic antimicrobial activity of thin surface films of TiO2, CuO and TiO2/CuO dual layers on Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T4. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2008, 79, 127.
98. Santo, C.E.; Taudte, N.; Nies, D.H.; Grass, G. Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74, 977–986.
99. Abou Neel, E.A.; Ahmed, I.; Pratten, J.; Nazhat, S.N.; Knowles, J.C. Characterisation of antibacterial copper releasing degradable phosphate glass fibres. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 2247–2254.
100. Guldiren, D.; Aydın, S. Antimicrobial property of silver, silver-zinc and silver-copper incorporated soda lime glass prepared by ion exchange. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 78, 826–832.
101. Delgado, K.; Quijada, R.; Palma, R.; Palza, H. Polypropylene with embedded copper metal or copper oxide nanoparticles as a novel plastic antimicrobial agent. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2011, 53, 50–54.
102. Sudha, V.P.; Ganesan, S.; Pazhani, G.P.; Ramamurthy, T.; Nair, G.B.; Venkatasubramanian, P. Storing drinking-water in copper pots kills contaminating diarrhoeagenic bacteria. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2012, 30, 17.
103. Sudha, V.B.P.; Singh, K.O.; Prasad, S.R.; Venkatasubramanian, P. Killing of enteric bacteria in drinking water by a copper device for use in the home: Laboratory evidence. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103, 819–822.
104. Sharan, R.; Chhibber, S.; Attri, S.; Reed, R.H. Inactivation and sub-lethal injury of Escherichia coli in a copper water storage vessel: Effect of inorganic and organic constituents. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2010, 98, 103–115.
105. Borkow, G.; Gabbay, J. Putting copper into action: Copper- products with potent biocidal activities. FASEB J. 2004, 18, 1728–1730.
106. Gabbay, J.; Borkow, G.; Mishal, J.; Magen, E.; Zatcoff, R.; Shemer-Avni, Y. Copper oxide impregnated textiles with potent biocidal activities. J. Ind. Text. 2006, 35, 323–335.