Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.): Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by SUSHIL SUDHAKAR CHANGAN.

Annona squamosa L. (custard apple) belongs to the family Annonaceae and is an important tropical fruit cultivated in the West Indies, South and Central America, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, India, Mexico, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Egypt. Leaves of custard apple plants have been studied for their health benefits, which are attributed to a considerable diversity of phytochemicals. These compounds include phenol-based compounds, e.g., proanthocyanidins, comprising 18 different phenolic compounds, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids. Extracts from Annona squamosa leaves (ASLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiobesity, lipid-lowering, and hepatoprotective functions.

  • custard apple leaves
  • biological activities
  • phenolic bioactives
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Kalidindi, N.; Thimmaiah, N.V.; Jagadeesh, N.V.; Nandeep, R.; Swetha, S.; Kalidindi, B. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of organic and aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa Linn. leaves. J. Food Drug Anal. 2015, 23, 795–802.
  2. Anaya-Esparza, L.M.; de Lourdes García-Magaña, M.; Abraham Domínguez-Ávila, J.; Yahia, E.M.; Salazar-López, N.J.; González-Aguilar, G.A.; Montalvo-González, E. Annonas: Underutilized species as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Food Res. Int. 2020, 138.
  3. El-Chaghaby, G.A.; Ahmad, A.F.; Ramis, E.S. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of various solvents extracts of Annona squamosa L. leaves. Arab. J. Chem. 2014, 7, 227–233.
  4. Sundaramahalingam, M.A.; Karthikumar, S.; Shyam Kumar, R.; Samuel, K.J.; Shajahan, S.; Sivasubramanian, V.; Sivashanmugam, P.; Varalakshmi, P.; Syed, A.; Marraiki, N.; et al. An intensified approach for transesterification of biodiesel from Annona squamosa seed oil using ultrasound-assisted homogeneous catalysis reaction and its process optimization. Fuel 2021, 291, 120195.
  5. Zahid, M.; Mujahid, M.; Singh, P.K.; Farooqui, S.; Singh, K.; Parveen, S.; Arif, M. Annona squamosa linn. (Custard apple): An aromatic medicinal plant fruit with immense nutraceutical and therapeutic potentials (Review). Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2018, 9, 1745–1759.
  6. Kumar, M.; Dahuja, A.; Sachdev, A.; Kaur, C.; Varghese, E.; Saha, S.; Sairam, K.V.S.S. Valorisation of black carrot pomace: Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive phytoceuticals and antioxidant activity using Box–Behnken design. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 56, 995–1007.
  7. Kumar, M.; Dahuja, A.; Sachdev, A.; Kaur, C.; Varghese, E.; Saha, S.; Sairam, K.V.S.S. Evaluation of enzyme and microwave-assisted conditions on extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolics from black soybean (Glycine max L.) seed coat. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 135, 1070–1081.
  8. Punia, S.; Sandhu, K.S.; Grasso, S.; Purewal, S.S.; Kaur, M.; Siroha, A.K.; Kumar, K.; Kumar, V.; Kumar, M. Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice bran: A byproduct with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential. Foods 2021, 10, 70.
  9. Kumar, M.; Tomar, M.; Amarowicz, R.; Saurabh, V.; Nair, M.S.; Maheshwari, C.; Sasi, M.; Prajapati, U.; Hasan, M.; Singh, S.; et al. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Bioactivities. Foods 2021, 10, 752.
  10. Kumar, M.; Dahuja, A.; Sachdev, A.; Kaur, C.; Varghese, E.; Saha, S.; Sairam, K.V.S.S. Black Carrot (Daucus carota ssp.) and Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Anthocyanin Extract: A Remedy to Enhance Stability and Functionality of Fruit Juices by Copigmentation. Waste Biomass Valorization 2020, 11, 99–108.
  11. Kumar, M.; Tomar, M.; Punia, S.; Amarowicz, R.; Kaur, C. Evaluation of cellulolytic enzyme-assisted microwave extraction of Punica granatum peel phenolics and antioxidant Activity. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2020, 75, 614–620.
  12. Nishad, J.; Dutta, A.; Saha, S.; Rudra, S.G.; Varghese, E.; Sharma, R.R.; Tomar, M.; Kumar, M.; Kaur, C. Ultrasound-assisted development of stable grapefruit peel polyphenolic nano-emulsion: Optimization and application in improving oxidative stability of mustard oil. Food Chem. 2021, 334.
  13. Kumar, M.; Potkule, J.; Patil, S.; Saxena, S.; Patil, P.G.; Mageshwaran, V.; Punia, S.; Varghese, E.; Mahapatra, A.; Ashtaputre, N.; et al. Extraction of ultra-low gossypol protein from cottonseed: Characterization based on antioxidant activity, structural morphology and functional group analysis. LWT 2021, 140, 110692.
  14. Kumar, M.; Tomar, M.; Punia, S.; Grasso, S.; Arrutia, F.; Choudhary, J.; Singh, S.; Verma, P.; Mahapatra, A.; Patil, S.; et al. Cottonseed: A sustainable contributor to global protein requirements. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 111, 100–113.
  15. Kumar, M.; Potkule, J.; Tomar, M.; Punia, S.; Singh, S.; Patil, S.; Singh, S.; Ilakiya, T.; Kaur, C.; Kennedy, J.F. Jackfruit seed slimy sheath, a novel source of pectin: Studies on antioxidant activity, functional group, and structural morphology. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 2021, 2, 100054.
  16. Kumar, M.; Dahuja, A.; Tiwari, S.; Punia, S.; Tak, Y.; Amarowicz, R.; Bhoite, A.G.; Singh, S.; Joshi, S.; Panesar, P.S.; et al. Recent trends in extraction of plant bioactives using green technologies: A review. Food Chem. 2021, 353, 129431.
  17. Punia, S.; Kumar, M. Litchi (Litchi chinenis) seed: Nutritional profile, bioactivities, and its industrial applications. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 108, 58–70.
  18. Al-Nemari, R.; Al-Senaidy, A.; Semlali, A.; Ismael, M.; Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed, A.Y.; Ben Bacha, A. GC-MS profiling and assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of extracts of Annona squamosa L. leaves. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2020, 20, 1–14.
  19. Mannino, G.; Gentile, C.; Porcu, A.; Agliassa, C.; Caradonna, F.; Bertea, C.M. Chemical profile and biological activity of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and atemoya (Annona atemoya) leaves. Molecules 2020, 25, 2612.
  20. Hosseinabadi, T. The Medicinal Importance of Annona squamosa fruits. J. Explor. Res. Pharmacol. 2021.
  21. Lakshmi Kalyani, R.; Chandra, V.S.; Vijaykumar, P.P.N.; Pammi, S.V.N.; Rajkumar, M.; Swamy, P.V.; Murthy, K.V.R. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Annona squamosa leaf extract with synergistic antibacterial activity. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 81, 1036–1044.
  22. Shukry, W.M.; Galilah, D.A.; Elrazek, A.A. Mineral Composition, Nutritional Properties, Vitamins, and Bioactive Compounds in Annona squamosa L. grown at different sites of Egypt. Ser. Bot. Environ. Sci. 2019, 1, 7–22.
  23. Pandey, V.K.; Giri, I.C.; Singh, P.; Srivastava, A. Pharmacognostical and physiochemical study on the leaves of Annona squamosa Linn. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 4, 8–12.
  24. Sampathkumar, P. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of plant extracts for disease management. Int. J. Curr. Sci. 2012, 2012, 209–218.
  25. Akram, M.; Munir, N.; Daniyal, M.; Egbuna, C.; Găman, M.A.; Onyekere, P.F.; Olatunde, A. Vitamins and Minerals: Types, sources and their functions. In Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 149–172.
  26. Varadharaj, V.; Janarthanan, U.D.; Krishnamurthy, V.; Synnah, J. Assessment of Phytonutrients in the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Annona Squamosa (L.). World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 3, 725–732.
  27. Himesh, S.; Singhai, A.K.; Sarvesh, S. Quantification of ascorbic acid in leaves of Annona squamosa. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 4, 144–147.
  28. Meira, C.S.; Guimarães, E.T.; Macedo, T.S.; da Silva, T.B.; Menezes, L.R.A.; Costa, E.V.; Soares, M.B.P. Chemical composition of essential oils from Annona vepretorum Mart. and Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) leaves and their antimalarial and trypanocidal activities. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2015, 27, 160–168.
  29. Verma, R.S.; Joshi, N.; Padalia, R.C.; Singh, V.R.; Goswami, P.; Chauhan, A. Characterization of the Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Annona squamosa L. from Foothills of North India. Med. Aromat. Plants 2016, 5.
  30. Balbaa, S.I.; Haggag, M.Y.; Taha, K.F. Study of volatile oil content of the leaves of Annona squamosa L. growing in Egypt. Egypt. J. Pharm. Sci. 1977.
  31. Pélissier, Y.; Marion, C.; Kone, D.; Lamaty, G.; Menut, C.; Bessière, J.M. Volatile components of Annona muricata L. J. Essent. Oil Res. 1994, 6, 411–414.
  32. Thang, T.D.; Dai, D.N.; Hoi, T.M.; Ogunwande, I.A. Study on the volatile oil contents of Annona glabra L., Annona squamosa L., Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L., from Vietnam. Nat. Prod. Res. 2013, 27, 1232–1236.
  33. Kaur, R.; Kaur, K.; Kaur, P.; Singh, I. Sitaphal: Unexplored therapeutic potential. Asian J. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2015, 3, 129–141.
  34. Garg, S.N.; Gupta, D. Composition of the leaf oil of Annona squamosa L. From the north indian plains. J. Essent. Oil Res. 2005, 17, 257–258.
  35. Rasouli, H.; Farzaei, M.H.; Khodarahmi, R. Polyphenols and their benefits: A review. Int. J. Food Prop. 2017, 20, 1700–1741.
  36. Padhi, L.P.; Panda, S.K.; Satapathy, S.N.; Dutta, S.K. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial potential of Annona squamosa L. and Annona reticulata L. from Similipal Biosphere Reserve. J. Agric. Technol. 2011, 7, 133–142.
  37. Reza, A.; Mazahery, F.; Dator, R.P.; Concepcion, G.P.; Jacinto, S.D. Murihexocin C from the Leaves of Annona squamosa Linn. Murihexocin C from the Leaves of Annona squamosa Linn. Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Carcinoma Col 2 Cell Line. Philipp. Agric. Sci. 2009, 92.
  38. Ocker, M.; Höpfner, M. Apoptosis-modulating drugs for improved cancer therapy. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012.
  39. Mishra, B.B.; Tiwari, V.K. Natural products: An evolving role in future drug discovery. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011.
  40. Al-nemari, R.; Bacha, A.B.; Al-senaidy, A.; Arafah, M.; Al-saran, H. Selective cytotoxic effects of Annona Squamosa Leaves against breast cancer cells via apoptotic signaling proteins. Preprints 2020, 1–14.
  41. Thakkar, J.H.; Solanki, H.K.; Tripathi, P.; Patel, N.J.; Jani, G.K. Evaluation of antimutagenic potential of Annona squamosa leaf extract. Elixir Hum. Physiol. 2011, 31, 1960–1965.
  42. Nguyen, M.T.; Nguyen, T.; Le, V.M.; Trieu, L.H.; Lam, T.D.; Bui, L.M.; Nhan, L.T.H.; Danh, V.T. Assessment of preliminary phytochemical screening, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of custard apple leaves (Annona squamosa Linn.). IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 736.
  43. Kumar, Y.; Kumar Chandra, B.A.G.; Gajera, H.H.; Kumar Chandra, A.; Yashwant Kumar, C.; Gajera, H.H. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of custard apple (Annona squamosa) Leaf extracts: A compositional study. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 2019, 7.
  44. Neethu, S.K.; Santhoshkumar, R.; Kumar, N.S. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of Annona squamosa (L) leaf extracts. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2016, 5, 128–131.
  45. Katole, R.; Gautam, J.; Mokat, D. Phytochemical study of Annona squamosa L. and Annona reticulata L. Int. J. Res. 2018, 5.
  46. Malik, J.; Gandhi, R.; Vishwavidyalaya, P.; Soni, H.; Yadav, A.P.; Yadav, B. Characterization of rutin isolated by leaves Annona squamosa by modern analytical techniques. Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci. 2018, 5, 484–489.
  47. Luca, S.V.; Macovei, I.; Bujor, A.; Miron, A.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Aprotosoaie, A.C.; Trifan, A. Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 60, 626–659.
  48. Panda, S.; Kar, A. Protective effects of 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,3′dimethoxy-flavone 5-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, isolated from Annona squamosa leaves in thyrotoxicosis and in hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 5726–5728.
  49. Panda, S.; Kar, A. Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of Annona squamosa leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside. BioFactors 2008, 31, 201–210.
  50. Nakano, D.; Ishitsuka, K.; Kamikawa, M.; Matsuda, M.; Tsuchihashi, R.; Okawa, M.; Okabe, H.; Tamura, K.; Kinjo, J. Screening of promising chemotherapeutic candidates from plants against human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (III). J. Nat. Med. 2013, 67, 894–903.
  51. Davis, J.A.; Sharma, S.; Mittra, S.; Sujatha, S.; Kanaujia, A.; Shukla, G.; Katiyar, C.; Lakshmi, B.S.; Bansal, V.S.; Bhatnagar, P.K. Antihyperglycemic effect of Annona squamosa hexane extract in type 2 diabetes animal model: PTP1B inhibition, a possible mechanism of action. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2012, 44, 326–332.
  52. Gupta, R.K.; Kesari, A.N.; Diwakar, S.; Tyagi, A.; Tandon, V.; Chandra, R.; Watal, G. In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 118, 21–25.
  53. Ranjana; Tripathi, Y.B. Insulin secreting and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2014, 52, 623–629.
  54. Quílez, A.M.; Fernández-Arche, M.A.; García-Giménez, M.D.; De la Puerta, R. Potential therapeutic applications of the genus Annona: Local and traditional uses and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 225, 244–270.
  55. Wang, D.S.; Rizwani, G.H.; Guo, H.; Ahmed, M.; Ahmed, M.; Hassan, S.Z.; Hassan, A.; Chen, Z.S.; Xu, R.H. Annona squamosa Linn: Cytotoxic activity found in leaf extract against human tumor cell lines. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 27, 1559–1563.
  56. Fadholly, A.; Proboningrat, A.; Dewi Iskandar, R.; Rantam, F.; Sudjarwo, S. In vitro anticancer activity Annona squamosa extract nanoparticle on WiDr cells. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2019, 10, 149–154.
  57. Al-Malki, A.L.; El Rabey, H.A. The Antidiabetic Effect of Low Doses of Moringa oleifera Lam. Seeds on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy in Male Rats. Biomed Res. Int. 2015, 2015, 1–13.
  58. Ruddaraju, L.K.; Pallela, P.N.V.K.; Pammi, S.V.N.; Padavala, V.S.; Kolapalli, V.R.M. Synergetic antibacterial and anticarcinogenic effects of Annona squamosa leaf extract mediated silver nano particles. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2019, 100, 301–309.
  59. Seyfried, T.N.; Huysentruyt, L.C. On the origin of cancer metastasis. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 2013.
  60. Kulkarni, V.R.; Chandrashekar, C. Isolation, Characterizations and Free radical scavenging activity of Annona squamosa leaf. J. Pharm. Res. 2011, 4, 610–611.
  61. Shenoy, C.; Patil, M.B.; Kumar, R. Antibacterial and wound healing activity of the leaves of Annona squamosa Linn. (Annonaceae). Res. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 2009, 1, 44–50.
  62. Gowdhami, M.; Sarkar, B.L.; Ayyasamy, P.M. Screening of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Activity of Annona Squamosa Extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Invent. 2014, 3, 30–39.
  63. AshaRani, P.V.; Mun, G.L.K.; Hande, M.P.; Valiyaveettil, S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano 2009.
  64. Gupta, R.K.; Kesari, A.N.; Murthy, P.S.; Chandra, R.; Tandon, V.; Watal, G.; Gupta, R.K.; Kesari, A.N.; Murthy, P.S.; Chandra, R.; et al. Hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 99, 75–81.
  65. Kaleem, M.; Asif, M.; Ahmed, Q.U.; Bano, B. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Annona squamosa extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Singapore Med. J. 2006, 47, 670–675.
  66. Shirwaikar, A.; Rajendran, K.; Kumar, C.D.; Bodla, R. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona squamosa in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91, 171–175.
  67. Sonkar, N.; Yadav, A.K.; Mishra, P.K.; Jain, P.K.; Rao, C.V. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Annona squamosa leaves and bark extract against carbon tetrachloride liver damage in wistar rats. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 5, 1353–1360.
  68. Shirwaikar, A.; Rajendran, K.; Kumar, C.D. Oral antidiabetic activity of Annona squamosa leaf alcohol extract in NIDDM rats. Pharm. Biol. 2004, 42, 30–35.
  69. Sobiya Raj, D.; Vennila, J.J.; Aiyavu, C.; Panneerselvam, K. The hepatoprotective effect of alcoholic extract of Annona squamosa leaves on experimentally induced liver injury in swiss albino mice. Int. J. Integr. Biol. 2009, 5, 182–186.
  70. El-baz, D.M.; Hssan, A.K. Effects of Egyptian Annona squamosa leaves extracts against alloxan induced hyperglycemia in rats. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2019, 8, 145–163.
  71. Rajeshkumar, A.; Tamilarasan, B.; Sivakumar, V. Phytochemical screening and hepatoprotective efficacy of leaves extracts of Annona squamosa against paracetamol induced liver Toxicity in rats. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 2015, 22, 178–185.
  72. Ibrahim, F.; Jaber, A.; Ibrahim, G.; Cheble, E. Antioxidant activity and total phenol content of different plant parts of Lebanese Annona Squamosa Linn. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 100–105.
  73. Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J.M.C. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview. Methods Enzymol. 1990, 186, 1–85.
  74. Gajalakshmi, S.; Vijayalakshmi, S.; Devi Rajeswari, V. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Annona muricata: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 4, 3–6.
  75. Sharma, S.K.; Gupta, M.L.; Kumar, B. Hypocholesterolemic Efficacy of Annona Squamosa (L.) Extract In Mice Diabetic Models. J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2019, 5, 41–45.
  76. Tomar, R.S.; Sisodia, S.S. Antidiabetic activity of Annona squamosa Linn. in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Green Pharm. 2014, 8, 237–241.
  77. Pandey, N.; Barve, D. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Annona squamosa Linn. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Biomed. Sci. 2011, 2, 1404–1412.
  78. Wu, Y.C.; Hung, Y.C.; Chang, F.R.; Cosentino, M.; Wang, H.K.; Lee, K.H. Identification of ent-16β,17-dihydroxykauran-19-oic acid as an anti- HIV principle and isolation of the new diterpenoids annosquamosins A and B from Annona squamosa. J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 635–637.
  79. Chandra, H.; Bishnoi, P.; Yadav, A.; Patni, B.; Prakash Mishra, A.; Nautiyal, A.R.; Mishra, A.P.; Nautiyal, A.R.; Prakash Mishra, A.; Nautiyal, A.R. Antimicrobial resistance and the alternative resources with special emphasis on plant-based antimicrobials—A review. Plants 2017, 6, 16.
  80. Nandita, H.; Manohar, M.; Gowda, D.V. Recent review on oxidative stress, cellular senescence and age-associated diseases. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2020, 11, 1331–1342.
  81. Ola, A.R.B.; Sugi, Y.; Lay, C.S. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi from annona leaves (Annona squamosa L.) growing in dry land. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 823, 012039.
  82. Kurutas, E.B. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: Current state. Nutr. J. 2016, 15, 1–22.
  83. Fang-nan, K.O.; Wen-yan, L.I.; You, W.E.; Jing, Z.H.; Jing, Z.H.; Zhi-qiang, Y.A.; Xiu-fen, Z. Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Annona squamosa Leaves and Its Antioxidant Activity in Vitro. Sci. Technol. Food Ind. 2020, 41, 162–168.
  84. Babu Marahatta, A.; Aryal, A.; Chandra Basnyat, R.; Anant Babu Marahatta, C. The phytochemical and nutritional analysis and biological activity of Annona squamosa Linn. Int. J. Herb. Med. 2019, 7, 19–28.
  85. Cosentino, S.; Tuberoso, C.I.G.G.; Pisano, B.; Satta, M.; Mascia, V.; Arzedi, E.; Palmas, F. In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 29, 130–135.
  86. Shanker, K.S.; Kanjilal, S.; Rao, B.V.S.K.; Kishore, K.H.; Misra, S.; Prasad, R.B.N. Isolation and antimicrobial evaluation of isomeric hydroxy ketones in leaf cuticular waxes of Annona squamosa. Phytochem. Anal. 2007, 18, 7–12.
  87. Dholvitayakhun, A.; Trachoo, N.; Sakee, U.; Cushnie, T.P.T.T. Potential applications for Annona squamosa leaf extract in the treatment and prevention of foodborne bacterial disease. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013, 8, 1934–1948.
  88. Uduman, M.S.T.S.; Sundarapandian, R.; Muthumanikkam, A.; Kalimuthu, G.; Parameswari, S.A.; Srinivas, T.R.V.; Karunakaran, G. Protective effect of methanolic extract of Annona squamosa linn in isoniazid-rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 24, 129–134.
More
ScholarVision Creations