Monomethyl Fumarate for Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Ron Wang and Version 3 by Ron Wang.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neurologic autoimmune disorder affecting two million people worldwide. Symptoms include gait abnormalities, perception and sensory losses, cranial nerve pathologies, pain, cognitive dysfunction, and emotional aberrancies. Traditional therapy includes corticosteroids for the suppression of relapses and injectable interferons. Recently, several modern therapies—including antibody therapy and oral agents—were approved as disease-modifying agents. Monomethyl fumarate (MMF, Bafiertam) is a recent addition to the arsenal available in the fight against MS and appears to be well-tolerated, safe, and effective. 

  • autoimmune
  • corticosteroids
  • disease-modifying agents
  • CNS plaques
  • disability
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Thompson, A.J.; Banwell, B.L.; Barkhof, F.; Carroll, W.M.; Coetzee, T.; Comi, G.; Correale, J.; Fazekas, F.; Filippi, M.; Freedman, M.S.; et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018, 15, 162–173.
  2. Milo, R.; Kahana, E. Multiple sclerosis: Geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun. Rev. 2010, 9, A387–A394.
  3. Harbo, H.F.; Gold, R.; Tintoré, M. Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 2013, 6, 237–248.
  4. Goodin, D.S. The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. In Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology; Elsevier BV: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 122, pp. 231–266.
  5. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Highlights of Prescribing Information. Available online: (accessed on 1 March 2021).
  6. Albrecht, P.; Bouchachia, I.; Goebels, N.; Henke, N.; Hofstetter, H.H.; Issberner, A.; Kovacs, Z.; Lewerenz, J.; Lisak, D.; Maher, P.; et al. Effects of dimethyl fumarate on neuroprotection and immunomodulation. J. Neuroinflamm. 2012, 8, 163.
  7. Lublin, F.D.; Reingold, S.C.; Cohen, J.A.; Cutter, G.R.; Sørensen, P.S.; Thompson, A.J.; Wolinsky, J.S.; Balcer, L.J.; Banwell, B.; Barkhof, F.; et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: The 2013 revisions. Neurology 2014, 80, 278–286.
  8. Dobson, R.; Giovannoni, G. Multiple sclerosis – A review. Eur. J. Neurol. 2019, 26, 27–40.
  9. Brownlee, W.J.; Hardy, A.T.; Fazekas, F.; Miller, D.H. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Progress and challenges. Lancet 2017, 389, 1336–1346.
  10. Weinshenker, B.G. Natural history of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 36, S6–S11.
  11. Rae-Grant, A.; Day, G.S.; Marrie, R.A.; Rabinstein, A.; Cree, B.A.; Gronseth, G.S.; Haboubi, M.; Halper, J.; Hosey, J.P.; Jones, D.E.; et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: Disease-modifying therapies for adults with multiple sclerosis. Neurolology 2018, 90, 777–788.
  12. Eriksson, M.; Andersen, O.; Runmarker, B. Long-term follow up of patients with clinically isolated syndromes, relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. J. 2003, 9, 260–274.
  13. Loma, I. Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2011, 9, 409–416.
  14. Rice, C.M.; Cottrell, D.; Wilkins, A.; Scolding, N.J. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: Progress and challenges. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2013, 84, 1100–1106.
  15. Goldenberg, M.M. Multiple Sclerosis Review. P T 2012, 37, 175–184.
  16. Compston, A.; Coles, A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008, 372, 1502–1517.
  17. Dendrou, C.A.; Fugger, L.; Friese, M.A. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015, 15, 545–558.
  18. Weiner, H.L. Multiple Sclerosis Is an Inflammatory T-Cell–Mediated Autoimmune Disease. Arch. Neurol. 2004, 61, 1613–1615.
  19. Frohman, E.M.; Racke, M.K.; Raine, C.S. Multiple Sclerosis — The Plaque and Its Pathogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 942–955.
  20. Popescu, B.F.G.; Pirko, I.; Lucchinetti, C.F. Pathology of Multiple Sclerosis. Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol. 2013, 19, 901–921.
  21. Popescu, B.F.; Lucchinetti, C.F. Pathology of Demyelinating Diseases. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 2012, 7, 185–217.
  22. De Barcelos, I.P.; Troxell, R.M.; Graves, J.S. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Multiple Sclerosis. Biology 2019, 8, 37.
  23. Kutzelnigg, A.; Lassmann, H. Pathology of multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory demyelinating diseases. In Neurocutaneous Syndromes; Elsevier BV: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; Volume 122, pp. 15–58.
  24. Nourbakhsh, B.; Mowry, E.M. Multiple Sclerosis Risk Factors and Pathogenesis. Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol. 2019, 25, 596–610.
  25. Sundqvist, E.; Sundstrom, P.; Van Der Linden, M.; Hedström, A.K.; Aloisi, F.; Hillert, J.; Kockum, I.; Alfredsson, L.; Olsson, T. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: Interaction with HLA. Genes Immun. 2011, 13, 14–20.
  26. Alotaibi, S. Epstein-Barr Virus in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA 2004, 291, 1875–1879.
  27. Levin, L.I.; ScD, K.L.M.; O’Reilly, E.J.; Falk, K.I.; Ascherio, A. Primary infection with the epstein-barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 2010, 67, 824–830.
  28. Handel, A.E.; Williamson, A.J.; Disanto, G.; Handunnetthi, L.; Giovannoni, G.; Ramagopalan, S.V. An Updated Meta-Analysis of Risk of Multiple Sclerosis following Infectious Mononucleosis. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e12496.
  29. Mokry, L.E.; Ross, S.; Ahmad, O.S.; Forgetta, V.; Smith, G.D.; Leong, A.; Greenwood, C.M.T.; Thanassoulis, G.; Richards, J.B. Vitamin D and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med. 2015, 12, e1001866.
  30. Langer-Gould, A.; Lucas, R.; Xiang, A.H.; Chen, L.H.; Wu, J.; Gonzalez, E.; Haraszti, S.; Smith, J.B.; Quach, H.; Barcellos, L.F. MS Sunshine Study: Sun Exposure but Not Vitamin D Is Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Risk in Blacks and Hispanics. Nutrients 2018, 10, 268.
  31. Hedström, A.K.; Bomfim, I.L.; Barcellos, L.; Gianfrancesco, M.; Schaefer, C.; Kockum, I.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Interaction between adolescent obesity and HLA risk genes in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2014, 82, 865–872.
  32. Handel, A.E.; Williamson, A.J.; Disanto, G.; Dobson, R.; Giovannoni, G.; Ramagopalan, S.V. Smoking and Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e16149.
  33. Hedström, A.K.; Hillert, J.; Olsson, T.; Alfredsson, L. Nicotine might have a protective effect in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Mult. Scler. J. 2013, 19, 1009–1013.
  34. Ebers, G.C.; Sadovnick, A.D.; Risch, N.J. A genetic basis for familial aggregation in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Cell Biol. 1995, 377, 150–151.
  35. Briggs, F.B.; Yu, J.C.; Davis, M.F.; Jiangyang, J.; Fu, S.; Parrotta, E.; Gunzler, D.D.; Ontaneda, D. Multiple sclerosis risk factors contribute to onset heterogeneity. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2019, 28, 11–16.
  36. The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis. Nat. Genet. 2015, 47, 1107–1113.
  37. International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility. Science 2019, 365, eaav7188.
  38. Baranzini, S.E.; Oksenberg, J.R. The Genetics of Multiple Sclerosis: From 0 to 200 in 50 Years. Trends Genet. 2017, 33, 960–970.
  39. Oh, J.; Vidal-Jordana, A.; Montalban, X. Multiple sclerosis: Clinical aspects. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2018, 31, 752–759.
  40. Omerhoca, S.; Akkas, S.Y.; Icen, N.K. Multiple sclerosis: Diagnosis and Differrential Diagnosis. Arch. Neuropsychiatry 2018, 55, S1–S9.
  41. Brand, J.; Köpke, S.; Kasper, J.; Rahn, A.; Backhus, I.; Poettgen, J.; Stellmann, J.-P.; Siemonsen, S.; Heesen, C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis – Patients’ Experiences, Information Interests and Responses to an Education Programme. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e113252.
  42. Ntranos, A.; Lublin, F. Diagnostic Criteria, Classification and Treatment Goals in Multiple Sclerosis: The Chronicles of Time and Space. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2016, 16, 90.
  43. Wingerchuk, D.M.; Carter, J.L. Multiple Sclerosis: Current and Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies and Treatment Strategies. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2014, 89, 225–240.
  44. Linker, R.A.; Lee, D.-H.; Ryan, S.; Van Dam, A.M.; Conrad, R.; Bista, P.; Zeng, W.; Hronowsky, X.; Buko, A.; Chollate, S.; et al. Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain 2011, 134, 678–692.
  45. Brennan, M.S.; Matos, M.F.; Richter, K.E.; Li, B.; Scannevin, R.H. The NRF2 transcriptional target, OSGIN1, contributes to monomethyl fumarate-mediated cytoprotection in human astrocytes. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, srep42054.
  46. Lim, J.L.; Van Der Pol, S.M.; Di Dio, F.; Hof, B.V.H.; Kooij, G.; De Vries, H.E.; Van Horssen, J. Protective effects of monomethyl fumarate at the inflamed blood–brain barrier. Microvasc. Res. 2016, 105, 61–69.
  47. Mazzola, M.A.; Raheja, R.; Regev, K.; Beynon, V.; Von Glehn, F.; Paul, A.; Pierre, I.; Kivisakk, P.; Weiner, H.L.; Gandhi, R. Monomethyl fumarate treatment impairs maturation of human myeloid dendritic cells and their ability to activate T cells. Mult. Scler. J. 2019, 25, 63–71.
  48. Singh, D.; Reeta, K.; Sharma, U.; Jagannathan, N.; Dinda, A.; Gupta, Y. Neuro-protective effect of monomethyl fumarate on ischemia reperfusion injury in rats: Role of Nrf2/HO1 pathway in peri-infarct region. Neurochem. Int. 2019, 126, 96–108.
  49. Cho, H.; Hartsock, M.J.; Xu, Z.; He, M.; Duh, E.J. Monomethyl fumarate promotes Nrf2-dependent neuroprotection in retinal ischemia-reperfusion. J. Neuroinflamm. 2015, 12, 1–12.
  50. Fox, R.J.; Miller, D.H.; Phillips, J.T.; Hutchinson, M.; Havrdova, E.; Kita, M.; Yang, M.; Raghupathi, K.; Novas, M.; Sweetser, M.T.; et al. Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG-12 or Glatiramer in Multiple Sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 1087–1097.
  51. Gold, R.; Kappos, L.; Arnold, D.L.; Bar-Or, A.; Giovannoni, G.; Selmaj, K.; Tornatore, C.; Sweetser, M.T.; Yang, M.S.M.; Sheikh, S.I.; et al. Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of Oral BG-12 for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 1098–1107.
  52. Horton, M.; Rudick, R.A.; Hara-Cleaver, C.; Marrie, R.A. Validation of a Self-Report Comorbidity Questionnaire for Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 2010, 35, 83–90.
  53. Kappos, L.; Gold, R.; Miller, D.H.; MacManus, D.G.; Havrdova, E.; Limmroth, V.; Polman, C.H.; Schmierer, K.; Yousry, A.T.; Yang, M.; et al. Efficacy and safety of oral fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. Lancet 2008, 372, 1463–1472.
  54. Gold, R.; Arnold, D.L.; Bar-Or, A.; Hutchinson, M.; Kappos, L.; Havrdova, E.; MacManus, D.G.; Yousry, A.T.; Pozzilli, C.; Selmaj, K.; et al. Long-term effects of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis: Interim analysis of ENDORSE, a randomized extension study. Mult. Scler. J. 2016, 21, 253–265.
  55. Kappos, L.; Gold, R.; Miller, D.H.; MacManus, D.G.; Havrdova, E.; Limmroth, V.; Polman, C.H.; Schmierer, K.; Yousry, A.T.; Eraksoy, M.; et al. Effect of BG-12 on contrast-enhanced lesions in patients with relapsing– remitting multiple sclerosis: Subgroup analyses from the phase 2b study. Mult. Scler. J. 2011, 18, 314–321.
  56. Gold, R.; Giovannoni, G.; Phillips, J.T.; Fox, R.J.; Zhang, A.; Meltzer, L.; Kurukulasuriya, N.C. Efficacy and safety of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in patients newly diagnosed with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Mult. Scler. J. 2014, 21, 57–66.
  57. Kita, M.; Fox, R.J.; Phillips, J.T.; Hutchinson, M.; Havrdova, E.K.; Sarda, S.P.; Agarwal, S.; Kong, J.; Zhang, A.; Viglietta, V.; et al. Effects of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) on health-related quality of life in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: Findings from the CONFIRM study. Mult. Scler. J. 2013, 20, 253–257.
  58. Kappos, L.; Gold, R.; Arnold, D.L.; Bar-Or, A.; Giovannoni, G.; Selmaj, K.; Sarda, S.P.; Agarwal, S.; Zhang, A.; Sheikh, S.I.; et al. Quality of life outcomes with BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: The DEFINE study. Mult. Scler. J. 2014, 20, 243–252.
  59. Bar-Or, A.; Gold, R.; Kappos, L.; Arnold, D.L.; Giovannoni, G.; Selmaj, K.; O’Gorman, J.; Stephan, M.; Dawson, K.T. Clinical efficacy of BG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: Subgroup analyses of the DEFINE study. J. Neurol. 2013, 260, 2297–2305.
  60. Gold, R.; Arnold, D.L.; Bar-Or, A.; Fox, R.J.; Kappos, L.; Chen, C.; Parks, B.; Miller, C. Safety and efficacy of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 9 years’ follow-up of DEFINE, CONFIRM, and ENDORSE. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 2020, 13.
  61. Prosperini, L.; Pontecorvo, S. Dimethyl fumarate in the management of multiple sclerosis: Appropriate patient selection and special considerations. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2016, 12, 339–350.
  62. Wynn, D.; Lategan, T.W.; Sprague, T.N.; Rousseau, F.S.; Fox, E.J. Monomethyl fumarate has better gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared with dimethyl fumarate. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2020, 45, 102335.
  63. Wehr, A.; Hard, M.; Yu, M.; Leigh-Pemberton, R.; von Moltke, L. Relative Bioavailability of Monomethyl Fumarate after Administration of ALKS 8700 and Dimethyl Fumarate in Healthy Subjects. Neurology 2018, 90, P1.403.
  64. Schimrigk, S.; Brune, N.; Hellwig, K.; Lukas, C.; Bellenberg, B.; Rieks, M.; Hoffmann, V.; Pohlau, D.; Przuntek, H. Oral fumaric acid esters for the treatment of active multiple sclerosis: An open-label, baseline-controlled pilot study. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006, 11, 604–610.
  65. MacManus, D.G.; Miller, D.H.; Kappos, L.; Gold, R.; Havrdova, E.; Limmroth, V.; Polman, C.H.; Schmierer, K.; Yousry, T.A.; Eraksoy, M.; et al. BG-12 reduces evolution of new enhancing lesions to T1-hypointense lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 2011, 258, 449–456.
  66. Ryerson, L.Z.; Green, R.; Confident, G.; Pandey, K.; Richter, B.; Bacon, T.; Sammarco, C.; Laing, L.; Kalina, J.; Kister, I. Efficacy and tolerability of dimethyl fumarate in White-, African- and Hispanic- Americans with multiple sclerosis. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 2016, 9, 454–461.
  67. Hersh, C.M.; Love, T.E.; Cohn, S.; Hara-Cleaver, C.; Bermel, R.A.; Fox, R.J.; Cohen, J.A.; Ontaneda, D. Comparative efficacy and discontinuation of dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod in clinical practice at 12-month follow-up. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2016, 10, 44–52.
  68. Alroughani, R.; Ahmed, S.F.; Behbehani, R.; Al-Hashel, J. Effectiveness and Safety of Dimethyl Fumarate Treatment in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Real-World Evidence. Neurol. Ther. 2017, 6, 189–196.
  69. Vollmer, B.; Ontaneda, D.; Bandyopadhyay, A.; Cohn, S.; Nair, K.; Sillau, S.; Bermel, R.A.; Corboy, J.R.; Fox, R.J.; Vollmer, T.; et al. Discontinuation and comparative effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate and fingolimod in 2 centers. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2018, 8, 292–301.
  70. Laplaud, D.-A.; Casey, R.; Barbin, L.; Debouverie, M.; De Sèze, J.; Brassat, D.; Wiertlewski, S.; Brochet, B.; Pelletier, J.; Vermersch, P.; et al. Comparative effectiveness of teriflunomide vs dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019, 93, e635–e646.
  71. Lanzillo, R.; Moccia, M.; Palladino, R.; Signoriello, E.; Carotenuto, A.; Maniscalco, G.; Saccà, F.; Bonavita, S.; Russo, C.; Iodice, R.; et al. Clinical predictors of Dimethyl Fumarate response in multiple sclerosis: A real life multicentre study. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2020, 38, 101871.
  72. Gerardi, C.; Bertele’, V.; Rossi, S.; Garattini, S.; Banzi, R. Preapproval and postapproval evidence on drugs for multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2018, 90, 964–973.
  73. Fox, E.J.; Vasquez, A.; Grainger, W.; Ma, T.S.; Von Hehn, C.; Walsh, J.; Li, J.; Zambrano, J. Gastrointestinal Tolerability of Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate in a Multicenter, Open-Label Study of Patients with Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (MANAGE). Int. J. MS Care 2016, 18, 9–18.
  74. E Longbrake, E.; Naismith, R.T.; Parks, B.J.; Wu, G.F.; Cross, A.H. Dimethyl fumarate-associated lymphopenia: Risk factors and clinical significance. Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin. 2015, 1, 205521731559699.
  75. Berkovich, R.; Weiner, L.P. Effects of dimethyl fumarate on lymphocyte subsets. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2015, 4, 339–341.
  76. Van Oosten, B.W.; Killestein, J.; Barkhof, F.; Polman, C.H.; Wattjes, M.P. PML in a Patient Treated with Dimethyl Fumarate from a Compounding Pharmacy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 1658–1659.
  77. Nieuwkamp, D.J.; Cremers, C.H.; Frijlink, D.W.; Van Oosten, B.W.; Murk, J.-L.; Killestein, J.; Viveen, M.C.; Van Hecke, W.; Wattjes, M.P. PML in a Patient without Severe Lymphocytopenia Receiving Dimethyl Fumarate. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 372, 1474–1476.
  78. Sabin, J.; DMF Study Group; Urtiaga, S.; Pilo, B.; Thuissard, I.; Galan, V.; De La Maza, S.S.; Costa-Frossard, L.; Gómez-Moreno, M.; Díaz-Díaz, J.; et al. Tolerability and safety of dimethyl fumarate in relapsing multiple sclerosis: A prospective observational multicenter study in a real-life Spanish population. J. Neurol. 2020, 267, 2362–2371.
  79. A Muñoz, M.; Kulick, C.G.; Kortepeter, C.M.; Levin, R.L.; I Avigan, M. Liver injury associated with dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult. Scler. J. 2017, 23, 1947–1949.
  80. Gold, R.; Phillips, J.T.; Havrdova, E.; Bar-Or, A.; Kappos, L.; Kim, N.; Thullen, T.; Valencia, P.; Oliva, L.; Novas, M.; et al. Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate and Pregnancy: Preclinical Studies and Pregnancy Outcomes from Clinical Trials and Postmarketing Experience. Neurol. Ther. 2015, 4, 93–104.
  81. Everage, N.J.; Jones, C.C.; Hellwig, K.; Rog, D.; Liu, S.; Mou, J.; Prada, C.; Hanna, J. Pregnancy Outcomes from an International Registry of Patients Treated with Delayed-release Dimethyl Fumarate. Neurology 2019, 92, P4.2-095.
  82. Mallucci, G.; Annovazzi, P.; Miante, S.; Torri-Clerici, V.; Matta, M.; La Gioia, S.; Cavarretta, R.; Mantero, V.; Costantini, G.; D’Ambrosio, V.; et al. Two-year real-life efficacy, tolerability and safety of dimethyl fumarate in an Italian multicentre study. J. Neurol. 2018, 265, 1850–1859.
  83. Naismith, R.T.; The EVOLVE-MS-2 Study Group; Wundes, A.; Ziemssen, T.; Jasinska, E.; Freedman, M.S.; Lembo, A.J.; Selmaj, K.; Bidollari, I.; Chen, H.; et al. Diroximel Fumarate Demonstrates an Improved Gastrointestinal Tolerability Profile Compared with Dimethyl Fumarate in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Results from the Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III EVOLVE-MS-2 Study. CNS Drugs 2020, 34, 185–196.
More
Video Production Service