Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) |
11 (61) |
Glomerulonephritis, n (%) |
1 (6) |
NHL |
2 (11) |
Chronic hepatitis, n (%) |
4 (22) |
Cirrhosis, n (%) |
1 (6) |
Antiviral Agent, n, Median Duration (months) |
|
Entecavir |
11 (78) |
Tenofovir |
6 (67) |
Lamivudine |
1 (58) |
Other treatment, n, Median Duration (months) |
|
Peg-IFN alone |
3 (17) |
CS-associated NAs |
4 (22) |
PE-associated NAs |
4 (22) |
RTX-associated NAs |
2 (11) |
Virological Response, n (%) |
18 (100) |
Cryocrit %, median (range) |
1 (0–14) |
RF IU/mL, median (range) |
181 (10–5850) |
C4 mg/dl, median (range) |
7 (1–24) |
ALT IU/mL, median (range) |
16 (12–34) |
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Complete Response |
|
Purpura, n (%) |
14 (78) |
Arthralgia, n (%) |
8 (44) |
Skin Ulcers, n (%) |
2 (11) |
Sjögren’ssyndrome, n (%) |
2 (11) |
Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) |
6 (33) |
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis Partial Response |
|
Purpura, n (%) |
4 (22) |
Arthralgia, n (%) |
3 (17) |
Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) |
12 |
5 (28) |
Glomerulonephritis, n (%) |
1 (6) |
NHL |
2 (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
Before Treatment |
After Treatment |
Female/male |
¾ |
Cakir et al. 2006 | [ | 10/7 |
4/8 |
35] |
1 |
Lamivudine 100 mg/day = 76 w; Adefovir 10 mg/day = 108 w |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: Pos; RF:1110; C4:7; ALT: 125; |
Purpura, Fatigue, Arthralgia, Cirrhosis |
Cryocrit: Neg RF: normal ALT: normal |
CR: Purpura; Fatigue Arthralgias; |
Age/years, median (range) |
60 (49–65) |
56 (45–70) |
47(29–68) |
Kawakami et al. 2008 | [36] |
1 |
Entecavir 0.5 mg/day |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: Pos |
Purpura, Neuropathy, |
Cryocrit: Neg |
CR: purpura, Neuropathy |
Clinical Features |
|
Enomoto et al. 2008 | [ | |
|
37] |
1 |
Entecavir 0.5 mg/day = 20 w |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: Pos |
Purpura, Chronic hepatitis |
Ccryocrit: Neg ALT: normal |
CR: Purpura |
Purpura, n (%) |
3 (43) |
17 (100) |
7 (58) |
Conca et al. 2009 | [38] |
1 |
Lamivudine 100mg/day = 4 w; Lamivudine 50 mg/day = 232 w |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: 7; RF: 876; C4:0.4; ALT:247 |
Purpura, Cirrhosis |
Cryocrit: Neg ALT: normal |
CR: Purpura |
Arthralgias, n (%) |
0 |
D’Amico et al. 2013 | [ | 12 (71) |
3 (25) |
39] |
2 |
Tenofovir 245 mg/day = 200 w, (1); Entecavir 0.5 mg/day = 204 w, (1) |
|
100% |
Type III; Cryocrit: Pos; RF: Pos; C4:Pos |
Purpura, (2); Neuropathy, (2); Chronic hepatitis,(2); |
Cryocrit: Neg(2) RF: normal (2) C4: normal (2) ALT: normal (2) |
CR: Purpura, (2); NR: Neuropathy, (2) |
Raynaud’s phenomenon, n (%) |
0 |
Boglione et al. 2013 | 3 (14) |
[28] | 0 |
7 |
Telbivudine 600 mg/day = 48 w, (7) |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: 3.4; ALT: 79 |
Purpura, (3); neuropathy, (4); Skin ulcer, (2); Chronic hepatitis, (7) |
Cryocrit: 1% (0-2) ALT median: 33 (22–44) |
CR: Purpura,(3); Neuropathy, (2); | NR: Peripheral neuropathy, (2); Skin ulcer, (2) |
Sicca Syndrome, n (%) |
0 |
2 (9) |
0 |
Viganò et al. 2014 | [40] |
1 |
Entecavir 0.5 mg/72 h = 108 w |
|
100% |
Cryocrit: 3; RF: Pos; C4: 5; ALT: 178; creatinine: 3.4 mg/dl; proteinuria: 2.5 g/24 h |
Purpura, Fatigue, GN, Cirrhosis |
Cryocrit: Neg RF: normal C4: normal ALT: 13: Creatinine: 0.5 mg/dlproteinuria: 40 mg/day |
CR: Purpura; Fatigue; GN |
Skin Ulcers, n (%) |
2 (29) |
1 (6) |
0 |
Yamazaki et al. 2014 | [41] |
1 |
Entecavir 0.5 mg/day = 28 w |
CS+PE, |
100% |
Type II; Cryocrit: 2%; C4: 1; ALT: 4; creatinine: 4.0 mg/dl |
Purpura, Skin ulcer, GN |
Cryocrit: Neg |
CR: Purpura, skin ulcers; |
Peripheral neuropathy, n (%) |
4 (57) |
5 (29) |
2 (17) |
| NR: GN |
Terrier et al. 2015 | [22] |
3 |
Lamivudine 100 mg/day, (1); Entecavir 0.5 mg/day, (2); |
PE+CS+RTX, (1); PE+CYC+CS+RTX, (1) |
100%2 |
Type II; Cryocrit: pos; C4: 0.24 |
Purpura, (2); Arthralgia, (2); GN, (3); Chronic hepatitis, (3) |
Cryocrit: Neg (1) |
CR: Purpura, (2); Arthralgia, (2); GN, (3); |
Glomerulonephritis, n (%) |
0 |
3 (18) |
12 (100) |
Visentini et al. 2016 | [42] |
1 |
Tenofovir 245 mg/day = 52 w |
|
100% |
Type II; Cryocrit: pos; RF: pos; C4 low level |
Purpura, Chronic hepatitis |
Cryocrit: Neg RF: normal C4: low level |
CR: Purpura |
Gastrointestinal vasculitis, n (%) |
0 |
0 |
Mazzaro et al. 2016 | 2 (17) |
[29 |
Chronic hepatitis, n (%) |
NA |
8 (47) |
NA |
Cirrhosis, n (%) |
NA |
5 (29) |
NA |
Biochemical and Virological Features |
|
|
|
MC type II/type III |
NA |
15/2 |
3/9 |
Cryocrit %, median (range) |
3.4 (2.5–6) |
3 (1–14) |
NA |
Rheumatoid Factor IU/mL, median (range) |
NA |
119 (88–5850) |
694 (67–2730) |
C4 mg/dl, median (range) |
NA |
8.0 (4–31) |
6.0 |
ALT IU/mL, median (range) |
79 (68–105) |
71 (39–82) |
44 (10–102) |
Creatinine mg/dl, median (range) |
NA |
1.0 (0.7–1.2) |
2.8 (0.0–9.8) |
HBV-DNA positive, n (%) |
7 (100) |
17 (100) |
12 (100) |
HBsAg positive, n (%) |
7 (100) |
17 (100) |
10 (83) |