SARS-CoV-2 infection |
9 |
41.1 |
0.09 |
0.86 (0.81–0.91) |
0.86 (0.79–0.94) |
68/429 |
157/1272 |
Pawlowski et al., (2020) [24] | Pawlowski et al., (2020) [26 | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) |
8 (low) |
Study site, time, age, sex, and chronic condition |
] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
America |
959 |
15/441 |
16/518 |
- |
8 (low) |
- |
Ragni et al., (2020) [20] | Ragni et al., (2020) [22] |
de la Cruz Conty et al., (2021) | a | [17]Case-control study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Italy |
17,608 |
Hospitalization | Prospective cohort study |
- | b |
rt-PCR1676/5427 |
3209/12,181 |
0.89 (0.80–0.99) |
9 (low) |
Age, sex, Charlson index, and time of the swab test |
3 |
- |
- |
0.84 (0.77–0.91) |
7 (low) |
Age, sex, race, educational level, treatment facility, and comorbidities |
Ragni et al., (2020) [20] |
Intensive care |
2 |
68.2 |
0.08 |
0.93 (0.87–0.99) |
0.63 (0.22–1.81) |
Spain |
1150 |
7/438 |
15/712 |
- |
7 (low) |
- |
87.6 |
<0.01 |
0.84 (0.75–0.93) |
0.74 (0.51–1.06) |
Belingheri et al., (2020) [21] | Belingheri et al., (2020) [23] |
Cross-sectional study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Italy |
3520 |
28/817 |
100/2703 |
0.41 (0.07–2.39) |
Fink et al., (2020) [10] |
Retrospective cohort study |
- | b |
Clinical diagnosis | c |
Brazil |
53,7527 (low) |
-Age, sex, and an interaction term between age and the vaccination intake in 2019/3020 |
- |
0.93 (0.87–0.99) |
7 (low) |
Age, sex, race, educational level, treatment facility, and comorbidities |
Vila-Córcoles et al., (2020) |
Mortality |
3 |
82.5 |
<0.01 |
0.86 (0.81–0.93) |
0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
[22] | Vila-Córcoles et al., (2020) [24] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Spain |
1547 |
189/705 |
160/842 |
0.63 (0.43–0.92) | b |
8 (low) |
Age, sex, and comorbidities |
Yang et al., (2021) [30] | Yang et al., (2021) [32] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
America |
2005 |
3/214 |
133/1791 |
0.30 (0.07–0.85) |
8 (low) |
Age, sex race/ethnicity, hypertension, and comorbidities |
Pawlowski et al., (2021) [24] | Pawlowski et al., (2021) [26] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
America |
25,582 |
442/12,791 |
521/12,791 |
Hospitalization | - |
8 (low) |
- |
|
Jehi et al., (2020) [25] | Jehi et al., (2020) [27] |
Prospective cohort study |
- | c |
rt-PCR |
America |
11,672 |
384/6324 |
434/5348 |
- |
7 (low) |
- |
Pawlowski et al., (2020) [24] | Pawlowski et al., (2020) [26] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
America |
959 |
74/441 |
78/518 |
- |
8 (low) |
- |
Vila-Córcoles et al., (2020) | d [23] | [25] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
Yang et al., (2021) [30] | Yang et al., (2021) [32] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020rt-PCR |
Spain |
78,883 |
205/22,606 |
175/56,277 |
1.02 (0.79–1.32) | b |
7 (low) |
Age, sex, comorbidities, and medications use. |
rt-PCR |
America |
2005 |
43/214 |
747/1791 |
0.41 (0.28–0.60) |
8 (low) |
Age, sex race/ethnicity, hypertension, and comorbidities |
Martínez-Baz et al., (2020) | e | [16] |
Prospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Spain |
10,714 |
155/3677 |
248/7037 |
1.03 (0.83–1.27) |
7 (low) |
Age groups, sex, major chronic conditions, profession, and any ILI diagnosis in the previous five years |
Ragni et al., (2020) [20] | Ragni et al., (2020) [22] |
retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Italy |
17,608 |
- |
- |
0.84 (0.83–1.29) | d |
7 (low) |
Age, sex, Charlson index, and time of the swab test |
Noale et al., (2020) [26] | Noale et al., (2020) [28] |
Cross-sectional study |
Wilcox et al., (2021) | e | 2019–2020 |
[ | rt-PCR |
29] | [Italy |
316680 |
562/2246 |
1114/4434 |
0.89 (0.78–1.01) |
8 (low) |
Age, sex, education, area of residence, self-reported comorbidities, and smoking status |
] |
retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
England |
6921 |
1166/2613 |
1584/4308 |
0.85 (0.75–0.97) |
8 (low) |
Age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, smoking status, frailty score, comorbidities, and the number of prescribed medications |
Green et al., (2020) [27] | Green et al., (2020) [29] |
Cross-sectional study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Israel |
22,563 |
244/4711 |
1580/17,852 |
0.79 (0.67–0.98) |
9 (low) |
Age, ethnic, smoking status, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities |
Mortality |
|
Conlon et al., (2021) [28] | Conlon et al., (2021) [30] |
Retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
America |
27,201 |
525/12,997 |
Fink et al., (2020) [10] |
Retrospective cohort study |
- | b |
Clinical diagnosis | c |
Brazil | 693/14,204 |
53,752 |
Ragni et al., (2020) [22] |
retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
Italy |
17,608 |
- |
- |
1.14 (0.95–1.37) | d |
7 (low) |
Age, sex, Charlson index, and time of the swab test |
Wilcox et al., (2021) [29] | Wilcox et al., (2021) [31] |
retrospective cohort study |
2019–2020 |
rt-PCR |
England |
6921 |
372/2613 |
553/4308 |
0.76 (0.64–0.90) |
8 (low) |
Age, sex, BMI, socioeconomic status, smoking status, frailty score, comorbidities, and the number of prescribed medications |