Properties of Pistacia lentiscus L.: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Lily Guo and Version 1 by Egle Milia.

Pistacia lentiscus L. (PlL) is a wild-growing shrub rich in terpenoids and polyphenols, the oil and extracts of which have been widely used against inflammation and infections, and as wound healing agents.

  • essential oils
  • terpenoids
  • water extracts
  • ethanol extracts
  • natural antimi- crobials
  • natural anti-inflammatory
  • polyphenols
  • Mediterranean plants
  • pharmaceutical plants
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Thabit, A.K.; Crandon, J.L.; Nicolau, D.P. Antimicrobial resistance: Impact on clinical and economic outcomes and the need for new antimicrobials. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2015, 16, 159–177.
  2. Fiala, C.; Pasic, M.D. Aspirin: Bitter pill or miracle drug? Clin. Biochem. 2020, 85, 1–4.
  3. Zhu, W.; Wang, Z.; Sun, Y.; Yang, B.; Wang, Q.; Kuang, H. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Syringa: A comprehensive review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 266, 113465.
  4. El Omari, N.; Ezzahrae Guaouguaou, F.; El Menyiy, N.; Benali, T.; Aanniz, T.; Chamkhi, I.; Balahbib, A.; Taha, D.; Shariati, M.A.; Zengin, G.; et al. Phytochemical and biological activities of Pinus halepensis mill., and their ethnomedicinal use. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 268, 113661.
  5. Newman, D.J.; Cragg, G.M. Natural Products As Sources of New Drugs over the 30 Years from 1981 to 2010. J. Nat. Prod. 2012, 75, 311–335.
  6. De Cássia da Silveira e Sá, R.; Andrade, L.N.; de Sousa, D.P. A review on anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes. Molecules 2013, 18, 1227–1254.
  7. Gonçalves, E.C.D.; Baldasso, G.M.; Bicca, M.A.; Paes, R.S.; Capasso, R.; Dutra, R.C. Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant. Molecules 2020, 25, 1567.
  8. McNaught, A.D.; Wilkinson, A. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed.; Blackwell Science Publications: Oxford, UK, 1997.
  9. Russo, E.B. Cannabis Pharmacology: The Usual Suspects and a Few Promising Leads. Adv. Pharmacol. 2017, 80, 67–134.
  10. Kim, T.; Song, B.; Cho, K.S.; Lee, I.-S. Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2187.
  11. Basu, A.; Masek, E.; Ebersole, J.L. Dietary Polyphenols and Periodontitis-A Mini-Review of Literature. Molecules 2018, 23, 1786.
  12. Quartu, M.; Serra, M.P.; Boi, M.; Pillolla, G.; Melis, T.; Poddighe, L.; Del Fiacco, M.; Falconieri, D.; Carta, G.; Murru, E.; et al. Effect of acute administration of Pistacia lentiscus L. essential oil on rat cerebral cortex following transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Lipids Health Dis. 2012, 11, 8.
  13. Pachi, V.K.; Mikropoulou, E.V.; Gkiouvetidis, P.; Siafakas, K.; Argyropoulou, A.; Angelis, A.; Mitakou, S.; Halabalaki, M. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Chios mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia, Anacardiaceae): A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 254, 112485.
  14. Papada, E.; Kaliora, A.C. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mastiha: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 208.
  15. Piccolella, S.; Nocera, P.; Carillo, P.; Woodrow, P.; Greco, V.; Manti, L.; Fiorentino, A.; Pacifico, S. An Apolar Pistacia Lentiscus L. Leaf Extract: GC-MS Metabolic Profiling and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Inducing Effects on SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)C Cell Lines. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016, 95, 64–74.
  16. Zohary, M. A Mono-Graphical Study of the Genus Pistacia. Palest. J. Bot. Jerus. Ser. 1952, 5, 187–228.
  17. Rauf, A.; Patel, S.; Uddin, G.; Siddiqui, B.S.; Ahmad, B.; Muhammad, N.; Mabkhot, Y.N.; Hadda, T.B. Phytochemical, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological profile of genus Pistacia. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 86, 393–404.
  18. Treitler, J.T.; Drissen, T.; Stadtmann, R.; Zerbe, S.; Mantilla-Contreras, J. Complementing endozoochorous seed dispersal patterns by donkeys and goats in a semi-natural island ecosystem. BMC Ecol. 2017, 17, 42.
  19. Barra, A.; Coroneo, V.; Dessi, S.; Cabras, P.; Angioni, A. Characterization of the volatile constituents in the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from different origins and its antifungal and antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 7093–7098.
  20. Rostas, M.; Maag, D.; Ikegami, M.; Inbar, M. Gall volatiles defend aphids against a browsing mammal. BMC Evol. Biol. 2013, 13, 193.
  21. Inbar, M.; Wink, M.; Wool, D. The evolution of host plant manipulation by insects: Molecular and ecological evidence from gall-forming aphids on Pistacia. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 32, 504–511.
  22. Rand, K.; Bar, E.; Ben-Ari, M.; Lewinsohn, E.; Inbar, M. The mono—and sesquiterpene content of aphid-induced galls on Pistacia palaestina is not a simple reflection of their composition in intact leaves. J. Chem. Ecol. 2014, 40, 632–642.
  23. Elgubbi, H.; Alfageih, L.; Zorab, A.; Elmeheshi, F. Pistacia lentiscus tree and its role in riddance of some environmental polluters. EC Nutr. 2017, 10, 8–14.
  24. Cabiddu, A.; Delgadillo-Puga, C.; Decandia, M.; Molle, A.G. Extensive ruminant production systems and milk quality with emphasis on unsaturated fatty acids, volatile compounds, antioxidant protection degree and phenol content. Animals 2019, 9, 771.
  25. Ballero, M.; Poli, F.; Sacchetti, G.; Loi, M.C. Ethnobotanical research in the territory of Fluminimaggiore (south-western Sardinia). Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 788–801.
  26. Palmese, M.T.; Uncini Manganelli, R.E.; Tomei, P.E. An ethno-pharmacobotanical survey in the Sarrabus district (south-east Sardinia). Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 619–643.
  27. Leporatti, M.L.; Ghedira, K. Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2009, 5, 31.
  28. Leonti, M.; Staub, P.O.; Cabras, S.; Castellanos, M.E.; Casu, L. From cumulative cultural transmission to evidence-based medicine: Evolution of medicinal plant knowledge in Southern Italy. Front. Pharmacol. 2015, 6, 207.
  29. Maxia, A.; Lancioni, M.C.; Balia, A.N.; Alborghetti, R.; Pieroni, A.; Loi, M.C. Medical ethnobotany of the Tabarkins, a Northern Italian (Ligurian) minority in south-western Sardinia. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2008, 55, 911–924.
  30. Di Rosa, A. Erbe e Piante Medicinali in Sardegna, 3rd ed.; Carlo Delfino Ed.: Sassari, Italy, 2018.
  31. Loi, M.C.; Frajus, L.; Maxia, A. Le piante utilizzate nella medicina popolare nel territorio Di Gesturi (Sardegna Centro-Meridionale). Atti. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Flat. Mem. 2002, 109, 167–176.
  32. Scherrer, A.M.; Motti, R.; Weckerle, C.S. Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park (Campania, Southern Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 97, 129–143.
  33. Benitez, G.; Gonzalez-Tejero, M.R.; Molero-Mesa, J. Knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine in the Province of Granada, Andalusia, Spain. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 429–439.
  34. Gras, A.; Serrasolses, G.; Valles, J.; Garnatje, T. Traditional knowledge in semi-rural close to industrial areas: Ethnobotanical studies in western Girones (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2019, 15, 19.
  35. Trabelsi, H.; Cherif, O.A.; Sakouhi, F.; Villeneuve, P.; Renaud, J.; Barouh, N.; Boukhchina, S.; Mayer, P. Total lipid content, fatty acids and 4-desmethylsterols accumulation in developing fruit of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Tunisia. Food Chem. 2012, 131, 434–440.
  36. Saiah, H.; Allem, R.; Kebir, F.Z.R. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of six Algerian medicinal plants. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 8, 367–374.
  37. Jamila, F.; Mostafa, E. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 154, 76–87.
  38. Janakat, S.; Al-Merie, H. Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Pistacia lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia and Nicotiana glauca. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 83, 135–138.
  39. Lev, E.; Amar, Z. Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional drugs sold in the Kingdom of Jordan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 82, 131–145.
  40. Lev, E. Ethno-diversity within current ethno-pharmacology as part of Israeli traditional medicine—A review. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2006, 2, 4.
  41. Rahimi, R.; Mozaffari, S.; Abdollahi, M. On the use of herbal medicines in management of inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Dig. Sci. 2009, 54, 471–480.
  42. Farzaei, M.H.; Shams-Ardekani, M.R.; Abbasabadi, Z.; Rahimi, R. Scientific evaluation of edible fruits and spices used for the treatment of peptic ulcer in traditional Iranian medicine. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2013, 2013, 136932.
  43. Giner-Larza, E.M.; Manez, S.; Recio, M.C.; Giner, R.M.; Prieto, J.M.; Cerda-Nicolas, M.; Rios, J.L. Oleanonic acid, a 3-oxotriterpene from Pistacia, inhibits leukotriene synthesis and has anti-inflammatory activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 428, 137–143.
  44. Missoun, F.; Bouabedelli, F.; Benhamimed, E.; Baghdad, A.; Djebli, N. Phytochemical study and antibacterial activity of different extracts of Pistacia lentiscus L collected from Dahra Region West of Algeria. J. Fundam. Appl. Sci. 2017, 9, 669–684.
  45. Piluzza, G.; Virdis, S.; Serralutzu, F.; Bullitta, S. Uses of plants, animal and mineral substances in Mediterranean ethno-veterinary practices for the care of small ruminants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 168, 87–99.
  46. Tassou, C.C.; Chorianopoulos, N.G.; Skandamis, P.N.; Nychas, G.J.E. Herbs, spices and their active components as natural antimicrobials in foods. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices; Peter, K.V., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, 2012; Volume 2, pp. 17–50.
  47. Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana; Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato: Roma, Italy, 2008.
  48. Boelens, M.H.; Jimenez, R. Chemical composition of the essential oils from the gum and from various parts of Pistacia lentiscus l. (mastic gum tree). Flavour Fragr. J. 1991, 6, 271–275.
  49. De Pooter, H.L.; Schamp, N.M.; Aboutabl, E.A.; Tohamy, S.F.; Doss, S.L. Essential oils from the leaves of three Pistacia species grown in Egypt. Flavour Fragr. J. 1991, 6, 229–232.
  50. Magiatis, P.; Melliou, E.; Skaltsounis, A.L.; Chinou, I.B.; Mitaku, S. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. Planta Med. 1999, 65, 749–752.
  51. Duru, M.E.; Cakir, A.; Kordali, S.; Zengin, H.; Harmandar, M.; Izumi, S.; Hirata, T. Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species. Fitoterapia 2003, 74, 170–176.
  52. Zrira, S.; Elamrani, A.; Benjilali, B. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Morocco—A seasonal variation. Flavour Fragr. J. 2003, 18, 475–480.
  53. Ben Douissa, F.; Hayder, N.; Chekir-Ghedira, L.; Hammami, M.; Ghedira, K.; Mariotte, A.M.; Dijoux-Franca, M.G. New study of the essential oil from leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) from Tunisia. Flavour Fragr. J. 2005, 20, 410–414.
  54. Dob, T.; Dahmane, D.; Chelghoum, C. Chemical composition of the essential oils of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2006, 18, 335–338.
  55. Gardeli, C.; Vassiliki, P.; Athanasios, M.; Kibouris, T.; Komaitis, M. Essential Oil Composition of Pistacia Lentiscus L. and Myrtus Communis L.: Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity of Methanolic Extracts. Food Chem. 2008, 107, 1120–1130.
  56. Said, S.A.; Fernandez, C.; Greff, S.; Torre, F.; Derridj, A.; Gauquelin, T.; Mevy, J.P. Inter-Population Variability of Terpenoid Composition in Leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Algeria: A Chemoecological Approach. Molecules 2011, 16, 2646–2657.
  57. Aouinti, F.; Imelouane, B.; Tahri, M.; Wathelet, J.P.; Amhamdi, H.; Elbachiri, A. New study of the essential oil, mineral composition and antibacterial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Eastern Morocco. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2014, 40, 2873–2886.
  58. Bampouli, A.; Kyriakopoulou, K.; Papaefstathiou, G.; Louli, V.; Krokida, M.; Magoulas, K. Comparison of different extraction methods of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia leaves: Yield, antioxidant activity and essential oil chemical composition. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2014, 1, 81–91.
  59. Mezni, F.; Aouadhi, C.; Khouja, M.L.; Khaldi, A.; Maaroufi, A. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. edible oil and phenolic extract. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015, 29, 565–570.
  60. Aissi, O.; Boussaid, M.; Messaoud, C. Essential oil composition in natural populations of Pistacia lentiscus L. from Tunisia: Effect of ecological factors and incidence on antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2016, 91, 56–65.
  61. Ben Khedir, S.; Mzid, M.; Bardaa, S.; Moalla, D.; Sahnoun, Z.; Rebai, T. In vivo evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil and its effects on oxidative stress. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 2016, 6108203.
  62. Buriani, A.; Fortinguerra, S.; Sorrenti, V.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Innocenti, G.; Montopoli, M.; Gabbia, D.; Carrara, M. Human Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Sensitivity to Essential Oil Phytocomplexes from Pistacia Species: A Multivariate Approach. Molecules 2017, 22, 1336.
  63. Marengo, A.; Piras, A.; Falconieri, D.; Porcedda, S.; Caboni, P.; Cortis, P.; Foddis, C.; Loi, C.; Goncalves, M.J.; Salgueiro, L.; et al. Chemical and biomolecular analyses to discriminate three taxa of Pistacia genus from Sardinia Island (Italy) and their antifungal activity. Nat. Prod. Res. 2018, 32, 2766–2774.
  64. Ammari, M.; Othman, H.; Hajri, A.; Sakly, M.; Abdelmelek, H. Pistacia lentiscus oil attenuates memory dysfunction and decreases levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Brain Res. Bull. 2018, 140, 140–147.
  65. Yosr, Z.; Imen, B.H.Y.; Rym, J.; Chokri, M.; Mohamed, B. Sex-related differences in essential oil composition, phenol contents and antioxidant activity of aerial parts in Pistacia lentiscus L. during seasons. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 121, 151–159.
  66. Bouyahya, A.; Assemian, I.C.C.; Mouzount, H.; Bourais, I.; Et-Touys, A.; Fellah, H.; Benjouad, A.; Dakka, N.; Bakri, Y. Could volatile compounds from leaves and fruits of Pistacia lentiscus constitute a novel source of anticancer, antioxidant, antiparasitic and antibacterial drugs? Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 128, 62–69.
  67. Milia, E.; Usai, M.; Szotakova, B.; Elstnerova, M.; Kralova, V.; D’Hallewin, G.; Spissu, Y.; Barberis, A.; Marchetti, M.; Bortone, A.; et al. The Pharmaceutical Ability of Pistacia Lentiscus L. Leaves Essential Oil Against Periodontal Bacteria and Candida Sp. and Its Anti-Inflammatory Potential. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 281.
  68. Romani, A.; Pinelli, P.; Galardi, C.; Mulinacci, N.; Tattini, M. Identification and quantification of galloyl derivatives, flavonoid glycosides and anthocyanins in leaves of Pistacia lentiscus L. Phytochem. Anal. 2002, 13, 79–86.
  69. Longo, L.; Scardino, A.; Vasapollo, G. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in the berries of Pistacia lentiscus L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Rubia peregrina L. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2007, 8, 360–364.
  70. Rodriguez-Perez, C.; Quirantes-Pine, R.; Amessis-Ouchemoukh, N.; Madani, K.; Segura-Carretero, A.; Fernandez-Gutierrez, A. A metabolite-profiling approach allows the identification of new compounds from Pistacia lentiscus leaves. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2013, 77, 167–174.
  71. Pacifico, S.; Piccolella, S.; Marciano, S.; Galasso, S.; Nocera, P.; Piscopo, V.; Fiorentino, A.; Monaco, P. LC-MS/MS Profiling of a Mastic Leaf Phenol Enriched Extract and Its Effects on H2O2 and A beta(25-35) Oxidative Injury in SK-B-NE(C)-2 Cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 11957–11966.
  72. Mezni, F.; Slama, A.; Ksouri, R.; Hamdaoui, G.; Khouja, M.L.; Khaldi, A. Phenolic profile and effect of growing area on Pistacia lentiscus seed oil. Food Chem. 2018, 257, 206–210.
  73. Gori, A.; Nascimento, L.B.; Ferrini, F.; Centritto, M.; Brunetti, C. Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Leaf Phenolics of Three Medicinal Mediterranean Wild Species: What Is the Best Harvesting Moment to Obtain the Richest and the Most Antioxidant Extracts? Molecules 2020, 25, 956.
  74. El Bishbishy, M.H.; Gad, H.A.; Aborehab, N.M. Chemometric discrimination of three Pistacia species via their metabolic profiling and their possible in vitro effects on memory functions. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2020, 177, 112840.
  75. Franz, C.; Novak, J. Sources of essential oils. In Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications; Baser, K.H.C., Buchbauer, G., Eds.; CPR Press Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; pp. 39–82.
  76. Russo, E.B. Taming THC: Potential Cannabis Synergy and Phytocannabinoid-Terpenoid Entourage Effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 163, 1344–1364.
  77. Bozorgi, M.; Memariani, Z.; Mobli, M.; Salehi Surmaghi, M.H.; Shams-Ardekani, M.R.; Rahimi, R. Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): A Review of Their Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology. Sci. World J. 2013, 2013, 219815.
  78. Vogelman, T.C. Plant tissue optics. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1993, 44, 231–251.
  79. Orru, G.; Demontis, C.; Mameli, A.; Tuveri, E.; Coni, P.; Pichiri, G.; Coghe, F.; Rosa, A.; Rossi, P.; D’Hallewin, G. The Selective Interaction of Pistacia Lentiscus Oil vs. Human Streptococci, an Old Functional Food Revisited with New Tools. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 2067.
  80. Stagos, D. Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts. Antioxidants 2019, 9, 19.
  81. Zeng, Y.; Song, J.-X.; Shen, X.-C. Herbal remedies supply a novel prospect for the treatment of atherosclerosis: A review of current mechanism studies. Phytother. Res. PTR 2012, 26, 159–167.
  82. Jiang, F.; Chen, W.; Yi, K.J.; Wu, Z.Q.; Si, Y.L.; Han, W.D.; Zhao, Y.L. The evaluation of catechins that contain a galloyl moiety as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Clin. Immunol. 2010, 137, 347–356.
  83. Wang, B.; Yao, M.; Lv, L.; Ling, Z.; Li, L. The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease. Engineering 2017, 3, 71–82.
  84. Zhao, Y.L.; Jiang, F.; Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Yi, K.J. Catechins containing a galloyl moiety as potential anti-HIV-1 compounds. Drug Discov. Today 2012, 17, 630–635.
  85. Campbell, E.L.; Colgan, S.P. Control and dysregulation of redox signalling in the gastrointestinal tract. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 106–120.
  86. Benhammou, N.; Bekkara, F.A.; Panovska, T.K. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the Pistacia lentiscus and Pistacia atlantica extracts. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2008, 2, 22–28.
  87. Vamanu, E.; Gatea, F. Correlations between Microbiota Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Functional Compounds: A Mini-Review. Biomedicines 2020, 8, 39.
  88. Zhou, Y.; Zheng, J.; Li, Y.; Xu, D.P.; Li, S.; Chen, Y.M.; Li, H.B. Natural Polyphenols for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Nutrients 2016, 8, 515.
  89. González, R.; Ballester, I.; López-Posadas, R.; Suárez, M.D.; Zarzuelo, A.; Martínez-Augustin, O.; Sánchez de Medina, F. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011, 51, 331–362.
  90. Kim, H.P.; Son, K.H.; Chang, H.W.; Kang, S.S. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 96, 229–245.
  91. Comalada, M.; Ballester, I.; Bailón, E.; Sierra, S.; Xaus, J.; Gálvez, J.; de Medina, F.S.; Zarzuelo, A. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers in primary bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages by naturally occurring flavonoids: Analysis of the structure-activity relationship. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 72, 1010–1021.
  92. Malireddy, S.; Kotha, S.R.; Secor, J.D.; Gurney, T.O.; Abbott, J.L.; Maulik, G.; Maddipati, K.R.; Parinandi, N.L. Phytochemical Antioxidants Modulate Mammalian Cellular Epigenome: Implications in Health and Disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2012, 17, 327–339.
  93. Santangelo, C.; Varì, R.; Scazzocchio, B.; Di Benedetto, R.; Filesi, C.; Masella, R. Polyphenols, intracellular signalling and inflammation. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 2007, 43, 394–405.
  94. Atmani, D.; Chaher, N.; Berboucha, M.; Ayouni, K.; Lounis, H.; Boudaoud, H.; Debbache, N.; Atmani, D. Antioxidant capacity and phenol content of selected Algerian medicinal plants. Food Chem. 2009, 112, 303–309.
  95. Bullitta, S.; Piluzza, G.; Manunta, M.D.I. Cell-based and chemical assays of the ability to modulate the production of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species of eleven Mediterranean plant species related to ethnobotanic traditions. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2013, 60, 403–412.
  96. Remila, S.; Atmani-Kilani, D.; Delemasure, S.; Connat, J.L.; Azib, L.; Richard, T.; Atmani, D. Antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Pistacia lentiscus (Anacardiaceae) leaf and fruit extracts. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2015, 7, 274–286.
  97. Dellai, A.; Souissi, H.; Borgi, W.; Bouraoui, A.; Chouchane, N. Antiinflammatory and antiulcerogenic activities of Pistacia lentiscus L. leaves extracts. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2013, 49, 879–882.
  98. Schieber, M.; Chandel, N.S. ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24, R453–R462.
  99. Iauk, L.; Ragusa, S.; Rapisarda, A.; Franco, S.; Nicolosi, V.M. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. extracts: Preliminary report. J. Chemother. 1996, 8, 207–209.
  100. Mandrone, M.; Bonvicini, F.; Lianza, M.; Sanna, C.; Maxia, A.; Gentilomi, G.A.; Poli, F. Sardinian plants with antimicrobial potential. Biological screening with multivariate data treatment of thirty-six extracts. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 137, 557–565.
  101. Turchetti, B.; Pinelli, P.; Buzzini, P.; Romani, A.; Heimler, D.; Franconi, F.; Martini, A. In vitro antimycotic activity of some plant extracts towards yeast and yeast-like strains. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19, 44–49.
  102. García-Martínez, O.; De Luna-Bertos, E.; Ramos-Torrecillas, J.; Ruiz, C.; Milia, E.; Lorenzo, M.L.; Jimenez, B.; Sánchez-Ortiz, A.; Rivas, A. Phenolic Compounds in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Stimulate Human Osteoblastic Cell Proliferation. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0150045.
  103. Chirumbolo, S.; Bjørklund, G. Sulforaphane and 5-fluorouracil synergistically inducing autophagy in breast cancer: A possible role for the Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling? Food Chem. Toxicol. 2018, 112, 414–415.
  104. Zhou, Y.; Jiang, Z.; Lu, H.; Xu, Z.; Tong, R.; Shi, J.; Jia, G. Recent Advances of Natural Polyphenols Activators for Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Chem. Biodivers. 2019, 16, e1900400.
  105. Baratto, M.C.; Tattini, M.; Galardi, C.; Pinelli, P.; Romani, A.; Visioli, F.; Basosi, R.; Pogni, R. Antioxidant activity of galloyl quinic derivatives isolated from P-lentiscus leaves. Free. Radic. Res. 2003, 37, 405–412.
  106. Catalani, S.; Palma, F.; Battistelli, S.; Benedetti, S. Oxidative stress and apoptosis induction in human thyroid carcinoma cells exposed to the essential oil from Pistacia lentiscus aerial parts. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172138.
  107. Cappadone, C.; Mandrone, M.; Chiocchio, I.; Sanna, C.; Malucelli, E.; Bassi, V.; Picone, G.; Poli, F. Antitumor Potential and Phytochemical Profile of Plants from Sardinia (Italy), a Hotspot for Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Plants 2020, 9, 26.
  108. Janssen-Heininger, Y.M.W.; Poynter, M.E.; Baeuerle, P.A. Recent advances towards understanding redox mechanisms in the activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000, 28, 1317–1327.
  109. Quartu, M.; Poddighe, L.; Melis, T.; Serra, M.P.; Boi, M.; Lisai, S.; Carta, G.; Murru, E.; Muredda, L.; Collu, M.; et al. Involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the physiological response to transient common carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion. Lipids Health Dis. 2017, 16, 14.
  110. Krishna, G.; Gopalakrishnan, G. Chapter 27—Alternative in Vitro Models for Safety and Toxicity Evaluation of Nutraceuticals. In Nutraceuticals; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press: Boston, MA, USA, 2016; pp. 355–385. ISBN 978-0-12-802147-7.
  111. Yang, C.S.; Landau, J.M.; Huang, M.T.; Newmark, H.L. Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Dietary Polyphenolic Compounds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 2001, 21, 381–406.
  112. Carrol, D.H.; Chassagne, F.; Dettweiler, M.; Quave, C.L. Antibacterial Activity of Plant Species Used for Oral Health against Porphyromonas Gingivalis. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0239316.
  113. Tariq, S.; Wani, S.; Rasool, W.; Shafi, K.; Bhat, M.A.; Prabhakar, A.; Shalla, A.H.; Rather, M.A. A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens. Microb. Pathog. 2019, 134, 103580.
  114. Djenane, D.; Yanguela, J.; Montanes, L.; Djerbal, M.; Roncales, P. Antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus and Satureja montana essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes CECT 935 using laboratory media: Efficacy and synergistic potential in minced beef. Food Control. 2011, 22, 1046–1053.
  115. Liu, X.N.; Wang, D.; Yu, C.X.; Li, T.; Liu, J.Q.; Sun, S.J. Potential Antifungal Targets against a Candida Biofilm Based on an Enzyme in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade-A Review. Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7, 1925.
More
Video Production Service