Dental Robotics: A Disruptive Technology: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Nora Tang and Version 1 by Mohammad Khursheed Alam.

Robotics is a disruptive technology that will change diagnostics and treatment protocols in dental medicine. Robots can perform repeated workflows for an indefinite length of time while enhancing the overall quality and quantity of patient care. Early robots required a human operator, but robotic systems have advanced significantly over the past decade, and the latest medical robots can perform patient intervention or remote monitoring autonomously. However, little research data on the therapeutic reliability and precision of autonomous robots are available. The present paper reviews the promise and practice of robots in dentistry by evaluating published work on commercial robot systems in dental implantology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, prosthetic and restorative dentistry, endodontics, orthodontics, oral radiology as well as dental education. 

  • dentistry
  • robots
  • robotics
  • orthodontics
  • Implant
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Haddadin, S.; Suppa, M.; Fuchs, S.; Bodenmüller, T.; Albu-Schäffer, A.; Hirzinger, G. Konzepte für den Roboterassistenten der Zukunft. Automatisierungstechnik 2010, 58, 695–708.
  2. Abuduweili, A.; Li, S.; Liu, C. Adaptable human intention and trajectory prediction for human-robot collaboration. arXiv 2019, arXiv:1909.05089.
  3. Forlizzi, J.; DiSalvo, C. Service robots in the domestic environment: A study of the roomba vacuum in the home. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2–4 March 2006; pp. 258–265.
  4. Ivanov, S.H.; Webster, C.; Berezina, K. Adoption of robots and service automation by tourism and hospitality companies. Rev. Tur. Desenvolv. 2017, 27, 1501–1517.
  5. Grischke, J.; Johannsmeier, L.; Eich, L.; Haddadin, S. Dentronics: Review, first concepts and pilot study of a new application domain for collaborative robots in dental assistance. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Montreal, QC, Canada, 20–24 May 2019; pp. 6525–6532.
  6. Cheema, H.S.; Dhillon, P.K. Robotics in dentistry. Dentimedia J. Dent. 2012, 17, 61–62.
  7. Jedamzik, S. Digital health and nursing: The future is now. Der Unf. 2019, 122, 670–675.
  8. Brokel, J.M.; Harrison, M.I. Redesigning care processes using an electronic health record: A system’s experience. Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient Saf. 2009, 35, 82–92.
  9. Miller, R.J. Navigated surgery in oral implantology: A case study. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2007, 3, 229–234.
  10. Guo, Y.; Guo, C. Maxillary-fronto-temporal approach for removal of recurrent malignant infratemporal fossa tumors: Anatomical and clinical study. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 2014, 42, 206–212.
  11. Bell, R.B.; Markiewicz, M.R. Computer-assisted planning, stereolithographic modeling, and intraoperative navigation for complex orbital reconstruction: A descriptive study in a preliminary cohort. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2009, 67, 2559–2570.
  12. Razavi, M.; Talebi, H.; Zareinejad, M.; Dehghan, M. A GPU-implemented physics-based haptic simulator of tooth drilling. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2015, 11, 476–485.
  13. Abe, S.; Noguchi, N.; Matsuka, Y.; Shinohara, C.; Kimura, T.; Oka, K.; Okura, K.; Rodis, O.M.; Kawano, F. Educational effects using a robot patient simulation system for development of clinical attitude. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2018, 22, e327–e336.
  14. Murbay, S.; Chang, J.W.W.; Yeung, S.; Neelakantan, P. Evaluation of the introduction of a dental virtual simulator on the performance of undergraduate dental students in the pre-clinical operative dentistry course. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2020, 24, 5–16.
  15. Mirghani, I.; Mushtaq, F.; Allsop, M.; Al-Saud, L.; Tickhill, N.; Potter, C.; Keeling, A.; Mon-Williams, M.; Manogue, M. Capturing differences in dental training using a virtual reality simulator. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2018, 22, 67–71.
  16. de Boer, I.R.; Lagerweij, M.D.; Wesselink, P.R.; Vervoorn, J.M. The effect of variations in force feedback in a virtual reality environment on the performance and satisfaction of dental students. Simul. Healthc. J. Soc. Simul. Healthc. 2019, 14, 169–174.
  17. Haddadin, S.; Suppa, M.; Fuchs, S.; Bodenmüller, T.; Albu-Schäffer, A.; Hirzinger, G. Towards the robotic co-worker. In Robotics Research; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2011; pp. 261–282.
  18. Wu, Y.; Wang, F.; Fan, S.; Chow, J.K.-F. Robotics in dental implantology. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. 2019, 31, 513–518.
  19. Kasina, H.; Bahubalendruni, M.R.; Botcha, R. Robots in medicine: Past, present and future. Int. J. Manuf. Mater. Mech. Eng. 2017, 7, 44–64.
  20. Grischke, J.; Johannsmeier, L.; Eich, L.; Griga, L.; Haddadin, S. Dentronics: Towards robotics and artificial intelligence in dentistry. Dent. Mater. 2020, 36, 765–778.
  21. Rawal, S.; Tillery, D.E., Jr.; Brewer, P. Robotic-Assisted Prosthetically Driven Planning and Immediate Placement of a Dental Implant. Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent. 2020, 41, 26–30.
  22. Azari, A.; Nikzad, S. Computer-assisted implantology: Historical background and potential outcomes—A review. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2008, 4, 95–104.
  23. Naveen, S. A novel approach for carrying out dental activities such as drilling and filling using automated robots. Int. J. Electric. Electron. Data Commun. 2017, 5, 56–60.
  24. Boesecke, R.; Brief, J.; Raczkowsky, J.; Schorr, O.; Daueber, S.; Krempien, R.; Treiber, M.; Wetter, T.; Haßfeld, S. Robot assistant for dental implantology. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 14–17 October 2001; pp. 1302–1303.
  25. Sun, X.; Yoon, Y.; Li, J.; McKenzie, F.D. Automated image-guided surgery for common and complex dental implants. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 2014, 38, 251–259.
  26. Yu, K.; Uozumi, S.; Ohnishi, K.; Usuda, S.; Kawana, H.; Nakagawa, T. Stereo vision based robot navigation system using modulated potential field for implant surgery. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Seville, Spain, 17–19 March 2015; pp. 493–498.
  27. Yeshwante, B.; Baig, N.; Tambake, S.S.; Tambake, R.; Patil, V.; Rathod, R. Mastering dental implant placement: A review. J. Appl. Dent. Med. Sci. 2017, 3, 220–227.
  28. Haidar, Z. Autonomous Robotics: A fresh Era of Implant Dentistry… is a reality! J. Oral Res. 2017, 6, 230–231.
  29. Fan, S.; Cao, Z.; Qin, C.; Wang, F.; Huang, W.; Chen, X.; Wu, Y. The accuracy of surgical automatic robotic assisted implants placement in edentulous maxilla–an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Implant. Res. 2018, 29, 283.
  30. Lee, M.; Chang, C.; Kuo, C.; Ku, Y. Custom denture fabrication with new abrasive computer tomography and rapid prototyping technologies. In Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Waikoloa, HI, USA, 12 October 2005; pp. 2425–2430.
  31. Cao, Z.; Qin, C.; Fan, S.; Yu, D.; Wu, Y.; Qin, J.; Chen, X. Pilot study of a surgical robot system for zygomatic implant placement. Med. Eng. Phys. 2020, 75, 72–78.
  32. Sun, X.; McKenzie, F.D.; Bawab, S.; Li, J.; Yoon, Y.; Huang, J.-K. Automated dental implantation using image-guided robotics: Registration results. Int. J. Comp. Assist. Radiol. Surg. 2011, 6, 627–634.
  33. Cosola, S.; Toti, P.; Peñarrocha-Diago, M.; Covani, U.; Brevi, B.C.; Peñarrocha-Oltra, D. Standardization of three-dimensional pose of cylindrical implants from intraoral radiographs: A preliminary study. BMC Oral Health 2021, 21, 1–16.
  34. Song, J.; Kang, W.H.; Oh, S.J.; Hyung, W.J.; Choi, S.H.; Noh, S.H. Role of robotic gastrectomy using da Vinci system compared with laparoscopic gastrectomy: Initial experience of 20 consecutive cases. Surg. Endosc. 2009, 23, 1204–1211.
  35. Liu, M.; Curet, M. A review of training research and virtual reality simulators for the da Vinci surgical system. Teach. Learn. Med. 2015, 27, 12–26.
  36. Holty, J.-E.C.; Guilleminault, C. Maxillomandibular advancement for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2010, 14, 287–297.
  37. John, C.; Gandhi, S.; Sakharia, A.; James, T. Maxillomandibular advancement is a successful treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2018, 47, 1561–1571.
  38. Vicini, C.; Dallan, I.; Canzi, P.; Frassineti, S.; La Pietra, M.G.; Montevecchi, F. Transoral robotic tongue base resection in obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome: A preliminary report. J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec. 2010, 72, 22–27.
  39. Ma, Q.; Kobayashi, E.; Wang, J.; Hara, K.; Suenaga, H.; Sakuma, I.; Masamune, K. Development and preliminary evaluation of an autonomous surgical system for oral and maxillofacial surgery. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2019, 15, e1997.
  40. Woo, S.-Y.; Lee, S.-J.; Yoo, J.-Y.; Han, J.-J.; Hwang, S.-J.; Huh, K.-H.; Lee, S.-S.; Heo, M.-S.; Choi, S.-C.; Yi, W.-J. Autonomous bone reposition around anatomical landmark for robot-assisted orthognathic surgery. J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg. 2017, 45, 1980–1988.
  41. Chang, C.; Lee, M.; Wang, S. Digital denture manufacturing-An integrated technologies of abrasive computer tomography, CNC machining and rapid prototyping. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2006, 31, 41–49.
  42. Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Lü, P.; Wang, Y. Motion control and experimentation on the dental arch generator driven by multi-motors. Robot 2009, 31, 465–471.
  43. Jiang, J.-G.; Zhang, Y.-D.; Wei, C.-G.; He, T.-H.; Liu, Y. A review on robot in prosthodontics and orthodontics. Adv. Mech. Eng. 2015, 7, 198748.
  44. Zhang, Y.-D.; Zhao, Z.-F.; Lu, P.-J.; Wang, Y.; Song, R.-J.; Lu, J.-L. Robotic system approach for complete denture manufacturing. IEEE ASME Trans. Mechatron. 2002, 7, 392–396.
  45. Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Song, R.; Lu, J.; Lu, P.; Wang, Y. Tooth arrangement for the manufacture of a complete denture using a robot. Ind. Robot. 2001, 28, 420–425.
  46. Song, R.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Lü, P.; Wang, Y. A tooth arrangement algorithm for robot aided denture processing. J. Beijing Inst. Technol. 2001, 21, 474–479.
  47. Lü, P.; Wang, Y.; Li, G. Development of a system for robot aided teeth alignment of complete denture. Chin. J. Stomatol. 2001, 36, 139–142.
  48. Wang, H.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. Study on simulation system of tooth arrangement robot based on SimMechanics. In Proceedings of the ISTM/2005: 6th International Symposium on Test and Measurement, Hongkong, China, 1–4 June 2005; pp. 7360–7363.
  49. Wang, H.-Y.; Zhang, L.-Y. Optimize design dexterity of tooth-arrangement three-fingered hands. In Proceedings of the ICMIT 2005: Control Systems and Robotics, Chongqing, China, 2 May 2005; p. 60422V.
  50. Zhao, Y.-J.; Zhang, Y.-D.; Shao, J.-P. Optimal design and workspace analysis of tooth-arrangement three-fingered dexterous hand. J. Chongqing Univ. Posts Telecommun. 2009, 2, 228–234.
  51. Zhang, Y.; Peng, J.; Jiang, J. High precision motion control for multi-manipulator tooth arrangement robot. Robot 2008, 30, 542–547.
  52. Zhang, Y.D.; Jiang, J.G.; Lv, P.J.; Wang, Y. Coordinated control and experimentation of the dental arch generator of the tooth-arrangement robot. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2010, 6, 473–482.
  53. Zhang, Y.-D.; Jiang, J.-G.; Liang, T.; Hu, W.-P. Kinematics modeling and experimentation of the multi-manipulator tooth-arrangement robot for full denture manufacturing. J. Med. Syst. 2010, 35, 1421–1429.
  54. Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, W. Collaborative simulation and experimentation on the dental arch generator of a multi-manipulator tooth-arrangement robot. Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. 2012, 9, 43.
  55. Jiang, J.G.; Zhang, Y.D. Motion planning and synchronized control of the dental arch generator of the tooth-arrangement robot. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2013, 9, 94–102.
  56. Zhang, Y.; Gu, J.; Jiang, J.; Sun, X. Motion control point optimization of dental arch generator. Int. J. Serv. Sci. Technol. 2013, 6, 49–56.
  57. Jiang, J.G.; He, T.H.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, Y.D. Control point optimization and simulation of dental arch generator. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 494-495, 1364–1367.
  58. Zhang, Y.; Liang, T.; Jiang, J. Structural design of tooth arrangement robot based on TRIZ theory. Can. J. Mech. Sci. Eng. 2011, 2, 61–67.
  59. Jiang, J.-G.; Liang, T. Structural design of a cartesian coordinate tooth-arrangement robot. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology, Harbin, China, 12–14 August 2011; pp. 1099–1102.
  60. Ortiz Simon, J.L.; Martinez, A.M.; Espinoza, D.L.; Romero Velazquez, J.G. Mechatronic assistant system for dental drill handling. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2011, 7, 22–26.
  61. Yuan, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, D.; Lyu, P. Study on the appropriate parameters of automatic full crown tooth preparation for dental tooth preparation robot. Chin. J. Stomatol. 2017, 52, 270–273.
  62. Yuan, F.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, D.; Lyu, P. An automatic tooth preparation technique: A preliminary study. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 1–9.
  63. Otani, T.; Raigrodski, A.J.; Mancl, L.; Kanuma, I.; Rosen, J. In vitro evaluation of accuracy and precision of automated robotic tooth preparation system for porcelain laminate veneers. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2015, 114, 229–235.
  64. Wang, D.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Lv, P.; Sun, Y.; Xiao, J. Preliminary study on a miniature laser manipulation robotic device for tooth crown preparation. Int. J. Med. Robot. Comp. Assist. Surg. 2014, 10, 482–494.
  65. Wang, L.; Wang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Ma, L.; Sun, Y.; Lv, P. An automatic robotic system for three-dimensional tooth crown preparation using a picosecond laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 2014, 46, 573–581.
  66. Rigelsford, J. Robotic bending of orthodontic archwires. Ind. Robot. 2004, 31, 331–335.
  67. Müller-Hartwich, R.; Präger, T.; Jost-Brinkmann, P. SureSmile–CAD/CAM System for Orthodontic Treatment Planning, Simulation and Fabrication of Customized Archwires SureSmile–CAD/CAM-System zur Planung und Simulation kieferorthopädischer. Int. J. Comp. Dent. 2007, 10, 53–62.
  68. Alford, T.J.; Roberts, W.E.; Hartsfield, J.K., Jr.; Eckert, G.J.; Snyder, R.J. Clinical outcomes for patients finished with the SureSmile™ method compared with conventional fixed orthodontic therapy. Angle Orthod. 2011, 81, 383–388.
  69. Gilbert, A. An in-office wire-bending robot for lingual orthodontics. J. Clin. Orthod. 2011, 45, 230–240.
  70. Zhang, Y.; Jia, Y. The control of archwire bending robot based on MOTOMAN UP6. In Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Tianjin, China, 17–19 October 2009; pp. 1–5.
  71. Du, H.; Jia, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y. Trajectory planning of archwire bending robot. China Mech. Eng. 2010, 21, 1605–1608.
  72. Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Y. Algorithms comparison of control points planning of target archwire. ICIC Express Lett. 2012, 3, 923–930.
  73. Zhang, Y.D.; Jiang, J.X. Trajectory planning of robotic orthodontic wires bending based on finite point extension method. Adv. Mater. Res. 2011, 201–203, 1873–1877.
  74. Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y. Searching control points of formed archwire based on dichotomy and multi-objective optimization method. J. Comp. Inf. Syst. 2012, 8, 2309–2316.
  75. Zhang, Y.; Jiang, J. Optimization algorithm of control points planning of archwire bending forming. Int. J. Digit. Content Technol. Appl. 2012, 6, 590.
  76. Zhang, Y.; Jiang, J. Kinematics analysis and simulation study of an archwire bending robot. Chin. High. Technol. Lett. 2012, 22, 727–734.
  77. Zhang, Y.D.; Jiang, J.X. Analysis and experimentation of the robotic system for archwire bending. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2012, 121–126, 3805–3809.
  78. Jiang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Jin, M.; Wei, C. Bending process analysis and structure design of orthodontic archwire bending robot. Int. J. Smart Home 2013, 7, 345–352.
  79. Zhang, Y.; Jiang, J. Study on precise acceleration/deceleration planning of archwire bending robot. ICIC Express Lett. 2013, 7, 73–78.
  80. Zhang, Y.; Wei, C.; Jiang, J.; Jiang, J.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y. Motion Planning for Archwire Bending Robot in Orthodontic Treatments. Int. J. Control. Autom. 2014, 7, 287–298.
  81. Nelson, C.A.; Hossain, S.; Al-Okaily, A.a.; Ong, J. A novel vending machine for supplying root canal tools during surgery. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 2012, 36, 102–116.
  82. Hwang, G.; Paula, A.J.; Hunter, E.E.; Liu, Y.; Babeer, A.; Karabucak, B.; Stebe, K.; Kumar, V.; Steager, E.; Koo, H. Catalytic antimicrobial robots for biofilm eradication. Sci. Robot. 2019, 4, eaaw2388.
  83. Kassamali, R.H.; Ladak, B. The role of robotics in interventional radiology: Current status. Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 2015, 5, 340.
  84. Burdea, G.C.; Dunn, S.M.; Levy, G. Evaluation of robot-based registration for subtraction radiography. Med. Image Anal. 1999, 3, 265–274.
  85. Burdea, G.C.; Dunn, S.M.; Immendorf, C. Robotic system for dental subtraction radiography. In Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Sacramento, CA, USA, 9–11 April 1991; pp. 2056–2062.
  86. Spin-Neto, R.; Mudrak, J.; Matzen, L.; Christensen, J.; Gotfredsen, E.; Wenzel, A. Cone beam CT image artefacts related to head motion simulated by a robot skull: Visual characteristics and impact on image quality. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 2013, 42, 32310645.
  87. Lang, T.; Staufer, S.; Jennes, B.; Gaengler, P. Clinical validation of robot simulation of toothbrushing-comparative plaque removal efficacy. BMC Oral Health 2014, 14, 1–9.
  88. Driesen, G.; Warren, P.; Hilfinger, P.; Ernst, C.; Willershausen, B. The development of the Braun Oral-B Ultra Plaque Remover: An in vitro robot study. Am. J. Dent. 1996, 9, S13–S17.
  89. Gaengler, P.; Lang, T.; Jennes, B. Computer-assisted planimetrical plaque assessment of robot tested toothbrushing. J. Dent. Res. 2013, 92, 3326.
  90. Ernst, C.-P.; Willershausen, B.; Driesen, G.; Warren, P.; Hilfinger, P. A robot system for evaluating plaque removal efficiency of toothbrushes in vitro. Quintessence Int. 1997, 28, 441–445.
  91. Takanobu, H.; Okino, A.; Takanishi, A.; Madokoro, M.; Miyazaki, Y.; Maki, K. Dental patient robot. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing, China, 9–15 October 2006; pp. 1273–1278.
  92. Ogura, Y.; Shimomura, K.; Kondo, H.; Morishima, A.; Okubo, T.; Momoki, S.; Lim, H.-O.; Takanishi, A. Human-like walking with knee stretched, heel-contact and toe-off motion by a humanoid robot. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing, China, 9–15 October 2006; pp. 3976–3981.
  93. Tanzawa, T.; Futaki, K.; Kurabayashi, H.; Goto, K.; Yoshihama, Y.; Hasegawa, T.; Yamamoto, M.; Inoue, M.; Miyazaki, T.; Maki, K. Medical emergency education using a robot patient in a dental setting. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2013, 17, e114–e119.
  94. Ahire, M.; Dani, N.; Muttha, R. Dental health education through the brushing ROBOTUTOR: A new learning experience. J. Ind. Soc. Periodontol. 2012, 16, 417.
  95. Al-Saud, L.M.; Mushtaq, F.; Allsop, M.J.; Culmer, P.C.; Mirghani, I.; Yates, E.; Keeling, A.; Mon-Williams, M.; Manogue, M. Feedback and motor skill acquisition using a haptic dental simulator. Eur. J. Dent. Educ. 2017, 21, 240–247.
  96. Chen, X.; Sun, P.; Liao, D. A patient-specific haptic drilling simulator based on virtual reality for dental implant surgery. Int. J. Comp. Assist. Radiol. Surg. 2018, 13, 1861–1870.
  97. Correa, C.G.; Machado, M.A.d.A.M.; Ranzini, E.; Tori, R.; Nunes, F.d.L.S. Virtual Reality simulator for dental anesthesia training in the inferior alveolar nerve block. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2017, 25, 357–366.
  98. Su Yin, M.; Haddawy, P.; Suebnukarn, S.; Schultheis, H.; Rhienmora, P. Use of haptic feedback to train correct application of force in endodontic surgery. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Limassol, Cyprus, 13–16 March 2017; pp. 451–455.
  99. Ihm, J.-J.; Seo, D.-G. Does Reflective Learning with Feedback Improve Dental Students’ Self-Perceived Competence in Clinical Preparedness? J. Dent. Educ. 2016, 80, 173–182.
  100. Höhne, C.; Schmitter, M. 3D printed teeth for the preclinical education of dental students. J. Dent. Educ. 2019, 83, 1100–1106.
  101. Tahir, A.M.; Jilich, M.; Trinh, D.C.; Cannata, G.; Barberis, F.; Zoppi, M. Architecture and design of a robotic mastication simulator for interactive load testing of dental implants and the mandible. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 122, 389.e1–389.e8.
  102. Sen, N.; Us, Y.O. Fatigue survival and failure resistance of titanium versus zirconia implant abutments with various connection designs. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 122, 315.e1–315.e7.
  103. Conserva, E.; Menini, M.; Tealdo, T.; Bevilacqua, M.; Pera, F.; Ravera, G.; Pera, P. Robotic chewing simulator for dental materials testing on a sensor-equipped implant setup. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2008, 21, 501–508.
  104. Raabe, D.; Harrison, A.; Ireland, A.; Alemzadeh, K.; Sandy, J.; Dogramadzi, S.; Melhuish, C.; Burgess, S. Improved single-and multi-contact life-time testing of dental restorative materials using key characteristics of the human masticatory system and a force/position-controlled robotic dental wear simulator. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2011, 7, 016002.
  105. Raabe, D.; Alemzadeh, K.; Harrison, A.; Ireland, A. The chewing robot: A new biologically-inspired way to evaluate dental restorative materials. In Proceedings of the 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2–6 September 2009; pp. 6050–6053.
  106. Carvalho, A.; Brito, P.; Santos, J.; Caramelo, F.; Veiga, G.; Vasconcelos, B.; Pires, J.; Botelho, M. SC7-evaluation of two dental impression materials using a robot arm. Bull. Group Int. Rech. Sci. Stomatol. Odontol. 2011, 50, 36–37.
More