Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Bruce Ren and Version 1 by Stefano Caramori.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) emerged in the early 1990s as a promising alternative to the classic silicon-based solar cell due to their unique combination of low cost, ease of fabrication, color palette for building integration, and high efficiency in indoor applications.
dye-sensitized solar cells
PEDOT
alternative redox mediators
cobalt complexes
copper complexes
Please wait, diff process is still running!
References
Hagfeldt, A.; Boschloo, G.; Sun, L.; Kloo, L.; Pettersson, H. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6595–6663.
Ye, M.; Wen, X.; Wang, M.; Iocozzia, J.; Zhang, N.; Lin, C.; Lin, Z. Recent advances in dye-sensitized solar cells: From photoanodes, sensitizers and electrolytes to counter electrodes. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 155–162.
Wu, J.; Lan, Z.; Lin, J.; Huang, M.; Huang, Y.; Fan, L.; Luo, G. Counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 5975–6023.
Smestad, G.; Bignozzi, C.; Argazzi, R. Testing of dye sensitized TiO2 solar cells I: Experimental photocurrent output and conversion efficiencies. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1994, 33, 253.
Bay, L.; West, K.; Winther-Jensen, B.; Jacobsen, T. Electrochemical reaction rates in a dye-sensitised solar cell—The iodide/tri-iodide redox system. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006, 90, 341–351.
Ciceroni, C.; Agresti, A.; Di Carlo, A.; Brunetti, F. Graphene Oxide for DSSC, OPV and Perovskite Stability; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; ISBN 9780128111659.
Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y. Polymer solar cells. Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 153–161.
Ameri, T.; Khoram, P.; Min, J.; Brabec, C.J. Organic ternary solar cells: A review. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 4245–4266.
NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. Available online: (accessed on 10 April 2021).
De Bastiani, M.; Dell’Erba, G.; Gandini, M.; D’Innocenzo, V.; Neutzner, S.; Kandada, A.R.S.; Grancini, G.; Binda, M.; Prato, M.; Ball, J.M.; et al. Ion migration and the role of preconditioning cycles in the stabilization of the J-V characteristics of inverted hybrid perovskite solar cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1–9.
Bryant, D.; Aristidou, N.; Pont, S.; Sanchez-Molina, I.; Chotchunangatchaval, T.; Wheeler, S.; Durrant, J.R.; Haque, S.A. Light and oxygen induced degradation limits the operational stability of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1655–1660.
Conings, B.; Drijkoningen, J.; Gauquelin, N.; Babayigit, A.; D’Haen, J.; D’Olieslaeger, L.; Ethirajan, A.; Verbeeck, J.; Manca, J.; Mosconi, E.; et al. Intrinsic Thermal Instability of Methylammonium Lead Trihalide Perovskite. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1–8.
Olsen, E.; Hagen, G.; Eric Lindquist, S. Dissolution of platinum in methoxy propionitrile containing LiI/I2. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000, 63, 267–273.
Thomas, J.P.; Zhao, L.; McGillivray, D.; Leung, K.T. High-efficiency hybrid solar cells by nanostructural modification in PEDOT:PSS with co-solvent addition. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2383–2389.
Yu, J.C.; Hong, J.A.; Jung, E.D.; Kim, D.B.; Baek, S.M.; Lee, S.; Cho, S.; Park, S.S.; Choi, K.J.; Song, M.H. Highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cell employing PEDOT:GO composite layer as a hole transport layer. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 3–11.
Liu, J.; Pathak, S.; Stergiopoulos, T.; Leijtens, T.; Wojciechowski, K.; Schumann, S.; Kausch-Busies, N.; Snaith, H.J. Employing PEDOT as the p-type charge collection layer in regular organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 1666–1673.
Carli, S.; Busatto, E.; Caramori, S.; Boaretto, R.; Argazzi, R.; Timpson, C.J.; Bignozzi, C.A. Comparative evaluation of catalytic counter electrodes for Co(III)/(II) electron shuttles in regenerative photoelectrochemical cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 5142–5153.
Park, B.W.; Pazoki, M.; Aitola, K.; Jeong, S.; Johansson, E.M.J.; Hagfeldt, A.; Boschloo, G. Understanding interfacial charge transfer between metallic PEDOT counter electrodes and a cobalt redox shuttle in dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 2074–2079.
Kavan, L.; Saygili, Y.; Freitag, M.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Electrochemical Properties of Cu(II/I)-Based Redox Mediators for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 227, 194–202.
Stojanović, M.; Flores-Diaz, N.; Ren, Y.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Pfeifer, L.; Shen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Milić, J.V.; Hagfeldt, A. The Rise of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: From Molecular Photovoltaics to Emerging Solid-State Photovoltaic Technologies. Helv. Chim. Acta 2021, 104, e2000230.
Yun, S.; Hagfeldt, A.; Ma, T. Pt-free counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6210–6237.
Gunasekera, S.S.B.; Perera, I.R.; Gunathilaka, S.S. Conducting Polymers as Cost Effective Counter Electrode Material in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. In Solar Energy. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability; Tyagi, H., Chakraborty, P., Powar, S., Agarwal, A., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 345–371. ISBN 9789811506758.
Saranya, K.; Rameez, M.; Subramania, A. Developments in conducting polymer based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells—An overview. Eur. Polym. J. 2015, 66, 207–227.
Friedrich, J.; Kirchmeyer, S.; Gerhard, H.; Werner, S.; Jurgen, H.; Michael, D. Polythiophenes, Process for Their Preparation and Their Use. Patent US4987042A, 22 April 1988.
Yohannes, T.; Inganäs, O. Photoelectrochemical studies of the junction between poly[3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene] and a redox polymer electrolyte. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1998, 51, 193–202.
Sotzing, G.A.; Reynolds, J.R.; Steel, P.J. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) prepared via electrochemical polymerization of EDOT, 2,2′-Bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BiEDOT), and their TMS derivatives. Adv. Mater. 1997, 9, 795–798.
Elschner, A.; Kirchmeyer, S.; Lövenich, W.; Merker, U.; Reuter, K. PEDOT: Principles and Applications of an Intrinsically Conductive Polyme; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; ISBN 9781420069129.
Zozoulenko, I.; Singh, A.; Singh, S.K.; Gueskine, V.; Crispin, X.; Berggren, M. Polarons, Bipolarons, And Absorption Spectroscopy of PEDOT. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2019, 1, 83–94.
Kirchmeyer, S.; Reuter, K. Scientific importance, properties and growing applications of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). J. Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 2077–2088.
Zotti, G.; Zecchin, S.; Schiavon, G.; Louwet, F.; Groenendaal, L.; Crispin, X.; Osikowicz, W.; Salaneck, W.; Fahlman, M. Electrochemical and XPS studies toward the role of monomeric and polymeric sulfonate counterions in the synthesis, composition, and properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). Macromolecules 2003, 36, 3337–3344.
Greczynski, G.; Kugler, T.; Salaneck, W.R. Characterization of the PEDOT-PSS system by means of X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films 1999, 354, 129–135.
Tang, H.; Zhu, L.; Harima, Y.; Yamashita, K. Chronocoulometric determination of doping levels of polythiophenes: Influences of overoxidation and capacitive processes. Synth. Met. 2000, 110, 105–113.
Li, G.; Pickup, P.G. Ion transport in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene-4- sulfonate) composites. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000, 2, 1255–1260.
Groenendaal, B.L.; Jonas, F.; Freitag, D.; Pielartzik, H.; Reynolds, J.R. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future. Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 481–494.
Carli, S.; Di Lauro, M.; Bianchi, M.; Murgia, M.; De Salvo, A.; Prato, M.; Fadiga, L.; Biscarini, F. Water-Based PEDOT:Nafion Dispersion for Organic Bioelectronics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 29807–29817.
Gueye, M.N.; Carella, A.; Faure-Vincent, J.; Demadrille, R.; Simonato, J.-P. Progress in understanding structure and transport properties of PEDOT-based materials: A critical review. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2020, 108, 100616.
Xia, J.; Masaki, N.; Jiang, K.; Yanagida, S. The influence of doping ions on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as a counter electrode of a dye-sensitized solar cell. J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 2845–2850.
Saito, Y.; Kubo, W.; Kitamura, T.; Wada, Y.; Yanagida, S. I-/I3- redox reaction behavior on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2004, 164, 153–157.
Saito, Y.; Kitamura, T.; Wada, Y.; Yanagida, S. Application of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Lett. 2002, 31, 1060–1061.
Ouyang, J.; Xu, Q.; Chu, C.W.; Yang, Y.; Li, G.; Shinar, J. On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment. Polymer 2004, 45, 8443–8450.
Shi, H.; Liu, C.; Jiang, Q.; Xu, J. Effective Approaches to Improve the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS: A Review. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2015, 1, 1–16.
Chen, J.G.; Wei, H.Y.; Ho, K.C. Using modified poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): Poly(styrene sulfonate) film as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2007, 91, 1472–1477.
Yue, G.T.; Wu, J.H.; Xiao, Y.M.; Lin, J.M.; Huang, M.L.; Fan, L.Q.; Yao, Y. A dye-sensitized solar cell based on PEDOT: PSS counter electrode. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2013, 58, 559–566.
Ahmad, S.; Yum, J.H.; Zhang, X.; Grätzel, M.; Butt, H.J.; Nazeeruddin, M.K. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) counter electrode derived from ionic liquids. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 1654–1658.
Zhang, J.; Long, H.; Miralles, S.G.; Bisquert, J.; Fabregat-Santiago, F.; Zhang, M. The combination of a polymer-carbon composite electrode with a high-absorptivity ruthenium dye achieves an efficient dye-sensitized solar cell based on a thiolate-disulfide redox couple. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 7131–7136.
Kouhnavard, M.; Yifan, D.; D’Arcy, J.M.; Mishra, R.; Biswas, P. Highly conductive PEDOT films with enhanced catalytic activity for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol. Energy 2020, 211, 258–264.
Nusbaumer, H.; Moser, J.E.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M. CoII(dbbip)22+ complex rivals tri-iodide/iodide redox mediator in dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 10461–10464.
Cazzanti, S.; Caramori, S.; Argazzi, R.; Elliott, C.M.; Bignozzi, C.A. Efficient non-corrosive electron-transfer mediator mixtures for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9996–9997.
Nusbaumer, H.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Moser, J.E.; Grätzel, M. An alternative efficient redox couple for the dye-sensitized solar cell system. Chem. A Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3756–3763.
Feldt, S.M.; Gibson, E.A.; Gabrielsson, E.; Sun, L.; Boschloo, G.; Hagfeldt, A. Design of organic dyes and cobalt polypyridine redox mediators for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16714–16724.
Miettunen, K.; Saukkonen, T.; Li, X.; Law, C.; Sheng, Y.K.; Halme, J.; Tiihonen, A.; Barnes, P.R.F.; Ghaddar, T.; Asghar, I.; et al. Do Counter Electrodes on Metal Substrates Work with Cobalt Complex Based Electrolyte in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells? J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, H132–H137.
Sapp, S.A.; Elliott, C.M.; Contado, C.; Caramori, S.; Bignozzi, C.A. Substituted polypyridine complexes of cobalt(II/III) as efficient electron-transfer mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 11215–11222.
Tsao, H.N.; Burschka, J.; Yi, C.; Kessler, F.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M. Influence of the interfacial charge-transfer resistance at the counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells employing cobalt redox shuttles. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 4921–4924.
Ellis, H.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Häggman, L.; Perruchot, C.; Jouini, M.; Boschloo, G.; Hagfeldt, A. PEDOT counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells prepared by aqueous micellar electrodeposition. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 107, 45–51.
Mosconi, E.; Yum, J.H.; Kessler, F.; Gómez García, C.J.; Zuccaccia, C.; Cinti, A.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Grätzel, M.; De Angelis, F. Cobalt electrolyte/dye interactions in dye-sensitized solar cells: A combined computational and experimental study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 19438–19453.
Saygili, Y.; Söderberg, M.; Pellet, N.; Giordano, F.; Cao, Y.; Munoz-García, A.B.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Pavone, M.; Boschloo, G.; et al. Copper Bipyridyl Redox Mediators for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Photovoltage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 15087–15096.
Freitag, M.; Giordano, F.; Yang, W.; Pazoki, M.; Hao, Y.; Zietz, B.; Grätzel, M.; Hagfeldt, A.; Boschloo, G. Copper phenanthroline as a fast and high-performance redox mediator for dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 9595–9603.
Colombo, A.; Dragonetti, C.; Magni, M.; Roberto, D.; Demartin, F.; Caramori, S.; Bignozzi, C.A. Efficient copper mediators based on bulky asymmetric phenanthrolines for DSSCs. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 13945–13955.
Freitag, M.; Teuscher, J.; Saygili, Y.; Zhang, X.; Giordano, F.; Liska, P.; Hua, J.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Moser, J.E.; Grätzel, M.; et al. Dye-sensitized solar cells for efficient power generation under ambient lighting. Nat. Photonics 2017, 11, 372–378.
Cao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Hagfeldt, A.; Grätzel, M. Direct Contact of Selective Charge Extraction Layers Enables High-Efficiency Molecular Photovoltaics. Joule 2018, 2, 1108–1117.
García-Rodríguez, R.; Jiang, R.; Canto-Aguilar, E.J.; Oskam, G.; Boschloo, G. Improving the mass transport of copper-complex redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells by reducing the inter-electrode distance. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 32132–32142.
Wang, M.; Chamberland, N.; Breau, L.; Moser, J.E.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Marsan, B.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Grätzel, M. An organic redox electrolyte to rival triiodide/iodide in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nat. Chem. 2010, 2, 385–389.
Burschka, J.; Brault, V.; Ahmad, S.; Breau, L.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Marsan, B.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Grätzel, M. Influence of the counter electrode on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using a disulfide/thiolate redox electrolyte. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 6089–6097.
Tian, H.; Yu, Z.; Hagfeldt, A.; Kloo, L.; Sun, L. Organic redox couples and organic counter electrode for efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9413–9422.
Carli, S.; Casarin, L.; Bergamini, G.; Caramori, S.; Bignozzi, C.A. Conductive PEDOT covalently bound to transparent FTO electrodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 16782–16790.
Kamppinen, A.; Aitola, K.; Poskela, A.; Miettunen, K.; Lund, P.D. Stability of cobalt complex based dye solar cells with PEDOT and Pt catalysts and different electrolyte concentrations. Electrochim. Acta 2020, 335, 135652.
Kim, S.J.; Kwon, J.; Nam, J.K.; Kim, W.; Park, J.H. Long-term Stability of Conducting Polymers in Iodine/iodide Electrolytes: Beyond Conventional Platinum Catalysts. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 227, 95–100.
Biallozor, S.; Kupniewska, A. Study on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) behaviour in I-/I2 solution. Electrochem. Commun. 2000, 2, 480–486.
Jiang, H.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wu, Y.; Socie, E.C.; Carlsen, B.I.; Moser, J.E.; Tian, H.; Zakeeruddin, S.M.; Zhu, W.H.; et al. Phenanthrene-Fused-Quinoxaline as a Key Building Block for Highly Efficient and Stable Sensitizers in Copper-Electrolyte-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 9324–9329.
Vlachopoulosa, N.; Zhangb, J.; Hagfeldta, A. Dye-sensitized solar cells: New approaches with organic solid-state hole conductors. Chimia 2015, 69, 41–51.
Park, B.W.; Yang, L.; Johansson, E.M.J.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Chams, A.; Perruchot, C.; Jouini, M.; Boschloo, G.; Hagfeldt, A. Neutral, polaron, and bipolaron states in pedot prepared by photoelectrochemical polymerization and the effect on charge generation mechanism in the solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 22484–22491.
Kim, Y.; Sung, Y.E.; Xia, J.B.; Lira-Cantu, M.; Masaki, N.; Yanagida, S. Solid-state dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as substitutes of iodine/iodide electrolytes and noble metal catalysts on FTO counter electrodes. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2008, 193, 77–80.
Xia, J.; Masaki, N.; Lira-Cantu, M.; Kim, Y.; Jiang, K.; Yanagida, S. Influence of doped anions on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as hole conductors for iodine-free solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 1258–1263.
Jang, Y.J.; Thogiti, S.; Lee, K.Y.; Kim, J.H. Long-term stable solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with solid-state polymerized hole-transporting material. Crystals 2019, 9, 452.